MetallurgistPub Date : 2025-04-14DOI: 10.1007/s11015-025-01883-x
E. A. Drobyaz, E. G. Bushueva, M. G. Golkovsky, V. G. Burov, E. A. Pukhova
{"title":"Structure and properties of Cr–Ni–Ti–Fe coatings produced by non-vacuum electron beam surfacing technology","authors":"E. A. Drobyaz, E. G. Bushueva, M. G. Golkovsky, V. G. Burov, E. A. Pukhova","doi":"10.1007/s11015-025-01883-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-025-01883-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The structure and properties of coatings formed on the surface of structural steel are studied. Surfacing of Cr–Ni–Ti–Fe powder compositions is carried out using an ELV‑6 industrial electron accelerator providing the possibility of emitting electrons into an air atmosphere. This work sets out to develop high-quality surface layers with the properties corresponding to those of chromium-nickel austenitic steels. To that end, the phase composition and elemental distribution of alloying components in coatings are evaluated; structural features are analyzed; mechanical and adhesion characteristics of the deposited materials are determined. Coatings with a thickness of 1800–2700 µm are shown to be formed on the surface of steel. The coatings are characterized by a dendritic structure. According to X‑ray diffraction analysis, the dendrite grains are a γ-solid solution based on Ni and Fe. The maximum strength of ~900 MPa is observed in one-layer coatings. An increase in the concentration of alloying elements during the formation of two-layer coatings leads to a decrease in strength to 580 MPa. At the same time, the relative elongation is 28%. The adhesion strength of the coating with the base material reaches 560 MPa. In addition, alloying the surface of 12KhN3A steel with chromium and nickel makes it possible to increase its corrosion resistance in concentrated nitric acid.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"68 11","pages":"1702 - 1711"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145165001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MetallurgistPub Date : 2025-04-14DOI: 10.1007/s11015-025-01909-4
Marina A. Polyakova, Evgeniy G. Bodrov, Alena A. Myasnikova, Svetlana N. Trofimova, Marina N. Samodurova
{"title":"Correction to: Structural and functional connections in the technological system of “laser cladding of high-entropy coatings”","authors":"Marina A. Polyakova, Evgeniy G. Bodrov, Alena A. Myasnikova, Svetlana N. Trofimova, Marina N. Samodurova","doi":"10.1007/s11015-025-01909-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-025-01909-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"68 12","pages":"1959 - 1960"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145164997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MetallurgistPub Date : 2025-04-14DOI: 10.1007/s11015-025-01888-6
N. V. Barsukova, A. V. Popov, O. N. Komarov
{"title":"Evolution of structure and properties of iron–carbon alloys produced by aluminothermy at differentiation of fractional composition of charge materials","authors":"N. V. Barsukova, A. V. Popov, O. N. Komarov","doi":"10.1007/s11015-025-01888-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-025-01888-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The growth of industrial production and the development of competitively priced, high-quality products for global markets are driven by the economically justified adoption of high technology, the use of accessible and cost-effective secondary materials, and the establishment of efficient production and distribution schemes. The metallurgical industry, which consumes significant energy and material resources while generating large volumes of challenging-to-recycle waste, also requires the gradual integration of innovative solutions to reduce production costs for metal products. A promising approach to address some of the existing challenges in the iron and steel industry is the aluminothermic process, based on redox reactions in thermite mixtures at temperatures exceeding those used in conventional electrometallurgical melting. This method significantly reduces energy consumption in metal production. In addition, it facilitates the incorporation of metallurgical and mechanical engineering waste into thermite compositions, thereby reducing reliance on expensive and scarce charge materials. The properties of the resulting alloys can be regulated through the parameters of the aluminothermic process, which primarily depend on the characteristics of the raw materials used to form the thermite mixtures. One approach to tailoring the properties of the final materials involves varying the fractional compositions of the reducing agent (RA) and mill scale (MS), which affects the combustion temperature, reaction rate, structure, elemental composition, and crystallization and cooling conditions of the billets. The findings demonstrate the feasibility of effectively managing the properties of alloys produced by aluminothermy. The results, presented as graphical dependencies, photomaterials, and conclusions, hold significant scientific and practical value for enterprises in various processing industries.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"68 11","pages":"1743 - 1755"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145165009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MetallurgistPub Date : 2025-04-14DOI: 10.1007/s11015-025-01884-w
Zh. V. Eremeeva, Yu. S. Ter-Vaganyants
