Living Reviews in Relativity最新文献

{"title":"The general relativistic constraint equations","authors":"Alessandro Carlotto","doi":"10.1007/s41114-020-00030-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-020-00030-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We present the state-of-the-art concerning the relativistic constraints, which describe the geometry of hypersurfaces in a spacetime subject to the Einstein field equations. We review a variety of solvability results, the construction of several classes of solutions of special relevance and place results in the broader context of mathematical general relativity. Apart from providing an overview of the subject, this paper includes a selection of open questions, as well as a few complements to some significant contributions in the literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2021-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41114-020-00030-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4925597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time-delay interferometry","authors":"Massimo Tinto,&nbsp;Sanjeev V. Dhurandhar","doi":"10.1007/s41114-020-00029-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-020-00029-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Equal-arm detectors of gravitational radiation allow phase measurements many orders of magnitude below the intrinsic phase stability of the laser injecting light into their arms. This is because the noise in the laser light is common to both arms, experiencing exactly the same delay, and thus cancels when it is differenced at the photo detector. In this situation, much lower level secondary noises then set the overall performance. If, however, the two arms have different lengths (as will necessarily be the case with space-borne interferometers), the laser noise experiences different delays in the two arms and will hence not directly cancel at the photo detector. To solve this problem, a technique involving heterodyne interferometry with unequal arm lengths and independent phase-difference readouts has been proposed. It relies on properly time-shifting and linearly combining independent Doppler measurements, and for this reason it has been called time-delay interferometry (TDI). This article provides an overview of the theory, mathematical foundations, and experimental aspects associated with the implementation of TDI. Although emphasis on the application of TDI to the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna mission appears throughout this article, TDI can be incorporated into the design of any future space-based mission aiming to search for gravitational waves via interferometric measurements. We have purposely left out all theoretical aspects that data analysts will need to account for when analyzing the TDI data combinations.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41114-020-00029-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4602941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neutron star mergers and how to study them","authors":"Eric Burns","doi":"10.1007/s41114-020-00028-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-020-00028-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Neutron star mergers are the canonical multimessenger events: they have been observed through photons for half a century, gravitational