Metallurgist最新文献

{"title":"Morphological features of the diffusion layer after microarc molybdenizing of steel","authors":"Makar S. Stepanov,&nbsp;Yuriy M. Dombrovskii","doi":"10.1007/s11015-026-02077-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-026-02077-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Microarc surface alloying provides rapid thermochemical surface treatment of steels, as multiple microarc discharges acting on the surface strongly intensify diffusion. When the part to be hardened is immersed in a carbon powder, the thermal decomposition of the powder releases carbon monoxide and carburizes the surface layer. Carbide-type diffusion coatings are produced by saturating the surface with chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, or tungsten; for this purpose a paste containing compounds of the respective carbide-forming elements is first applied to the surface.</p><p>This paper examines the fine structure of the surface layer formed on steel after microarc molybdenizing. The experiments used specimens of steel 20 coated with a paste of ammonium molybdate and an electrically conductive gel as a binder. During treatment, the current density at the specimen surface was 0.53 A/cm² and the heating time was 6 min.</p><p>After diffusion saturation, a 50–55 μm-thick diffusion layer forms on the specimen surface. This layer has a multilayer structure and a complex phase composition. Its matrix is a fine ferrite–carbide mixture with a microhardness of 8–9 GPa that contains etch-resistant carbide particles up to 5 μm in size and up to 21 GPa in microhardness. Beneath this matrix there is a 10 μm-thick Mo-in-Fe solid-solution layer containing about 3% Mo, followed by a 200 μm-thick carburized layer with a eutectoid structure that gradually passes into the original ferrite–pearlite structure of steel 20. The increased hardness of the diffusion-layer matrix is attributed to nanoscale carbide particles with a volume fraction of up to 70%, distributed within the ferrite–carbide eutectoid mixture.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"69 10","pages":"1509 - 1514"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148459006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zhezkazgan beneficiation plant tailings as a raw material mixture for cement production","authors":"G. L. Katkeyeva,&nbsp;I. M. Oskembekov,&nbsp;M. A. Akubaeva,&nbsp;D. R. Gizatullina,&nbsp;Z. A. Shaike,&nbsp;A. M. Zhunusov","doi":"10.1007/s11015-026-02088-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-026-02088-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper examines the processes of alkaline autoclave leaching for the extraction of silicon dioxide from tailings of the Zhezkazgan beneficiation plants (ZBP). The study aims to identify the optimal conditions for solubilizing silicon dioxide, a crucial component of the raw mix used in cement production. An investigation of the kinetics of the leaching process was performed to determine its optimal parameters.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"69 10","pages":"1606 - 1615"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148459007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Control of the yield plateau in the tensile stress—strain diagram in the course of roller straightening of aluminum—magnesium rolling products","authors":"Yu. N. Loginov,&nbsp;D. O. Sobolev","doi":"10.1007/s11015-026-02080-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-026-02080-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>It is indicated that a problem of nonuniform deformation, including the formation of scallops, arises in the course of sheet stamping of aluminum alloys. The presence of a tooth or a yield plateau in the tensile diagram stress-strain of the metal exerts a negative effect on the analyzed process. We formulate the problem of decreasing the yield plateau of an aluminum alloy containing 5% magnesium with the help of roller straightening. As a result of experimental investigations, we determine the tensile stress-strain diagrams of the metal for various processing conditions. It is shown that the yield plateau can be made four times smaller for the studied alloy. This enables us to get the level of practical significance of our investigations in the field of sheet stamping, where the shape and length of the yield plateau affect the possibility of localization of strains and, hence, the formation of defects. We also mention the manifestation of the Portevin-Le-Chatelier effect whose intensity decreases as a result of application of the straightening operation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"69 10","pages":"1535 - 1540"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148459004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical properties of low-carbon pipe steel under the influence of pressurized hydrogen gas","authors":"A. S. Tsvetkov,&nbsp;P. P. Stepanov,&nbsp;A. Yu. Mikhalev,&nbsp;A. V. Muntin,&nbsp;S. E. Dagaev,&nbsp;A. G. Nikolaeva","doi":"10.1007/s11015-026-02074-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-026-02074-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates changes in the mechanical properties of the base metal and weld seam of strength-grade X70 electric-welded pipes, as well as their resistance to crack growth, following exposure to high-purity hydrogen at a pressure of 7 MPa. A comparison of the results of reference tests conducted in air with those conducted in hydrogen reveals a change in the tensile strength of the pipe base metal of 3–5%, and a change of 5–9% in the tensile strength