Materials and Structures最新文献

{"title":"Examining reproducible mix design, fresh and mechanical properties of ground granulated blast furnace slag-based alkali-activated concrete (GGBFS-based AAC): results of an interlaboratory study of RILEM TC 294-MPA","authors":"Patricia Kara De Maeijer,&nbsp;Guang Ye,&nbsp;Zhenming Li,&nbsp;Kruthi Kiran Ramagiri,&nbsp;Geert De Schutter,&nbsp;Yubo Sun,&nbsp;Frank Dehn,&nbsp;Arkamitra Kar,&nbsp;Juho Yliniemi,&nbsp;Yuwei Ma,&nbsp;Kazuo Ichimiya,&nbsp;Giulia Masi,&nbsp;Quoc Tri Phung,&nbsp;Wei Sha","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02754-2","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02754-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This report presents a meticulous synthesis of collaborative interlaboratory research conducted within the purview of the RILEM Technical Committee 294-MPA, with two expert groups named RRT1 and RRT2, and encompassing ten participants from Belgium, China, Finland, India, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. The RRT1 expert group mainly focused on the ground granulated blast furnace slag-based alkali-activated concrete (GGBFS-based AAC) mix design and mechanical properties. In turn, the RRT2 expert group focused on the fresh properties of GGBFS-based AAC. The investigation, conducted between 2020 and 2024, aimed to establish globally reproducible mix design and mixing protocols for GGBFS-based AAC. Developed by the RRT1 and RRT2 expert groups, these protocols have emerged through iterative experiments followed by a comprehensive interlaboratory study. The outcomes highlight the reliable production of GGBFS-based AAC across participants, with minor deviations in fresh and mechanical properties that are largely consistent with those observed in Portland cement concrete (PCC). The primary objective of the developed GGBFS-based AAC mix design was to achieve a defined consistence class S4, while targeting a compressive strength threshold of approximately 50 MPa at 28 days. This objective was effectively realized, with the average compressive strength values reaching 56 MPa at 28 days and 64 MPa at 720 days. While the average splitting tensile strength stabilized at 3.2 MPa over the 720 day period. These findings underscore the growing importance of AAC within the construction sector, particularly due to its reproducible and reliable experimental results, as the industry increasingly shifts toward more sustainable alternatives to traditional cement-based materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144905231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultra-early performance and hydration characteristics of sulfoaluminate cement paste under negative temperatures","authors":"Xingyi Zhu,&nbsp;Renjie Zhao,&nbsp;Chenghong Lu,&nbsp;Yating Zhang,&nbsp;Guomin Deng,&nbsp;Yufei Feng,&nbsp;Junming Su,&nbsp;Bian Gao,&nbsp;Xiaoming Wang,&nbsp;Kexin Chen,&nbsp;Zedong Qu","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02764-0","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02764-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The fast hardening of sulfoaluminate cement provides a way for rapid repairing of transportation concrete infrastructures in cold regions. This study investigated the ultra-early (i.e., 4, 8 and 24 h) mechanical performance, hydration characteristics and pore properties of sulfoaluminate cement paste with multiple water-to-cement (w/c) ratios under several negative temperatures. Results showed that negative temperatures had a more significant impact on 4-h performance. Compared with the paste cured at 0 °C, reducing the temperature to − 20 °C led to a decrease of up to 41.50% and 63.85% in the 4-h compressive and flexural strength, respectively. Given a longer curing age of 8 and 24 h, the difference in the strength gap was lessened. This is because negative curing temperatures mainly affected the formation of AFt during the first 4 h of hydration. The lower the curing temperature, the less the amount of AFt. Therefore, an increased porosity as well as a deteriorated pore structure with less pores smaller than 100 nm can be expected. In addition, at negative temperatures, increasing the w/c ratio from 0.30 to 0.34 caused mechanical properties to increase first and then decrease. With a higher w/c ratio, the excessive free water will freeze in negative temperatures to adversely affect cement hydration and pore structure of sulfoaluminate cement pastes. The results presented in this study provide insights into improving rapid repair materials for cold climates.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144893974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of macro synthetic fiber (MSF) on the behavior of conventional concrete and the concrete containing e-waste aggregates","authors":"Zeeshan Ahmad,&nbsp;Muhammad Irshad Qureshi,&nbsp;Farhan Ahmad,&nbsp;Mohamed Hechmi El Ouni,&nbsp;Muhammad Zubair Asghar,&nbsp;Nejib Ghazouani","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02766-y","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02766-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The appropriate disposal of plastic waste remains a persistent challenge for scientists and researchers. Several methods have been developed for managing plastic waste, including its use in concrete production. However, utilizing electronic waste (e-waste) materials in concrete presents challenges, particularly in reducing concrete strength. To address this, the current research incorporates macro synthetic fibers (MSF) into both conventional concrete and concrete containing e-waste aggregates. In this study, shredded e-waste coarse aggregates (ECA) partially replace 30% of natural coarse aggregates (NCA) by volume. Various properties of both conventional and ECA-modified concrete are evaluated, including mechanical characteristics, durability performance, and microstructural developments. