Materials and Structures最新文献

{"title":"Impact of induced rapid surface carbonation (IRS-C) treatment on the steel corrosion in reinforced concrete: a counterintuitive effect","authors":"Raquel Ruiz,&nbsp;Julio Ramirez,&nbsp;Mirian Velay-Lizancos","doi":"10.1617/s11527-026-03232-z","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-026-03232-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete is one of the main issues plaguing aging infrastructure worldwide. While concrete’s carbonation is usually associated with an increased risk of corrosion, this study proposes a counterintuitive method that uses carbonation of hardened elements to reduce corrosion risk: the induced rapid surface carbonation (IRS-C) treatment. Besides, this study analyzes the impact of IRS-C on the corrosion resistance of precast reinforced concrete elements and explains the mechanisms behind it. The IRS-C treatment consists of placing the hardened samples in a vacuum chamber, filling it with CO₂ after removing the air, and leaving them for 48h, which induces rapid carbonation of the samples' outer surfaces. 12 concrete beams, 8 with and 4 without reinforcement, and 12 cylinders were used. Half of the samples were treated with IRS-C, while the remaining served as a reference. ASTM G109 results showed that the IRS-C treated samples had lower total corrosion than the untreated samples. The phenolphthalein test confirmed that the treatment did not affect pH near the reinforcement and therefore did not lower the chloride threshold for corrosion. Furthermore, water absorption and titration tests confirmed that IRS-C formed a low-porosity surface layer that reduced water and chloride penetration. Thus, the IRS-C treatment is a promising method to improve the corrosion resistance of precast reinforced concrete elements.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"59 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1617/s11527-026-03232-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148871760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Size effect and pore structure–mechanical behavior relationship of foamed concrete based on X-CT and discrete element modeling","authors":"Guoxin Cheng,&nbsp;Zhuo Dong,&nbsp;Yingxian Lang","doi":"10.1617/s11527-026-03257-4","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-026-03257-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Foamed concrete (FC) is widely used in engineering owing to its low self-weight and ease of construction. Accurate characterization of its mechanical properties is essential. The mechanical behavior and failure characteristics of FC with different densities were investigated through uniaxial compression tests. X-ray computed tomography (X-CT) was used to quantitatively characterize the pore structure. Based on the extracted pore parameters, digital cores were constructed using an improved quartet structure generation set (QSGS) method and converted into discrete element models to investigate the size effect of FC under uniaxial compression. The pore structure was characterized using the lineal-path function and pore size distribution. Results show that the compressive strength of FC increases with density but decreases with increasing specimen size. A representative area element (RAE) assessment identified 30 mm as the representative size. Within the size range of 30–100 mm, the mean compressive strength decreases with increasing size, and the failure mode gradually evolves from brittle to more ductile behavior, accompanied by an increase in microcrack number and the formation of complex crack networks. Macroscopic cracks can be classified into I-, X-, Y-, and H-shaped, and the failure mechanism transitions from tensile-dominated to tensile–shear coupled behavior. Grey relational analysis (GRA) indicates that porosity has a stronger correlation with compressive strength (0.747) than the <i>L</i>_p area (0.620), highlighting its dominant role in the mechanical performance of FC. The adopted size-effect models effectively capture the variation of FC strength with size, providing a theoretical basis for evaluating size effects in engineering applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"59 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148871723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of the disturbance-sensitive period of early-age concrete based on real-time pore water pressure monitoring","authors":"Yang Wang,&nbsp;Guoqiang Luo,&nbsp;Qian Tian,&nbsp;Wen Xv,&nbsp;Hua Li,&nbsp;Zecong Zhou,&nbsp;Yujiang Wang","doi":"10.1617/s11527-026-03252-9","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-026-03252-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>During the rehabilitation and expansion of existing expressways and high-speed railways, the performance development of newly cast concrete is significantly affected by disturbances from vehicle-bridge coupling vibration loads through adjacent operational structures. Existing research suggests that the severity of such disturbance depends largely on the stage of concrete performance development at the time of disturbance. The most pronounced deterioration occurs between the initial and final setting stages, a critical window known as the disturbance-sensitive period. Accurate identification of this period is therefore essential for effectively mitigating disturbance-induced damage. To this end, a laboratory concrete re-vibrating table was used to simulate disturbances from vehicle-bridge coupling vibration loads. Based on real-time in situ monitoring of early-age concrete pore water pressure (PWP), this