of the weld seam. Hydrogen embrittlement is characterized by a degradation of plastic characteristics, including a 5% decrease in relative elongation and an 11% reduction in area in the base metal, and by 22% and 23% reductions in the weld seam, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that pressurized gaseous hydrogen reduces ductility and causes a more pronounced degradation of the mechanical properties in the weld seam compared to the base metal. Moreover, the study determined the threshold stress-intensity factor for the material in a hydrogen environment. Notwithstanding this degradation, the findings indicate that the pipe metal, with a wall thickness of up to 37 mm and manufactured using the appropriate technology, is suitable for transporting high-purity hydrogen at pressures up to 7 MPa, in compliance with steel product qualification criteria.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"69 10","pages":"1477 - 1485"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148459002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination and analysis of hardening curves and the mechanical properties of rolled thin strips from production party of copper","authors":"R. L. Shatalov,&nbsp;Yuri Yu. Komarov","doi":"10.1007/s11015-026-02081-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-026-02081-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We present the chemical compositions of copper strips produced at the Kirov Nonferrous Metals Processing Plant and corresponding to the M0 grade according to the requirements of GOST 859-2014 international and Russian standard and study the effect of pilot cold rolling on the mechanical properties of these copper strips. The chemical composition of the studied strips was determined by the method of optical emission spectrometry. The procedure of experimental cold rolling was carried out on a laboratory double-roll mill (with a roll diameter of 150 mm and a barrel width of 235 mm) equipped with a microcontroller system for monitoring the rolling force. The degrees of relative reduction varied from 10 to 58%. To analyze the variations of the mechanical properties, the samples were subjected to tensile testing after rolling with variable degrees of relative reduction (of up to 60%). On the basis of the accumulated data, we plotted the curves of changes in the yield strength (σ_s), tensile strength (σ_u), relative elongation (δ), and Vickers hardness (HV) depending on the degree of deformation. It was discovered that the yield strength (σ_s) exhibits a parabolic dependence on the degree of relative reduction and increases from 45 to 380 MPa, whereas the tensile strength (σ_u) slowly and monotonically increases according to an almost linear dependence from 223 to 392 MPa as the degree of reduction increases from 0 to 60%. At the same time, the relative elongation (δ) decreases from 62% to 6%. Based on experimental data, we obtain the regression equations used to describe the relationship between the mechanical properties of the M0 copper alloy and the degree of its deformation. The relationship between the Vickers hardness (HV) and basic mechanical characteristics of the metal, such as its yield strength, tensile strength, and relative elongation are established. The adequacy of the obtained equations confirmed by high correlation coefficients (R² &gt; 0.9) and the results of evaluation of rolling forces with an error of at most 7% allow us to recommend them for finding the strength characteristics of rolling and designing rational modes of deformation of the M0 copper strips on automated design systems (CAD). The results of our investigations can be used in the rolling production to determine the basic mechanical properties of rolled strips and tapes made of M0 copper based on the measured levels of hardness without expensive tensile tests.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"69 10","pages":"1541 - 1549"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148459008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multistep modification of the surface of hypereutectic silumin by a pulsed electron beam of submillisecond duration: structure and properties","authors":"M. E. Rygina,&nbsp;Yu. F. Ivanov,&nbsp;A. N. Prudnikov,&nbsp;P. V. Moskvin,&nbsp;E. A. Petrikova,&nbsp;N. A. Prokopenko,&nbsp;M. S. Petyukevich,&nbsp;O. S. Tolkachev,&nbsp;M. S.Vorobyov","doi":"10.1007/s11015-026-02082-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-026-02082-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We demonstrate the possibility of modifying hypereutectic silumin with the help of a pulsed electron beam of submillisecond duration characterized by a stepwise decrease in the energy density of the electron beam. It is shown that the selected modes of treatment make it possible to remelt the surface layer of the material down to a depth of 170 μm. It is demonstrated that the modification of hypereutectic silumin makes it possible to get a severalfold increase in the tribological and mechanical properties of the material, enhance the ultimate tensile strength and relative elongation as compared with the as-cast state, and lower the parameters of roughness down to <i>R</i>_<i>a</i>=0.07 μm and <i>R</i>_<i>z</i>=0.43 μm. It is established that the improvement of the mechanical and tribological properties of the alloy is explained by the formation of a multilayer submicrometer nanocrystalline structure characterized by the successive stepwise decrease in the energy density of the electron beam and the process of tempering of the surface layer formed as a result of multistep