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is also performed to determine the significance of the mechanical and durability properties of mixes having MSF. The results show that concrete with MSF significantly outperforms concrete without it. Specifically, incorporating 0.75% MSF (by volume) enhances splitting tensile strength by 152%, flexural strength by 98%, and compressive strength by 38%. However, an inverse relationship is observed between MSF dosage and the permeability-based durability of fiber-reinforced concrete. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals that adding ECA weakens the internal concrete matrix, but optimal MSF inclusion improves the microstructure. This study highlights the importance of incorporating e-waste materials into concrete and demonstrates that appropriate fiber reinforcement (MSF) is crucial for addressing strength challenges while promoting sustainability and practicality.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144896898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shear performance of continuous deep beams reinforced with steel, GFRP bars, stirrups, and novel grating systems: an experimental study","authors":"Mohamed E. Shallan,&nbsp;Mostafa M. Khalil,&nbsp;Ahmed A. Mahmoud,&nbsp;Mosaad H. El-Diasity","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02751-5","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02751-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents a novel use of commercially manufactured glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) gratings as internal shear reinforcement in continuous reinforced concrete deep beams, a concept not previously applied in structural systems. The approach involves embedding prefabricated GFRP grating panels within concrete to enhance durability, corrosion resistance, and shear performance. An experimental program was conducted on six full-scale, two-span deep beams under monotonic loading. Specimens included beams reinforced with conventional steel bars and stirrups, GFRP longitudinal bars with steel stirrups, and hybrid systems combining GFRP bars with one to three layers of GFRP gratings. The evaluation focused on ultimate shear capacity, crack development, failure modes, maximum diagonal crack width, support reactions, and strain distribution. Beams with three grating layers achieved a 75.7% increase in shear strength over the reference, reduced diagonal crack width by 28%, and enhanced post-cracking toughness by 38%. Strain measurements confirmed effective engagement of the grating’s vertical ribs in resisting diagonal tension, with up to 199% strain increase after cracking. Comparisons with strut-and-tie models (ACI 318–19, CSA S806, and Eurocode 2) showed conservative strength predictions due to neglecting grating effects. A modified strut-and-tie model was developed to account for grating contributions, showing strong agreement with test results, with an overall average of 1.08. These findings provide preliminary evidence that GFRP gratings may be a durable and efficient alternative to steel stirrups in shear-critical concrete applications, warranting further investigation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1617/s11527-025-02751-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144892473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sulfate attack testing approaches from concrete to cement paste: A review by RILEM TC 298-EBD","authors":"Qiao Wang,&nbsp;Wolfgang Kunther,&nbsp;Ye Li,&nbsp;Talakokula Visalakshi,&nbsp;Ramesh Gomasa,&nbsp;Sofiane Amroun,&nbsp;Diego Jesus De Souza,&nbsp;Mahipal Kasaniya,&nbsp;Ilda Tole,&nbsp;Xuerun Li,&nbsp;R. Douglas Hooton,&nbsp;Prannoy Suraneni,&nbsp;William Wilson","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02759-x","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02759-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Most existing test methods determine the sulfate resistance of concrete using accelerated methods in the laboratory, on mortar or concrete specimens. However, these accelerated tests often use high sulfate concentrations or require very complicated setups, which may alter the deterioration mechanisms, while still being laborious and time-consuming. Additionally, the need for more sustainable binders and distinctive properties of systems incorporating emerging supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) may limit the applicability of conventional test methods. In this context, the Working Group 3 of RILEM TC 298-EBD aims to develop simple accelerated test methods on cement pastes for evaluating sulfate resistance, which directly investigate the reactive component of concrete. Working at this scale can provide reliable results in a much shorter time than traditional tests on mortars and concretes, while providing means to assess the impact of different SCMs and binders on the resistance to sulfate attack. This paper presents our first step, a critical literature review on sulfate deterioration testing from the concrete/mortar to the cement paste scale. We present a general introduction to sulfate attack, common test parameters, assessment methods, test setups for paste specimens, a discussion of potential approaches, and concluding remarks. Insights gained from this review will be instrumental in establishing an effective and reliable approach to sulfate deterioration testing on cement paste specimens.