study employs the development of PWP to define disturbance stages. It then systematically investigates the effects of such re-vibration disturbance-induced damage on the early-age macroscopic mechanical properties, durability and microstructure of concrete at different stages of PWP development. The experimental results showed a significant correlation between the evolution of early-age PWP and penetration resistance. Both the initial and final setting of concrete occurs concurrently with the period when PWP begins to rise, ranging from 2 to 60 kPa. Re-vibration disturbances during this period caused the most severe damage, reducing concrete strength by approximately 15%, increasing carbonation depth by about 64%, and initiating micro cracks. Conversely, prior to the increase in PWP and after it surpasses 60 kPa (final setting), the impact of simulated vibration disturbances on concrete performance is not significant. These results establish a basis for the automatic identification of the disturbance-sensitive period and provide insights for mitigating early-age damage during rehabilitation and expansion projects.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"59 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148871686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cyclic behavior of GFRP precast beam-column joints strengthened with ECC-based connections","authors":"Zhongming Xiong,&nbsp;Qiren Sun,&nbsp;Xuan Chen,&nbsp;Peng Zhou,&nbsp;Junjie Zeng,&nbsp;Yan Zhuge","doi":"10.1617/s11527-026-03259-2","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-026-03259-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The limited energy dissipation capacity and ductility of glass fiber-reinforced polymers (GFRP) reinforced concrete structures, coupled with the lack of reliable connection technologies, restrict the widespread application of GFRP in precast concrete structures. In this study, a novel engineered cementitious composites (ECC) strengthened GFRP precast beam-column joint was proposed and tested under cyclic loading, with the parameters including the axial compression ratios and post-pouring area being investigated. Test results in terms of failure modes, hysteretic behaviors, deformation, energy dissipation and strains in GFRP bars were analyzed. The results showed that the grouted-sleeve connections remained intact, while damage was concentrated at the beam-joint interfaces. Compared with the concrete control specimen, the ECC-strengthened specimens exhibited less joint-core cracking and reduced crack localization. Placing ECC in the joint core alone and extending it to both the joint core and beam-end regions increased the ultimate displacement by approximately 10% and 23%, respectively. The cumulative energy dissipation of the ECC-strengthened specimens increased by 60.26–129.78%. The maximum measured strain of the longitudinal GFRP bars was approximately 7000–8000 με, corresponding to 36–41% of their ultimate tensile strain. Extending ECC to the beam-end regions produced the highest deformation capacity and ductility, whereas increasing the axial compression ratio enhanced the load bearing and energy dissipation capacities but reduced the ultimate deformation. Finally, a tri-linear restoring force model was established by the test fitting method, providing a reference for further analyzing the elastic–plastic seismic response of ECC-strengthened precast GFRP frame structures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"59 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148926335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on microstructural changes and acoustic emission characteristics during rust-induced expansion cracking in nano-metakaolin concrete","authors":"Wenjie Qi,&nbsp;Shiyi Zhang,&nbsp;Yingfang Fan,&nbsp;Dengfeng Li","doi":"10.1617/s11527-026-03058-9","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-026-03058-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Chloride ion permeation into concrete in marine environments initiates reinforcement corrosion, compromising structural integrity. Nano-metakaolin (NMK) effectively reduces concrete permeability. To investigate microstructural changes in NMK concrete under electric fields and the evolution of acoustic emission (AE) signals throughout corrosion stages, experiments monitored AE signals during accelerated corrosion-induced cracking of reinforced concrete under full immersion conditions. Characteristic AE signals at different stages were summarized, alongside an analysis of changes in hydration products. The findings indicate that NMK, rich in Si, Al, and other elements with pozzolanic activity, promotes the formation of hydration products. This improves the concrete microstructure, effectively impeding chloride ion migration within the matrix and thereby slowing reinforcement corrosion rates. After 48 h of electrification, the corrosion rate in the N5 group decreased by 59.80% compared to the N0 group. The morphology, quantity, and distribution of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel, calcium hydroxide (CH) crystals, and Friedel’s salts were significantly influenced by NMK dosage. The relative content of C-S-H/AFt in the N5 group increased by 70.16% compared to the N0 group. As cement hydration progressed, NMK facilitated the transformation of large pores into smaller ones. The total void volume in the N5 group decreased by 21.97% compared to the N0 group. NMK can delay concrete crack formation, reduce the overall energy release rate, effectively inhibit shear crack development, and promote the stable propagation