Metallurgist最新文献

{"title":"Features of changing the mechanical properties of the area of abrasion-resistant surfacing on heat-strengthened steel","authors":"A. M. Mikhalchenkov,&nbsp;I. N. Kravchenko,&nbsp;A. A. Gutsan,&nbsp;G. P. Malyavko,&nbsp;N. S. Baranova","doi":"10.1007/s11015-024-01753-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-024-01753-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>New dependencies and relationships were identified for the first time after the implementation of abrasion-resistant surfacing technology on heat-strengthened steel 65G. This technology revealed the nature of the Vickers hardness distribution in the vertical and horizontal directions of the surfacing area and demonstrated their identity. It has been established that the thermal effects from the welding arc reduce the hardness of the base metal located directly in the lower part of the surfacing area. Compared with the planar direction, the thermal influences on metal hardness, size of the thermal influence zone, and the heat-affected zone are more pronounced in the depth of the surfacing area. This study clarifies the changes in <i>HV</i> hardness in various zones is provided based on recent studies in materials science and metallurgy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"68 4","pages":"502 - 509"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142214877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential of controlling the steel-making process in electric arc steel-making furnaces to optimize technical and economic performance","authors":"A. P. Lyulyakin,&nbsp;A. B. Tverskoy,&nbsp;A. V. Zezyulin,&nbsp;M. P. Gusev,&nbsp;V. V. Sedukhin,&nbsp;M. E. Matvenov,&nbsp;I. Yu. Gavrilov","doi":"10.1007/s11015-024-01750-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-024-01750-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The article describes modern methods for controlling and optimizing the energy mode of melting in electric arc furnaces and units for out-of-furnace steel processing using optical emission spectroscopy systems. These systems enable the determination of melt and slag temperatures, plasma temperatures in the arc combustion area, and slag composition, as well as the analysis of emission intensity from the melt and slag surfaces. The analysis revealed that depending on the range of steel to be smelted and the peculiarities of smelting technology at a particular electric arc steel-making furnace, control systems for smelting monitoring can be developed according to the obtained indicators of one or a combination of the abovementioned parameters.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"68 4","pages":"485 - 492"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141933790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the effect of comprehensive treatment, including aerothermoacoustic, on the mechanical properties of BrB2 alloy","authors":"V. A. Lenina,&nbsp;G. A. Vorobyova,&nbsp;E. Yu. Remshev,&nbsp;B. V. Stepanov,&nbsp;A. M. Geyn,&nbsp;A. E. Remsheva","doi":"10.1007/s11015-024-01760-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-024-01760-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The effect of thermal, thermomechanical, and aeroacoustic treatment on the structure formation and mechanical properties of BrB2 alloy (rods drawn after quenching) was studied. According to the results of studying the alloy properties after these types of treatment under the optimized conditions, performing pre-aging aerothermoacoustic treatment provides higher yield strength without a decrease in ductility, and improves heat resistance of BrB2 alloy. The resulting yield strength exceeds that of BrB2.5 alloy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"68 4","pages":"574 - 581"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141933789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Full-scale simulation of mechanized feeding of filler sand to the ladle slide-gate nozzle","authors":"Sergey P. Eron’ko,&nbsp;Sergey M. Gorbatyuk,&nbsp;Oleg A. Kobelev,&nbsp;Ivan S. Pogorelov","doi":"10.1007/s11015-024-01762-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-024-01762-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A method and results of model studies of the operation of a proposed new system for mechanized feeding of filler sand to the ladle nozzle are presented. The design solutions incorporated into the system and the relationships obtained to justify its energy-force parameters are validated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"68 4","pages":"588 - 595"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141933755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technical solutions to improve operating conditions of Vanukov furnace while processing technogenic raw materials","authors":"L. V. Krupnov,&nbsp;D. V. Rumyantsev,&nbsp;V. A. Popov,&nbsp;P. V. Malakhov,&nbsp;A. V. Kaverzin","doi":"10.1007/s11015-024-01766-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-024-01766-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The global trend of ore quality degradation, which is occurring in parallel with increased production volumes of primary metals, has led to the necessity of comprehensive processing of raw materials. This involves the concentration and recycling of metallurgical technogenic wastes, which were previously considered unprofitable. In particular, this means the introduction of dump tailings and sludges from holding ponds to concentration, as well as the feeding of matured concentrates, dump, and recycled slags, and in-house low-grade reverts to metallurgical processing. The feed and the product of its concentration demonstrate an increased content of the refractory spinel phase, which has a variable composition. A share of the technogenic feed in charge of head smelting units exceeds 20%. The majority