Decoding inflammatory signaling networks: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic targets

This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of inflammatory signalling pathways and their pharmacological significance in human health and disease. Inflammation signifies a basic biological reaction to harmful triggers like pathogens, injured cells, or irritants. This review examines the molecular and cellular mechanisms that govern inflammation, focusing on the signaling pathways related to both acute and chronic inflammatory responses. The research highlights the essential functions of immune cells including neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and natural killer cells, in addition to important inflammatory mediators like cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and acute-phase proteins. Particular focus is placed on key signaling cascades, such as the NF-κB, MAPK, JAK-STAT, and inflammasome pathways, alongside the Toll-like receptor, arachidonic acid, complement system, and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathways. The role of each pathway in inflammation, immunity, and disease pathology is thoroughly assessed. This thorough pharmacological viewpoint offers insights into possible therapeutic targets for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, highlighting the significance of these signaling networks in both health and illness.