waves since 2017, and are likely to be sources of neutrinos and cosmic rays. \u0000Studies of these events enable unique insights into astrophysics, particles in the ultrarelativistic regime, the heavy element enrichment history through cosmic time, cosmology, dense matter, and fundamental physics. Uncovering this science requires vast observational resources, unparalleled coordination, and advancements in theory and simulation, which are constrained by our current understanding of nuclear, atomic, and astroparticle physics. This review begins with a summary of our current knowledge of these events, the expected observational signatures, and estimated detection rates for the next decade. I then present the key observations necessary to advance our understanding of these sources, followed by the broad science this enables. I close with a discussion on the necessary future capabilities to fully utilize these enigmatic sources to understand our universe.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2020-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41114-020-00028-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5022049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prospects for observing and localizing gravitational-wave transients with Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA","authors":"B. P. Abbott,&nbsp;R. Abbott,&nbsp;T. D. Abbott,&nbsp;S. Abraham,&nbsp;F. Acernese,&nbsp;K. Ackley,&nbsp;C. Adams,&nbsp;V. B. Adya,&nbsp;C. Affeldt,&nbsp;M. Agathos,&nbsp;K. Agatsuma,&nbsp;N. Aggarwal,&nbsp;O. D. Aguiar,&nbsp;L. Aiello,&nbsp;A. Ain,&nbsp;P. Ajith,&nbsp;T. Akutsu,&nbsp;G. Allen,&nbsp;A. Allocca,&nbsp;M. A. Aloy,&nbsp;P. A. Altin,&nbsp;A. Amato,&nbsp;A. Ananyeva,&nbsp;S. B. Anderson,&nbsp;W. G. Anderson,&nbsp;M. Ando,&nbsp;S. V. Angelova,&nbsp;S. Antier,&nbsp;S. Appert,&nbsp;K. Arai,&nbsp;Koya Arai,&nbsp;Y. Arai,&nbsp;S. Araki,&nbsp;A. Araya,&nbsp;M. C. Araya,&nbsp;J. S. Areeda,&nbsp;M. Arène,&nbsp;N. Aritomi,&nbsp;N. Arnaud,&nbsp;K. G. Arun,&nbsp;S. Ascenzi,&nbsp;G. Ashton,&nbsp;Y. Aso,&nbsp;S. M. Aston,&nbsp;P. Astone,&nbsp;F. Aubin,&nbsp;P. Aufmuth,&nbsp;K. AultONeal,&nbsp;C. Austin,&nbsp;V. Avendano,&nbsp;A. Avila-Alvarez,&nbsp;S. Babak,&nbsp;P. Bacon,&nbsp;F. Badaracco,&nbsp;M. K. M. Bader,&nbsp;S. W. Bae,&nbsp;Y. B. Bae,&nbsp;L. Baiotti,&nbsp;R. Bajpai,&nbsp;P. T. Baker,&nbsp;F. Baldaccini,&nbsp;G. Ballardin,&nbsp;S. W. Ballmer,&nbsp;S. Banagiri,&nbsp;J. C. Barayoga,&nbsp;S. E. Barclay,&nbsp;B. C. Barish,&nbsp;D. Barker,&nbsp;K. Barkett,&nbsp;S. Barnum,&nbsp;F. Barone,&nbsp;B. Barr,&nbsp;L. Barsotti,&nbsp;M. Barsuglia,&nbsp;D. Barta,&nbsp;J. Bartlett,&nbsp;M. A. Barton,&nbsp;I. Bartos,&nbsp;R. Bassiri,&nbsp;A. Basti,&nbsp;M. Bawaj,&nbsp;J. C. Bayley,&nbsp;M. Bazzan,&nbsp;B. Bécsy,&nbsp;M. Bejger,&nbsp;I. Belahcene,&nbsp;A. S. Bell,&nbsp;D. Beniwal,&nbsp;B. K. Berger,&nbsp;G. Bergmann,&nbsp;S. Bernuzzi,&nbsp;J. J. Bero,&nbsp;C. P. L. Berry,&nbsp;D. Bersanetti,&nbsp;A. Bertolini,&nbsp;J. Betzwieser,&nbsp;R. Bhandare,&nbsp;J. Bidler,&nbsp;I. A. Bilenko,&nbsp;S. A. Bilgili,&nbsp;G. Billingsley,&nbsp;J. Birch,&nbsp;R. Birney,&nbsp;O. Birnholtz,&nbsp;S. Biscans,&nbsp;S. Biscoveanu,&nbsp;A. Bisht,&nbsp;M. Bitossi,&nbsp;M. A. Bizouard,&nbsp;J. K. Blackburn,&nbsp;C. D. Blair,&nbsp;D. G. Blair,&nbsp;R. M. Blair,&nbsp;S. Bloemen,&nbsp;N. Bode,&nbsp;M. Boer,&nbsp;Y. Boetzel,&nbsp;G. Bogaert