of tensile cracks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"59 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148928077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of induction-medium morphology and structural state on multistage energy conversion behavior in induction-heated asphalt mixtures","authors":"Wenyue Liu,&nbsp;Zhen Zheng,&nbsp;Ting Zhang,&nbsp;Wenting Dai","doi":"10.1617/s11527-026-03254-7","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-026-03254-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Optimizing the heating efficiency of induction-heated asphalt mixtures requires a systematic understanding of multistage energy-conversion mechanisms at the micro- and mesoscales. In this study, three induction media with distinct morphologies, namely steel fibers (SF), steel wool (SW), and steel chips (SC), were investigated. A numerical response chain linking magnetic flux (Φ), induced electromotive force (<i>U</i>), Joule heat (<i>Q</i>), and temperature (<i>T</i>) was established, together with multiphysics experiments involving electromagnetic response, apparent electrical resistance, and induction-heating response, to compare the electromagnetic–thermal characteristics of the different media. The results showed that medium morphology dominated the electromagnetic response. Under ideal non-contact dispersion conditions, SF exhibited the strongest magnetic-flux response, 148.2% higher than SW, whereas SC achieved the highest Joule-heat response through a more balanced two-stage conversion process, exceeding SF by 155.2%. As volume dosage increased from 4 to 8%, magnetic-field shielding reduced the electro–thermal conversion index by 36.0–42.2%, resulting in an 11.9–30.3% decrease in simulated Joule heat. In contrast, laboratory induction-heating tests exhibited the opposite macroscopic temperature-rise ranking of SF &gt; SW &gt; SC. Apparent-resistance measurements indicated that high-aspect-ratio SF and SW exceeded the percolation threshold and formed three-dimensional electrically and thermally conductive networks, thereby enhancing heat generation under actual mixture conditions. The numerical simulations quantitatively characterized the intrinsic conversion potential under ideal dispersion conditions, whereas the multiphysics experiments revealed the macroscopic response governed by structural-network effects. Their combined use provides a quantitative basis for induction-medium selection and structural design of induction-heated asphalt mixtures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"59 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148928078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of delayed addition of calcined clay on the rheology and performance of limestone-calcined clay cement (LC3) systems","authors":"Jianhao Zhang,&nbsp;Zhu Pan,&nbsp;Yimiao Huang,&nbsp;Guowei Ma","doi":"10.1617/s11527-026-03247-6","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-026-03247-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To mitigate bleeding and segregation caused by excessive superplasticizer, this study proposes a modified mixing strategy for limestone–calcined clay cement (LC³), in which calcined clay is added with delay (DCAS). The effects of DCAS on flowability, rheology, superplasticizer (PCE) adsorption, hydration kinetics, and mechanical properties were investigated. At a PCE dosage of 0.20%, DCAS increased the flow value by 42.2% and reduced the yield stress by approximately 47.9%. Although the total PCE uptake remained unchanged, the adsorption was redistributed—DCAS minimized over‑adsorption on calcined clay and promoted a more uniform coating of all solid phases, thereby enhancing particle dispersion and water‑film thickness. Isothermal calorimetry revealed a reduced initial heat‑release rate, a prolonged induction period, and an intensified deceleration‑stage reaction, with total heat evolution approaching that of the conventional sequence after about 55h. Accordingly, DCAS extended setting times. Compressive strength exhibited a consistent development pattern: lower values at 1 day, comparable results at 3 days, and slightly higher strength at 28 days. This trend is attributed to reduced early-age hydration followed by the enhanced pozzolanic reaction of amorphous aluminosilicate phases, which promotes the formation of C–(A)–S–H and aluminate hydrates at later ages.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"59 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148928063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical modification of Eucommia ulmoides gum: regulatory effects on asphalt rheological properties and microstructure, and intrinsic mechanism","authors":"Shichao Cui,&nbsp;Naisheng Guo,&nbsp;Guangshuai Wu,&nbsp;Jun Zhang,&nbsp;Yiqiu Tan","doi":"10.1617/s11527-026-03255-6","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-026-03255-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To overcome the low-temperature brittleness caused by the crystallization of natural Eucommia ulmoides gum (EUG) and achieve precise tuning of asphalt properties, three performance-adjustable modified asphalts—vulcanized (VEMA), epoxidized (EEMA), and hydroxylated (HEMA) EUG modified asphalts—were prepared via chemical modification. A multi-scale experimental framework combining rheological testing and physicochemical characterization was utilized to systematically investigate the tuning laws and intrinsic mechanisms of these modifiers on asphalt behavior. The results indicate that all three chemically modified asphalts exhibit significantly superior