heat treatment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"69 10","pages":"1550 - 1559"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148459003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of K65 (API X80) plate for large-diameter LSAW line pipe","authors":"Dmitriy S. Yakovlev,&nbsp;Olga V. Varnak,&nbsp;Denis I. Derbenev","doi":"10.1007/s11015-025-02054-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-025-02054-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study examines K65 (API X80) plate intended for large-diameter LSAW line pipe using thermal-cycle simulation on a Gleeble-3800 system. Test welds were produced from the investigated plate, and specimens from the welds were subjected to metallographic examination. Comparison of the physical simulations with the weld tests shows that thermal-cycle simulation reliably predicts the structure of the coarse-grained heat-affected zone across a wide range of cooling rates.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"69 9","pages":"1309 - 1316"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148458810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydroabrasive wear of a boride-hardened austenitic Cr–Ni steel","authors":"E. G. Bushueva,&nbsp;E. A. Drobyaz,&nbsp;M. G. Golkovsky,&nbsp;V. A. Bataev,&nbsp;E. A. Pukhova","doi":"10.1007/s11015-025-02057-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-025-02057-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates a method of enhancing the hydroabrasive wear resistance of AISI 321 chromium-nickel austenitic steel. The microstructure and wear resistance of coatings deposited by electron-beam surfacing using a B–Fe powder mixture in an air atmosphere were examined. Analysis revealed that all of the surfacing materials consist of γ‑iron from the substrate, as well as a hardening phase of borides (specifically, Cr₂B, Fe₂B, and Fe_1.1Cr_0.9B). Under hydroabrasive wear conditions, surface-alloyed materials demonstrated superior resistance at 20° and 45° impingement angles, with performance 2.5 and 1.9 times higher than that of base AISI 321 steel, respectively. Abrasive particles impacted the sample surfaces, causing plastic deformation and crater formation. Fatigue cracks subsequently developed in the surface layer due to the accumulation of defects, and the coalescence of these cracks resulted in the spalling of small volumes of material. However, when the impingement angle increased to 90°, the intensified hydroabrasive action reduced the wear resistance of the surfaced coatings to the level of unmodified AISI 321 steel.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"69 9","pages":"1332 - 1339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148458786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of gas temperature on cold spraying process and structure of Cu–TiC coatings","authors":"V. S. Shikalov,&nbsp;T. M. Vidyuk,&nbsp;A. V. Ukhina,&nbsp;V. F. Kosarev","doi":"10.1007/s11015-025-02065-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-025-02065-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An experimental study of the specifics of the cold spraying process and structure formation of composite coatings over a wide range of temperatures (300–700 °C) was conducted using a copper and titanium carbide powder mixture. It was shown that an increase in the process air temperature from 300 to 500 °C significantly improves the efficiency of coating deposition, while the content of titanium carbide in the coating remains practically unchanged. However, a further increase in temperature to 700 °C does not affect the deposition efficiency, but causes a higher carbide content in the coating. At 300 °C, the plastic deformation and heating of copper particles upon impact result in no significant change in the average crystallite size in the coating compared to the powder. In the temperature range of 500–700 °C, thermal effects on the particles become the dominant factor leading to more intense softening and growth of copper crystallites. The refinement of particles and reduction in titanium carbide crystallite size with increasing gas temperature are attributed to the accumulation of internal stresses due to higher particle velocities and their fragmentation upon impact.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"69 9","pages":"1400 - 1409"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148458831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation of protective coatings based on nickel alloys on austenitic steel","authors":"D. S. Ovdina,&nbsp;Yu. N. Malyutina,&nbsp;V. V. Pai,&nbsp;Ya. L. Lukyanov,&nbsp;B. B. Batyrov","doi":"10.1007/s11015-025-02064-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11015-025-02064-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The paper presents the results of studying the structural features and properties of surface layers obtained by using the non-vacuum electron beam surface hardening technology to deposit a Ni–Cr–Mo–Cu–Ti powder mixture onto austenitic steel 12Kh18N9T (0.12C–18Cr–9Ni–Ti). The deposited layers are characterized by a heterogeneous structure consisting of dendrites of alloyed austenite, as well as carbide and boride particles. Tests for corrosion and heat resistance showed an improvement in properties of the alloyed layers compared to the base metal.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":702,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgist","volume":"69 9","pages":"1390 - 1399"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148458833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}