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1617/s11527-025-02759-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144893950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RILEM TC 294-MPA: interlaboratory study of the mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced ground granulated blast furnace slag-based alkali-activated concrete","authors":"Arkamitra Kar,&nbsp;Pujitha Ganapathi Chottemada,&nbsp;Lucija Hanžič,&nbsp;J. S. Kalyana Rama,&nbsp;Patricia Kara De Maeijer,&nbsp;Behzad Nematollahi,&nbsp;Kruthi Kiran Ramagiri,&nbsp;Laura Rossi,&nbsp;Aljoša Šajna,&nbsp;Shizhe Zhang,&nbsp;Mingzhong Zhang,&nbsp;Guang Ye,&nbsp;Frank Dehn","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02757-z","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02757-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Under the directives of the RILEM Technical Committee 294-MPA, this publication reports on the findings of an interlaboratory study that tested fiber-reinforced GGBFS-based alkali-activated concrete (FRAAC), with participants from Belgium, India and Slovenia. The research also elaborates prediction models for the tensile splitting strength of GGBFS-based FRAAC. This research endeavoured between 2020 and 2024 to find a globally reproducible FRAAC mix that could attain the required mechanical strength and workability criteria. The primary goal of the interlaboratory study was to generate FRAAC without the use of superplasticizers in order to maintain an S4 class consistency slump and achieve the desired 28-days cube compressive strength of 40 MPa. Steel and PVA fibers were determined to be incorporated to the GGBFS-based AAC mix at 0.3 and 0.1% volume fractions, respectively, through iterative interlaboratory investigations. Experimental program was conducted to examine the compressive and tensile splitting strength of these FRAAC combinations at different curing ages, ranging from 1 to 720 days. The findings indicate that while there were a few interlaboratory variations in the mechanical properties, the FRAAC produced was uniform across all participants. The desired compressive strength of 40 MPa was attained by GGBFS-based FRAAC with both steel and PVA fibers at 28 days. Although FRAAC containing steel fibers exhibited the higher early compressive strength, FRAAC prepared with steel and FRAAC prepared with PVA both demonstrated a 720-days compressive strength of about 61 MPa. The FRAAC mixes with steel fiber additions exhibited a tensile splitting strength that was approximately 30% higher than the mix with PVA fibers. Nonetheless, at all ages, the tensile splitting strength of both FRAAC mixes was clearly higher than 2 MPa. These results support reliable and consistent experimental findings, which allude towards FRAAC as a sustainable substitute for conventional Portland cement concrete.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144892452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distributed fiber optic sensing and Informer-LSTM prediction for damage evolution of asphalt concrete under freeze–thaw cycling","authors":"Xuebing Zhang,&nbsp;Jia Wang,&nbsp;Jun Cao,&nbsp;Yang Quan,&nbsp;Luoqing Liu,&nbsp;Kenxuan Wen,&nbsp;Ping Xiang","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02758-y","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02758-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, distributed fiber optic sensing together with deep learning frameworks was developed to accurately capture the strain distribution characteristics of asphalt concrete under different conditions. As the performance and damage evolution of asphalt concrete in low-temperature environments have garnered increasing attention, the effects of freeze–thaw cycles on crack evolution in asphalt concrete were investigated under various test conditions, such as saturated versus unsaturated states and elevated versus reduced temperatures. The informer and long short-term memory (Informer-LSTM) networks time series prediction model was proposed to predict the strain state of the specimen across both temporal and spatial dimensions. The results indicate that the distributed fiber optic sensor effectively monitors local damage during the freeze–thaw cycles of the trabeculae and identifies the location of cracks. Furthermore, the Informer-LSTM model accurately captures and predicts strain distribution at the cracks, indicating the superior robustness and adaptability of the parallel time-series prediction model. This research significantly contributes to improving the durability and safety of pavement structures, providing a scientific foundation for assessing the durability and safety of road infrastructure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144892429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new statistical fracture model for particles in unbound road materials","authors":"M. Kaan Etikan,&nbsp;Denis Jelagin,&nbsp;Erik Olsson,&nbsp;Manfred N. Partl","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02760-4","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02760-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fracture of rock particles is important in many applications like mining, mineral comminution, unbound granular materials (UGMs) for railway and road structures. The