Acta historica Leopoldina最新文献

{"title":"[Not Available.]","authors":"Wieland Berg","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina submitted at the outbreak of the First World War no public opinion - regardless of personal settings of the board and unlike many of its members. Public-meetings, however, were introduced only in 1924, making it the Leopoldina were no opportunities to academy speeches, in contrast to other scientific academies. But in their official bulletin with which they appeared in public, obituaries were published during the entire war period to researchers regardless of the nation, including in French and English scholars. It was only at the suggestion of a member from the July 1915 German war dead were honoured with a symbolic Iron Cross, as was common in German newspapers from the beginning of the war. An exclusion of members from the 'hostile' abroad was never considered. During the war, however, no foreigners were co-opted, but again only immediately after the war. The academy board then pleaded strongly for an international reconciliation of sciences. At the public propaganda war in the \"battle of the minds\" were also renowned Leopoldina members involved, as reflected in total war and its consequences in the Leopoldina members similar to the entire German population. The analysis of the signatories of various manifestos brings to light that the \"Declaration of University Professors of Germany\" only just over half of the scholars instead of \"almost the whole teaching body\" was signed, as previously generalized.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 68","pages":"71-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35857815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Not Available.]","authors":"Eberhard Hofmann","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the center stage of this third and last part of the author's treatise about the life and the oeuvre of the German humanist, biochemist, and Nobel Prize Winner Otto MEYERHOF (1884-1951) is the first half of his life. As a young man, in the age of 16 and after a severe renal disease, Otto MEYERHOF spent 1900/1901 five months in Egypt, where he, led by his cousin Max MEYERHOF, Egyptologist and Ophthalmologist, studied the country and its people as well as its architecture and history. During his medical courses he became acquainted with the philosopher Leonard NELSON, who stimulated him to study the Kantian-Friesian philosophy, about which he published several papers. Simultaneously MEYERHOF became seriously interested in GOETHE'S method of natural investigation. About this topic he gave two famous lectures, 1909 in Berlin and 1949 in his American exile in New York. From 1903 MEYERHOF attended medical courses and conducted advanced training courses for workers at the University of Berlin. 1907 in the Heidelberg philosophical circle MEYERHOF became acquainted with Otto WARBURG. 1909 MEYERHOF earned a doctorate in medicine with the thesis \"Contributions to a psychological theory of mental disorders\". In the years 1911/12 a deep change occurred in MEYERHOF'S scientific career, in the course of which he turned to active experimental research in natural science. However, MEYERHOF remained true to philosophy and his friendship to Leonard NELSON. When Otto MEYERHOF in 1911 obtained a Badian scholarship for experimental research work in the Zoological Station in Naples, a tight collaboration with Otto WARBURG in sea urchin egg biology began. In 1912 MEYERHOF published a famous paper on \"The energetics of cellular processes\", which became the guideline for his prospective scientific work. In the same year he habilitated at the Medical School of the Kiel University with an enzymological study, and he joined the Physiological Institute of Kiel as unpaid private lecturer. Because of a severe chronic renal disease, which burdened himself from childhood, he became exempted from military service. In the years after 1917 he published several papers on fermentation, glycolysis, and respiration of animal cells and yeast and started after 1918 an extensive experimental project on \"Muscle Metabolism and Mechanical Work\". In this study he brought together different aspects of muscle metabolism and muscle activity: aerobiosis and anaerobiosis, muscular work, muscular exhaustion, and muscular recovery with glycogen degradation, glycogen synthesis as well as lactic acid formation and lactic acid utilization with muscular oxygen uptake. With this comprehensive experimental approach MEYERHOF in only few years built up a grandiose work about the correlations between muscle metabolism and muscular work. For this brilliant research Otto MEYERHOF and his British colleague Sir Archibald Vivian HILL received the Nobel Prize 1922 for Physiology or Medicine. The two investi","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 65","pages":"299-369"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35869738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[In process.]","authors":"Ernst Fukala","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The children from families of officers of the \"Soviet forces temporarily stationed in the territory of the GDR\" were treated on an in- and out-patient basis in East German paediatric clinics from 1945 to 1994. Since paediatric wards were not a regular component of military hospitals, newborns, infants and toddlers who became ill were sent to regional paediatric clinics for \"special treatment\" or in cases of emergency. This exception, regulated by law between the USSR and the GDR, required the approval of the garrison commander or the military doctor, though, in practice, this was circumvented. Linguistic problems could be resolved and no special rate of morbidity was observed in Russian children. Financing was arranged through contracts that had to be intricately negotiated when the Soviet troops were withdrawn after the German Reunification. Despite the heavily charged relationship historically between the inhabitants of East Germany and the occupying power imposed upon them, Russian children received good treatment and were tenderly cared for in the hospitals. Russian mothers impressively placed their unwavering trust in the nurses and physicians.