{"title":"Effect of iron stearate and heat-treatment conditions on the structure and mechanical properties of powder low-alloy steel","authors":"Zh. V. Eremeeva, Yu. S. Ter-Vaganyants","doi":"10.1007/s11015-025-01884-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-025-01884-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work investigates the structure and mechanical properties of a powder low-alloy steel after heat treatment (quenching and tempering). The study is carried out on SP50S2KhF steel (powder charge composition, wt %: 94% Fe; 2.5% FS90; 1.5% FkH001; 1.5% FeV; 0.5% C). The original charge also contains iron stearate as a lubricant-plasticizer which is introduced in amounts of 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0 wt %. The most optimal heat treatment conditions that provide for the greatest increase in the strength and hardness of the steel are determined. Iron stearate in the original charge was established to increase the flexural strength of the studied powder steel. The highest value of flexural strength is obtained with the introduction of 3.0 wt % iron stearate. The structure of SP50S2KhF powder steel after heat treatment consists of fine-needled tempering troostite and rounded pores with a size less than 10 μm.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"68 11","pages":"1712 - 1716"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145164996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MetallurgistPub Date : 2025-04-14DOI: 10.1007/s11015-025-01882-y
A. I. Bezrukikh, B. P. Kulikov, P. O. Yuryev, V. N. Baranov, V. F. Frolov, I. L. Konstantinov, Yu. N. Mansurov, V. A. Matushentsev, N. S. Dombrovsky
{"title":"Study of the properties of refining fluxes and assessment of their effectiveness for removing impurities from alloy 1580 ingots","authors":"A. I. Bezrukikh, B. P. Kulikov, P. O. Yuryev, V. N. Baranov, V. F. Frolov, I. L. Konstantinov, Yu. N. Mansurov, V. A. Matushentsev, N. S. Dombrovsky","doi":"10.1007/s11015-025-01882-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-025-01882-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Research has been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of fluxes Ecoraf Ri Flux, Ecoraf F‑1, Foundry EL NA/4, Pyrotek Promag SI, and Hoesch dursalit LM14 in purifying aluminum alloy 1580 from hydrogen, sodium and calcium. For all fluxes, the chemical and granulometric compositions, melting point ranges, hygroscopic and crystallization moisture contents, values of density in the bulk, compacted and molten states, dynamic viscosity and volatility were determined. The effectiveness of using fluxes to purify alloy 1580 from sodium, calcium and hydrogen has been studied. It was established that based on their effect on reducing the content of sodium, calcium and hydrogen in alloy 1580, fluxes can be arranged in the order of decreasing refining ability as follows: Foundry EL NA/4, Pyrotek Promag SI, Hoesch dursalit LM14, Ekoraf F‑1, and Ekoraf Ri Flux.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"68 11","pages":"1688 - 1701"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145165000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MetallurgistPub Date : 2025-04-08DOI: 10.1007/s11015-025-01893-9
Vyacheslav V. Yuschuk, Alexander A. Komissarov, Inga V. Smarygina, Dmitry V. Kudashov, Alexander V. Muntin, Alexey V. Chervonny, Saddam Z. Masharipov, Ekaterina O. Babenko
{"title":"Studying the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of steels with up to 5% chromium content for the manufacture of seamless pipes. Part 1","authors":"Vyacheslav V. Yuschuk, Alexander A. Komissarov, Inga V. Smarygina, Dmitry V. Kudashov, Alexander V. Muntin, Alexey V. Chervonny, Saddam Z. Masharipov, Ekaterina O. Babenko","doi":"10.1007/s11015-025-01893-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-025-01893-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The following steel grades with different chromium concentrations for pipes were proposed and tested in the laboratory: 08Kh1G, 08Kh1M, 08Kh1T, 12Kh1GT, 08Kh2M, 08Kh2G, 08Kh3M, 08Kh5M, 08Kh5G. The mechanical properties of metals of different grades (from K50 to S90) were obtained for these steels after heat refinement. Some of the steel grades were further tested for the resistance to sulfide stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen-induced cracking. The data obtained enabled us to recommend advanced steels for manufacturing seamless hot-rolled corrosion-resistant pipes of different grades, including K50–K60 (oil and gas pipes) and L80–C90 (threaded pipes).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"68 12","pages":"1800 - 1808"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145163342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MetallurgistPub Date : 2025-04-08DOI: 10.1007/s11015-025-01906-7
E. V. Ageeva, A. E. Ageeva
{"title":"Tungsten-free hard alloys based on powders obtained by processing TN20 alloy waste by electric discharge dispersion in alcohol","authors":"E. V. Ageeva, A. E. Ageeva","doi":"10.1007/s11015-025-01906-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-025-01906-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The composition, structure, and properties of tungsten-free hard alloys obtained by spark plasma sintering of powders obtained by processing TN20 alloy waste by electroerosive dispersion in alcohol are investigated. Tungsten-free hard alloys were prepared from TN20 alloy particles dispersed by electroerosion and obtained by spark plasma sintering under conditions of rapid heating and short duration of the working cycle. The produced materials have comparable values of physical and mechanical properties with industrial alloys from which the initial powder particles were obtained.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"68 12","pages":"1934 - 1940"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145163343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MetallurgistPub Date : 2025-04-08DOI: 10.1007/s11015-025-01901-y
V. V. Ovchinnikov, Ya. M. Klochkov, E. O. Protsenko