rutting and permanent deformation resistance compared to base asphalt and raw EUG modified asphalt, while simultaneously maintaining excellent low-temperature cracking resistance. Microscopic analysis reveals that chemical modification disrupts the regularity of EUG molecular chains, effectively suppressing crystallization and remarkably lowering the glass transition temperature. The modification process is predominantly governed by chemical mechanisms: in-situ vulcanization crosslinking, epoxy ring-opening covalent bonding, and intensive hydroxyl hydrogen bonding networks promote the transformation of small molecules into large molecular size components. This reconfigures the microscopic \"bee-like\" structures and facilitates their uniform dispersion, thereby substantially enhancing micro-adhesion and phase compatibility. This study demonstrates that the macro–micro performance of EUG-modified asphalt can be directionally optimized by controlling chemical modification degrees and ratios, providing a solid theoretical foundation for the engineering application of high-performance bio-based green pavement materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"59 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydration mechanisms of calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cements: the role of barium carbonate in sulfate-carbonate balance","authors":"Jinyan Shi,&nbsp;Xuezhen Zhu,&nbsp;Baoju Liu,&nbsp;Paula M. Carmona-Quiroga,&nbsp;Ana Fernández-Jiménez,&nbsp;Luís Tambara","doi":"10.1617/s11527-026-03251-w","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-026-03251-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the partial and total replacement of CaSO₄ by BaCO₃ in calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement systems through a systematic compositional series to examine the coupled effects of decreasing initial sulfate content, carbonate incorporation, and BaSO₄ formation on hydration. Six pastes with different BaCO₃/CaSO₄ ratios were evaluated by isothermal calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, FTIR, thermogravimetry, SEM–EDS, and nitrogen adsorption. The progressive replacement of CaSO₄ by BaCO₃ altered hydration kinetics and phase assemblage as a function of replacement level. At 25% substitution, hydration was accelerated without reducing 28-day compressive strength compared with the CaSO₄-containing reference. At higher replacement levels, barite and carbonate-AFm phases formed, ettringite stability decreased, and residual BaCO₃ increased. At 75% substitution, enhanced strätlingite formation was associated with improved compressive strength, whereas complete replacement led to slower hydration, higher amorphous content, and monocarbonate-containing phase assemblages. The results provide mechanistic insight into how sulfate availability, carbonate incorporation, sulfate immobilisation through BaSO₄ formation, and phase stability jointly control hydration pathways in CSA systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"59 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1617/s11527-026-03251-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Density-compressive strength domains of unstabilized and stabilized earthen construction systems: a comparative Ashby mapping across adobe, unfired clay bricks, rammed earth and compressed earth blocks","authors":"Anya Montserrat Pulido Cavada,&nbsp;Federico de Isidro,&nbsp;Roberto Alonso Gonzalez-Lezcano","doi":"10.1617/s11527-026-03248-5","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-026-03248-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Earthen construction materials exhibit high mechanical variability, which complicates comparison and specification when compressive strength is reported as isolated values. This study proposes a dry density-compressive strength domain approach (<i>ρ</i>–<i>R</i>_c) to consistently compare unstabilized earth (UE) and stabilized earth (SE) materials through computed characteristic performance windows. A literature database of paired <i>ρ</i>–<i>R</i>_c data was compiled (UE: 1995-2025; SE: 2010-2025, depending on technique), classifying techniques into adobe, unfired clay brick (UCB), rammed earth/reconstituted earth (URE/SRE), and compressed earth blocks (CEB); for SE, three improvement strategies were distinguished: mineral stabilizer, organic additive, and hybrid formulations. Variability was represented using bands (± 25% for UE; ± 20% for SE) and characteristic envelopes defined by 10th-90th percentiles in Ashby-type diagrams. Results show that, in UE, densification is the main lever: UCB and CEB reach <i>R</i>_c = 1.00–7.10 MPa and 0.14–12.30 MPa, respectively, without stabilizers, whereas adobe and URE/rammed earth fall within lower ranges (0.09–5.60 MPa and 0.20–8.30 MPa) with higher dispersion. In SE, mineral stabilization -particularly through mineral binders and compatible binder–reactive-addition systems- shift domains toward higher strengths and tend to reduce dispersion; stabilized rammed/reconstituted earth exhibits the broadest range and the highest maxima (1.20–18.40 MPa), while stabilized adobe, stabilized UCB, and stabilized CEB show intervals of 0.43–5.86 MPa, 0.85–4.00 MPa, and 0.27–11.70 MPa, respectively. Overall, the <i>ρ</i>–<i>R</i>_c domain framework enables transparent cross-technique benchmarking and provides conservative design windows for preliminary selection and specification of earthen materials according to structural requirements.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"59 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}