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 65","pages":"285-297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35869735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[In process.]","authors":"Fabian Krämer","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The programme of the Academia Naturae Curiosorum (today the German Academy of the Sciences Leopoldina) was considerably revised less than twenty years after its creation, in 1652. At the heart of this reform lay the Miscellanea curiosa, the journal that ,,the Curiosi\" now started publishing. The ,,epistemic genre\" (Gianna PoMATA) they chose for the articles in the Miscellanea curiosa was the observatio. Writing an observatio implied singling out a nugget of experience and documenting it in writing. In the first half-century of its existence, rare things of nature figured prominently in the Miscellanea curiosa. Physicians from all over Europe sent in a seemingly endless stream of reports on monsters. This was increasingly considered as problematic by leading members and functionaries of the academy. Their reluctance to accept ever more observationes on monsters for publication in the Miscellanea curiosa can in part be accounted for by reference to the rarity paradox: preternatural phenomena, by definition rare, seemed to be almost ubiquitous in the naturalist discourse of the period. Furthermore, many of the manuscripts on monsters sent in for publication did not live up to expectations. Even more worrisome, the Curiosi could not but note that monsters were still often interpreted as prodigies bearing divine messages. They had the potential to cause unrest and disorder among the populace and therefore had to be handled with particular care.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 65","pages":"109-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35869804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[In process.]","authors":"Sabine Anagnostou","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Missionary pharmacy developed as a special type of the European pharmacy from the 16th to the 18th centuries in the overseas missions in the context of the proclamation of the Christian faith, the European expansion and the beginning globalization. As this type of pharmacy was determined by the specific circumstances of the medical-pharmaceutical situation in the mission countries as well as by the knowledge of the missionaries themselves, it can be defined as missionary pharmacy. It followed principally the model of the medieval monastery pharmacy and paved the way for the Medical Mission at the beginning of the 19th century. Different lines of development on various levels of exchange, forming, documenting and transmission of knowledge shaped the concept of the missionary pharmacy. The activities in the context of the missionary pharmacy initiated a global transfer of drugs and the referring pharmaceutical knowledge, which was institutionalized by the pharmacies of the Jesuits and essentially influenced the development of the Materiae medicae and the development of modern pharmacy all around the globe. The trading routes of typical drugs like the Fever bark and compositions can reconstruct this international transfer of knowledge. Still nowadays, knowledge of the missionary pharmacy, especially about genuine plants of the non-European countries, can be interesting for the development of new phytotherapeutics and possibly active substances.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 65","pages":"183-205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35869805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[In process.]","authors":"Michael Kaasch,&nbsp;Joachim Kaasch","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two of the most important life scientists in the GDR were the botanist, plant biochemist and pharmacist Kurt MOTHES (1900-1983) and the geneticist and plant breeder Hans STUBBE (1902-1989). Both started their successful careers during the period of NS dictatorship. MOTHES was a full professor of botany at the University of K6nigsberg from 1935 to 1945. After working at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Plant Breeding Research in Mincheberg and at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology in Berlin-Dahlem, STUBBE oversaw the establishment of a Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Crop Plant Research near Vienna in 1943, which was moved to Stecklenberg in the Harz Mountains in 1945 and later to Gatersleben. While MOTHEs was being held as a Soviet prisoner of war from 1945 to 1949, STUBBE was able to set up his institute in Gatersleben in the eastern part of Germany and held influential positions at Martin Luther University in Halle (Saale) as a professor for genetics and as the founding dean of the Faculty of Agriculture. After his release from war captivity, MOTHES, with STUBBE'S support, was able to continue his research at STUBBE'S institute in Gatersleben as the head of the Department for Chemical Physiology. There MOTHES was offered espe- cially favourable conditions by East German standards which led him to turn down other job offers, like the position of professor of botany at the University of Leipzig which was vacant at the time. In addition, MOTHES was also of- fered teaching opportunities in the Faculty of Natural Sciences at the University of Halle, again thanks to STUBBE'S support. In 1951 STUBBE became a founding member and president of the German Academy of Agricultural Sciences at Berlin, and in 1954 MOTHEs became president of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. Both were also influential members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin (later the GDR's Academy of Sciences). This article investigates how their collaboration developed into an ever-increasing competitiveness which came to a head as an embroiled dispute resulting from differences in scientific and scientific policy views. In the process a battle was fought over research resources so that, what was at first an apparently personal quarrel, affected the course of research promotion at an institutional level in the area of life sciences in the GDR. Despite several attempts at mediation, old age finally forced the adversaries to put aside their differences.