of main smelting units employ autogenous processes, such as flash smelting, liquid bath smelting, and oxygen-flash smelting. The processing of technogenic low-heat feed in autogenous smelting units results in thermal imbalance, loss of melt homogeneity, and, consequently, disrupts the discharge of smelting products, potentially leading to complete shutdown of the unit. Such behavior is typical for both types of autogenous units operated in the Nornickel Polar Division, namely the Vanukov furnace and the flash smelting furnace. The issue of melt heterogeneity and the formation of refractory accretion at problem areas of the flash smelting furnace is widely known and sufficiently investigated in foreign literature as well as by the authors of this paper. However, further investigation is required for the Vanukov furnace, with a particular focus on the formation mechanism of the intermediate layer phase in the melt. This investigation should aim to develop effective mitigation strategies to address the adverse impact of this phase formation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"68 4","pages":"623 - 630"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141933754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of the agglomerate crushing process and industrial development of an advanced rotary crusher","authors":"D. A. Vlasenko","doi":"10.1007/s11015-024-01731-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-024-01731-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The process of blast furnace production relies heavily on the quality and composition of its charge materials, among which iron ore sinter plays a crucial role. The consistency in the fractional composition is intrinsically linked to the method employed for their fragmentation. This fragmentation, or crushing, is influenced by the type of load applied and is inherently dependent on the design and functionality of the crushing machinery utilized. Based on the mechanics of the crushing process, a mathematical model has been developed to describe the interaction between the sprocket teeth and the material being crushed. This model aids in determining the optimal conditions that facilitate the material entry into the active crushing zone of a toothed rotary crusher. Through this analysis, it becomes evident that rotors outfitted with chevron and spiral-configured sprocket teeth significantly outperform those with a linear arrangement. Experimental investigations into the agglomerate crushing process have shed light on the outcomes of different deformation methods. When subjected to compression deformation, it was observed that the resulting material contained 17.2% of fines smaller than 5 mm and a -10 mm fraction amount to 31.1%. Conversely, a more controlled process emerges during stretching in bending, which remarkably reduces the −10 mm fraction to only 1.6%. Building upon these insights, a modernized toothed rotary crusher featuring a nonlinear rotor was developed and implemented in the sintering production of Branch No. 1 AISW of SMMC. The introduction of this advanced crusher led to notable improvements in the screening process of hot sinter. After employing this upgraded machinery, there was a 2–4% increase in the amount of return material alongside a significant 6–7% reduction in screenings during the classification stage on the conveyor path for supplying blast furnace No. 1 with charge materials. Moreover, this optimization ensured the elimination of oversized pieces, specifically those exceeding 80 mm.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"68 3","pages":"313 - 321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141867012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavior of As, Pb, Cu, and Zn under conditions of reduction roasting of fine dust generated by a copper smelter with natural gas","authors":"N. Dosmukhamedov,&nbsp;E. Zholdasbay,&nbsp;A. Argyn,&nbsp;K. Aitenov","doi":"10.1007/s11015-024-01764-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-024-01764-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The processing of fine dust from copper smelters in Kazakhstan is an urgent task. The currently used technology of hydrometallurgical dust processing, which involves leaching with sulfuric acid to produce lead cake and a solution containing copper and zinc, fails meet modern requirements. The significant content of arsenic in the dust (up to 15%) hinders the production of high-quality products. In this study, fine dust from a copper smelter in Kazakhstan, obtained following conversion of copper mattes from autogenous smelting in Vanyukov furnaces, was used. Comprehensive analytical studies of the elemental and phase composition of dust were carried out using a Bruker D 8 ADVANCE X‑ray diffractometer and a scanning electron microscope with a JED-2300 energy dispersive X‑ray spectrometer (JEOL). This ensured the reliability of the data on the elemental composition of the initial dust, which were subsequently used to examine the behavior of arsenic and other non-ferrous metals under conditions of reduction roasting with natural gas.</p><p>In order to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanism of the reduction roasting, a detailed thermodynamic analysis was carried out to examine the interactions between dust components and natural gas within the temperature range of 500–1000 K. Thermodynamic calculations were carried out using Outotec HSC Chemistry 8.1.5 software. It was established that favorable conditions are created for the reduction of zinc and copper ferrites, as well as arsenic oxide (As⁵⁺) when roasting dust with natural gas. It was demonstrated that the preliminary roasting of dust with natural gas ensures the most effective reduction of arsenic oxide (As⁵⁺) and the production of arsenic-free calcine with the subsequent high selective separation of Pb, Cu, and Zn from it into commercial products.