{"title":"Mechanical properties and structure of welded joints of the sheets of aluminum alloys of the Al-Ca-Zn-Mg system performed by automatic argon–arc welding","authors":"V. V. Ovchinnikov, Ya. M. Klochkov, E. O. Protsenko","doi":"10.1007/s11015-025-01901-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-025-01901-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We study the mechanical properties of welded joints of the sheets of aluminum alloys of the Al-Ca-Zn-Mg system additionally alloyed with zirconium and scandium. These joints are performed by the method of automatic argon-arc welding. We applied two versions of the procedure of automatic argon-arc welding, namely, without scanning and with scanning of the anode spot of the arc over the surface of the weld pool. It was established that the application of the procedure of scanning the anode spot of the arc over the surface of the weld pool contributes to a decrease in the volume of discontinuities appearing in the metal of the weld in the form of pores. The ultimate strength of welded joints of the sheets of Al-Ca-Zn-Mg alloys without internal defects in the welds is as large as 0.82–0.85 of the level of ultimate strength of the base metal. Moreover, the fracture of the specimens in the course of tensile tests occurs in the zone of fusion. In the presence of defects in the form of pores in the weld metal, the value of ultimate strength decreases down to 0.70–0.75 of the strength of base metal with breaking of the joints in the tests carried out in the weld metal. The bending angles of welded joints vary within the range 45–60°. It is shown that the compounds obtained by adding the Sv1575 filler wire exhibit higher values of the mechanical properties as compared with the SvAMg63 filler wire.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"68 12","pages":"1880 - 1890"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145163339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MetallurgistPub Date : 2025-04-08DOI: 10.1007/s11015-025-01903-w
G. I. Brover, E. E. Shcherbakova
{"title":"Resistance of laser hardened steel structures to softening during heating","authors":"G. I. Brover, E. E. Shcherbakova","doi":"10.1007/s11015-025-01903-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-025-01903-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Metallophysical study of heat resistance of laser irradiated steels in comparison with their heat resistance after bulk hardening under standard conditions is presented. It is shown that the main conditions for increasing the heat resistance and operational properties of surface layers in laser irradiated materials are related to features of their structural state. These features include a fragmented texture of basic phases and an increased density of defects in the crystal structure of solid solutions. The impact of laser hardening on the heat resistance of steels is characterized by a reduction in the rate of decomposition of martensite. The main reason for this is the formation of segregations (clusters, atmospheres) of carbon atoms and alloying elements on dislocations in the α‑solid solution lattice. Additionally, these segregations exhibit stable existence at higher heating temperatures in comparison to structures obtained by bulk hardening. It is shown that after laser treatment, additional possibilities for improving the set of properties of the irradiated metal are provided by multiple formation of nano-sized carbide precipitates on dislocations during thermal action, i.e. nanoprecipitation. Laser irradiation also reduces the tendency of carbide phase precipitates to coagulate and slows down the rate of hardness decrease with the increase of heating (tempering) temperature. The texture effects observed in austenite and martensite in laser hardened steels persist when heated to high tempering temperatures. These effects lead to anisotropy of properties, particularly a significant reduction in the coefficient of friction in tribocouplings. Pulsed laser treatment of steels allows the hardness of irradiated areas to increase to 8–11.5 GPa and heat resistance to improve by 50–120 °C. This contributes to the enhanced performance of irradiated products.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"68 12","pages":"1906 - 1913"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145163337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MetallurgistPub Date : 2025-04-08DOI: 10.1007/s11015-025-01902-x
A. A. Kosovich, S. V. Belyaev, T. A. Bogdanova, E. G. Partyko, N. A. Stepanenko, L. E. Tanachev, N. S. Dombrovskiy
{"title":"Statistical analysis of parameters of the process analysis of grain refinement of the aluminum cast alloy by Al–Ti–B and Al–La–B master alloys","authors":"A. A. Kosovich, S. V. Belyaev, T. A. Bogdanova, E. G. Partyko, N. A. Stepanenko, L. E. Tanachev, N. S. Dombrovskiy","doi":"10.1007/s11015-025-01902-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-025-01902-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Current requirements of consumers to the level of properties of the cast parts require the compulsory realization of the operations of modification performed by the manufacturer. For the major part of aluminum alloys, the role of main inoculant is played by Al–Ti–B, which is susceptible to poisoning for high contents of Si. The present study is devoted to the comparative assessment of the effects of application of a traditional Al–5Ti–1.5B inoculant and a promising Al–3La–1.5B material performed by using AK12 silumin (an analog of AlSi 11) as an example. On the laboratory scale, a series of experiments was carried out for various combinations of concentration and time parameters, namely, the level of consumption varied from 0.5 up to 2 kg/ton, while the holding time of the melt varied within the range 20–60 min. By using the analysis of variance, we performed statistical processing of the results: the resulting models of response reliably explain more than 84% of changes. The predictive plots of the influence of modifying parameters on the grain size were constructed. The procedure of optimization of these parameters was carried out by the Harrington generalized desirability method. The data on the modification of AK12 alloy by introducing Al–3La–1.5B on the commercial scale are confirmed by the results of analysis of experimental castings obtained by the method of low-pressure casting.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"68 12","pages":"1891 - 1905"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145163344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}