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 65","pages":"251-282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35869809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Not Available].","authors":"Jurgen M L Renn","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This essay starts from considerations on the current state of the history of science. From these considerations it becomes clear that the far-reaching insights into the role of local contexts for the development of science achieved during the past decennia need to be complemented by equally far-reaching insights from a global history of knowledge. Some theoretical foundations of such a global history are then being discussed. The concept of knowledge, in particular, is related to a concept of action that is in turn conceived as being rooted in social and material contexts. In this way, knowledge can be understood both with regard to its local conditions and with regard to globalization processes and their long-term effects. The emerging picture is illustrated by a brief survey of some key episodes of the history of knowledge. Among these key episodes are the emergence of writing and of mathematics, the spread of knowledge by the so-called world religions, and the Scientific Revolution of the early modem period. All these periods are discussed from a global perspective. By way of conclusion, the question is being raised of a possible contribition of this perspective for dealing with current challenges of science and society.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 67","pages":"137-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36195215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker's language, rhetoric and habitus].","authors":"Klaus Hentschel","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker was not only an exceptional physicist, philosopher and peace scholar, but also a skilled and articulate speaker and a highly successful author. Dozens of his books were published in tens of thousands of copies despite their highly nontrivial content. This wide impact was only possible--this at least is one of the claims made in this paper--because of his sophisticated style and rhetorics. The analysis here is based on hand-picked samples from all kinds of Weizsäcker texts (talks, scientific and popular papers and books, poems and Limericks). Strangely enough, this interesting stylistic and rhetorical facet of his oeuvre has hitherto not been analyzed in any detail despite its crucial importance in the broad impact on his multifarious audience. My paper starts out from a collection of striking features of his language and structural specialties in his published talks and speeches, and explore findings from sound recordings and film tapes which offer further insight into his manner of emphasis, usage of pauses and intonation. On the basis of these stylistic traits and their often subcutaneous, but nevertheless clever rhetorics, I close with a few remarks on the habitus of this scholar and his positioning within the ensemble of German-speaking physicists of that generation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 63","pages":"75-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32461766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker - a doctoral candidate's recollection].","authors":"Reimar Lüst","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The author and Sebastian von Hoerner was not only Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker's first doctoral advisee and graduate but the lives and work of Lüst and Weizsäcker were otherwise also interconnected in various ways--for example, the author's term as president of the Max Planck Society coincided with the closing of the Institute at Starnberg. The present contribution attempts to sketch a (subjectively influenced) portrait of the person and scholar Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker from the perspective of his years at Göttingen.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 63","pages":"263-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32462133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Weizsäcker, Bethe and the Nobel Prize].","authors":"Michael Schaaf","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For his work on nuclear physics Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker was twice nominated for the Nobel Prize in physics. Bethe had worked on the energy production in stars at about the same time as Weizsäcker but independently from him. The Nobel Committee valued the structural depth of BETHE'S work more than Weizsäcker's temporal priority because Bethe had described the nuclear reactions quantitatively and had shown a much deeper understanding of the nuclear processes in the centre of stars whereas Weizsäcker had worked more qualitatively. There are no reasons to believe that political resentments towards Weizsäcker played any significant role in awarding of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1967 only to Bethe. The lives and works of Weizsäcker and Bethe show some remarkable parallels, ranging from calculating the binding energy in nuclei to the energy production in sun-like and massive stars to peace- and disarmament initiatives.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 63","pages":"145-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32463618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}