</p><p>The use of this method will significantly improve the technological performance of leaching fine dust with sulfuric acid due to the preliminary maximum removal of arsenic from the general technological scheme and the destruction of copper and zinc ferrites, which are relatively insoluble in acid, to their readily soluble oxides, with their subsequent dissolution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"68 4","pages":"605 - 614"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141785312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure of coatings produced on steel by Ni-Al based alloys after thermal cycling","authors":"S. N. Khimukhin,&nbsp;K. P. Eremina","doi":"10.1007/s11015-024-01743-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-024-01743-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Coatings obtained by electro-spark deposition method using anode alloys based on NiAl and Ni₃Al were shown to increase heat resistance of steel grades St30 (AISI 1030) (up to 10 times) and 20Kh13 (AISI 420) (up to 4 times) under the thermal cycling conditions. The structure of anode alloys and coatings after thermal cycling at a maximal temperature of 900 °C was studied. By analyzing the surface structure of the coated samples, it was established that oxides with high Fe content (&gt; 36 at. %) were mainly formed along the edges of the samples, while the sample faces exhibited microcrack formation. Some of the microcrack surfaces were found to contain oxide coatings with higher Fe content (&gt; 56 at. %). By analyzing the cross-sectional structure of the coated samples, it was shown that coatings are made up of the following two layers: the bottom layer, which is located at the cathode interface and exhibits high Fe content (~ 80 at. %), and the top layer. The composition of the top layer is close to that of the anode alloy, and after thermal cycling, it develops transverse microcracks. It was found that the bottom layer of the coating acts as a barrier, which prevents the microcrack propagation to the cathode surface. In those places where the bottom layer is discontinuous, microcracks from the top layer reach the surface of the cathode, which causes the formation of oxides with high Fe content on their surfaces.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"68 3","pages":"418 - 426"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141773397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of intense dynamic action on the structure and properties of austenitic weld metal with nitrogen","authors":"Al. S. Smolentsev,&nbsp;V. E. Veselova","doi":"10.1007/s11015-024-01733-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-024-01733-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The effect of local high-speed intense dynamic action by a metal object (indenter) on the change in the structure of weld metal of high strength alloy steel welded with austenitic flux-cored wire with nitrogen is studied. It is established that after welding the weld metal structure consists of austenite and delta-ferrite (3 vol. %) with microhardness HV_0.1 200–250. After intense dynamic action weld metal is strengthened by a γ → ε → α’ mechanism due to work hardening and formation of deformation within the structure of α’-martensite in an amount of 10 vol.% and a small amount of ε‑martensite while maintaining the original amount of δ‑ferrite, and with an increase in microhardness by more than 1.7 times from the initial level.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"68 3","pages":"336 - 344"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141773399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of a protective coating based on magnesium hydroxide to reduce oxidation of the side surface of graphitized electrodes in electric arc furnaces","authors":"V. S. Gulyakov,&nbsp;A. S. Vusikhis","doi":"10.1007/s11015-024-01736-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-024-01736-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>When steel is smelted in electric arc furnaces, and during its subsequent treatment in ladle-furnace units, a significant amount of power is required. This power is supplied through the use of graphitized electrodes, which are pivotal for achieving the required temperatures. However, these electrodes are costly, significantly affecting the overall production costs. Therefore, efforts to reduce the cost of steel by minimizing the consumption of graphitized electrodes are crucial for metallurgists.</p><p>The primary factor influencing the consumption rate of these electrodes is their surface oxidation by oxygen present in the furnace atmosphere. Recent studies have shown that a magnesium hydroxide-based coating can significantly mitigate this issue. When applied to the surface of graphitized electrodes, this coating was shown to reduce their weight loss by 30–40% at the test temperature in an oxidizing atmosphere. Notably, as the temperature increases, so does the benefit of this weight loss reduction.</p><p>The efficacy of the tested can be attributed to its unique properties. Upon application to a graphitized electrode’s surface, the coating material penetrates deeply into the pores, effectively sealing them and forming a protecting layer over the surface. As the temperature rises, water within the coating evaporates, leaving behind a highly adhesive residue. At 350 °C, the Mg(OH)₂ in the coating decomposes to form MgO, which has a melting point of 2850 °C. This results in a high-density coating that acts as a barrier against atmospheric oxygen, thereby significantly slowing down the rate of graphite oxidation in the electrodes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"68 3","pages":"363 - 368"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141773400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}