latter application is the main interest presently, as fracture of rock particles in UGMs affects the UGMs performance and may compromise structural integrity of a pavement, potentially leading to premature road failures. Therefore, it is important to assess their resistance to aggregate fracture accurately. In this study, a new statistical fracture model for particle fracture, based on the results of single particle crushing tests, is introduced to investigate aggregate fracture. The proposed model is tested for UGMs composed of three different aggregate types: brick, granite and a volcanic material and its results are compared with other widely used fracture force models. The performance of the models is also investigated by simulating uniaxial monotonic compression tests on UGMs with different aggregate size distributions using the Discrete Element Method (DEM) and comparing the results with experiments. Fracture at two different load levels for three different particle size distributions are investigated for each material. One particle size distribution at one load level is used to identify the contact law parameters for each material, and single particle breakage test are used to identify the fracture force model parameters. The DEM models with a new fracture force model agrees well with the macro-mechanical behaviour observed in experiments and exhibits the highest degree of correlation to fracture results obtained from experiments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1617/s11527-025-02760-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic and wind resistance of natural pozzolan-based engineered cementitious composites: material characterization and numerical analysis","authors":"Diego Aparicio,&nbsp;Matias Leon-Miquel,&nbsp;Junyi Duan,&nbsp;Juan Silva-Retamal,&nbsp;Qian Zhang,&nbsp;Chengcheng Tao,&nbsp;Qingxu Jin,&nbsp;Alvaro Paul","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02744-4","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02744-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study numerically evaluates the seismic and wind resistance of a building composed of natural pozzolan-based engineered cementitious composite (NP-ECC), using finite element analysis. To support the numerical analysis, a comprehensive material characterization analyzes the hydration, mechanical properties, and cracking pattern of samples cured over varying periods. Matrix fracture toughness, fiber bridging strength, and complementary energy continuously increased over time, supporting the material's sustained ductile behavior. These material properties were incorporated into the numerical model. To assess the resilience to natural hazards, the structural behavior of a three-layer building made of NP-ECC was simulated and compared with conventional reinforced-concrete building under wind and seismic loading conditions. Results indicated that the NP-ECC structure exhibited superior strength development, tensile ductility, and earthquake resistance compared to traditional reinforced concrete. The findings from this study showed the potential of the NP-ECC materials to improve the hazard mitigation performance under seismic and wind loading.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144880885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in hydration kinetics and phase development of Australian bentonite and kaolinite based limestone calcined clay cements","authors":"Munib Ul Rehman,&nbsp;Alastair J. N. MacLeod,&nbsp;Laurie Aldridge,&nbsp;Frank G. Collins,&nbsp;Zhao Qing Tang,&nbsp;Will P. Gates","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02743-5","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02743-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Given the current global shift towards a lower carbon economy, alternative supplementary cementitious materials, such as calcined clays, are expected to have huge role in reducing the embodied carbon of the concrete industry. The performance of limestone-calcined-clay cements (LC³) made with a unique, high purity Australian bentonite clay (CB) and with low-to-medium purity kaolin clays (MK) was evaluated. Reaction kinetics, compressive strength and phase development together with water absorption and sorptivity of pastes were examined after curing for up to 90 days. All LC³ mixes underwent faster hydration reactions than OPC, releasing less heat with distinct events for silicate and aluminate hydration. Compared to OPC, differences in the structure and composition of clay minerals e.g. 50–55% more silica and 2-times more alkali oxides in CB-based mixes and 60–90% more alumina in MK-based pastes resulted in distinctly different phase formation on hydration. For the mix design used herein, the early (3- and 7-day) strength of CB-based LC³ exceeded that of the MK-based LC³ and nearly equaled the control OPC; the 28-day compressive strength of CB- LC³ was also comparable to that of OPC. Greater portlandite consumption as well as ettringite formation was exhibited in the CB-based LC³, while greater amounts of carboaluminate and monosulphate were observed in the MK-based LC³. Water absorption and sorptivity was also lowest in CB-based LC³ and is interpreted to be due to lower connected porosity. The results demonstrate that alternative local clay minerals can be suitable for producing low-clinker cements.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1617/s11527-025-02743-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144868997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}