,&nbsp;F. Bondu,&nbsp;E. Bonilla,&nbsp;R. Bonnand,&nbsp;P. Booker,&nbsp;B. A. Boom,&nbsp;C. D. Booth,&nbsp;R. Bork,&nbsp;V. Boschi,&nbsp;S. Bose,&nbsp;K. Bossie,&nbsp;V. Bossilkov,&nbsp;J. Bosveld,&nbsp;Y. Bouffanais,&nbsp;A. Bozzi,&nbsp;C. Bradaschia,&nbsp;P. R. Brady,&nbsp;A. Bramley,&nbsp;M. Branchesi,&nbsp;J. E. Brau,&nbsp;T. Briant,&nbsp;J. H. Briggs,&nbsp;F. Brighenti,&nbsp;A. Brillet,&nbsp;M. Brinkmann,&nbsp;V. Brisson,&nbsp;P. Brockill,&nbsp;A. F. Brooks,&nbsp;D. A. Brown,&nbsp;D. D. Brown,&nbsp;S. Brunett,&nbsp;A. Buikema,&nbsp;T. Bulik,&nbsp;H. J. Bulten,&nbsp;A. Buonanno,&nbsp;D. Buskulic,&nbsp;C. Buy,&nbsp;R. L. Byer,&nbsp;M. Cabero,&nbsp;L. Cadonati,&nbsp;G. Cagnoli,&nbsp;C. Cahillane,&nbsp;J. Calderón Bustillo,&nbsp;T. A. Callister,&nbsp;E. Calloni,&nbsp;J. B. Camp,&nbsp;W. A. Campbell,&nbsp;M. Canepa,&nbsp;K. Cannon,&nbsp;K. C. Cannon,&nbsp;H. Cao,&nbsp;J. Cao,&nbsp;E. Capocasa,&nbsp;F. Carbognani,&nbsp;S. Caride,&nbsp;M. F. Carney,&nbsp;G. Carullo,&nbsp;J. Casanueva Diaz,&nbsp;C. Casentini,&nbsp;S. Caudill,&nbsp;M. Cavaglià,&nbsp;F. Cavalier,&nbsp;R. Cavalieri,&nbsp;G. Cella,&nbsp;P. Cerdá-Durán,&nbsp;G. Cerretani,&nbsp;E. Cesarini,&nbsp;O. Chaibi,&nbsp;K. Chakravarti,&nbsp;S. J. Chamberlin,&nbsp;M. Chan,&nbsp;M. L. Chan,&nbsp;S. Chao,&nbsp;P. Charlton,&nbsp;E. A. Chase,&nbsp;E. Chassande-Mottin,&nbsp;D. Chatterjee,&nbsp;M. Chaturvedi,&nbsp;K. Chatziioannou,&nbsp;B. D. Cheeseboro,&nbsp;C. S. Chen,&nbsp;H. Y. Chen,&nbsp;K. H. Chen,&nbsp;X. Chen,&nbsp;Y. Chen,&nbsp;Y. R. Chen,&nbsp;H.-P. Cheng,&nbsp;C. K. Cheong,&nbsp;H. Y. Chia,&nbsp;A. Chincarini,&nbsp;A. Chiummo,&nbsp;G. Cho,&nbsp;H. S. Cho,&nbsp;M. Cho,&nbsp;N. Christensen,&nbsp;H. Y. Chu,&nbsp;Q. Chu,&nbsp;Y. K. Chu,&nbsp;S. Chua,&nbsp;K. W. Chung,&nbsp;S. Chung,&nbsp;G. Ciani,&nbsp;A. A. Ciobanu,&nbsp;R. Ciolfi,&nbsp;F. Cipriano,&nbsp;A. Cirone,&nbsp;F. Clara,&nbsp;J. A. Clark,&nbsp;P. Clearwater,&nbsp;F. Cleva,&nbsp;C. Cocchieri,&nbsp;E. Coccia,&nbsp;P.-F. Cohadon,&nbsp;D. Cohen,&nbsp;R. Colgan,&nbsp;M. Colleoni,&nbsp;C. G. Collette,&nbsp;C. Collins,&nbsp;L. R. Cominsky,&nbsp;M. Constancio Jr.,&nbsp;L. Conti,&nbsp;S. J. Cooper,&nbsp;P. Corban,&nbsp;T. R. Corbitt,&nbsp;I. Cordero-Carrión,&nbsp;K. R. Corley,&nbsp;N. Cornish,&nbsp;A. Corsi,&nbsp;S. Cortese,&nbsp;C. A. Costa,&nbsp;R. Cotesta,&nbsp;M. W. Coughlin,&nbsp;S. B. Coughlin,&nbsp;J.-P. Coulon,&nbsp;S. T. Countryman,&nbsp;P. Couvares,&nbsp;P. B. Covas,&nbsp;E. E. Cowan,&nbsp;D. M. Coward,&nbsp;M. J. Cowart,&nbsp;D. C. Coyne,&nbsp;R. Coyne,&nbsp;J. D. E. Creighton,&nbsp;T. D. Creighton,&nbsp;J. Cripe,&nbsp;M. Croquette,&nbsp;S. G. Crowder,&nbsp;T. J. Cullen,&nbsp;A. Cumming,&nbsp;L. Cunningham,&nbsp;E. Cuoco,&nbsp;T. Dal Canton,&nbsp;G. Dálya,&nbsp;S. L. Danilishin,&nbsp;S. D’Antonio,&nbsp;K. Danzmann,&nbsp;A. Dasgupta,&nbsp;C. F. Da Silva Costa,&nbsp;L. E. H. Datrier,&nbsp;V. Dattilo,&nbsp;I. Dave,&nbsp;M. Davier,&nbsp;D. Davis,&nbsp;E. J. Daw,&nbsp;D. DeBra,&nbsp;M. Deenadayalan,&nbsp;J. Degallaix,&nbsp;M. De Laurentis,&nbsp;S. Deléglise,&nbsp;W. Del Pozzo,&nbsp;L. M. DeMarchi,&nbsp;N. Demos,&nbsp;T. Dent,&nbsp;R. De Pietri,&nbsp;J. Derby,&nbsp;R. De Rosa,&nbsp;C. De Rossi,&nbsp;R. DeSalvo,&nbsp;O. de Varona,&nbsp;S. Dhurandhar,&nbsp;M. C. Díaz,&nbsp;T. Dietrich,&nbsp;L. Di Fiore,&nbsp;M. Di Giovanni,&nbsp;T. Di Girolamo,&nbsp;A. Di Lieto,&nbsp;B. Ding,&nbsp;S. Di Pace,&nbsp;I. Di Palma,&nbsp;F. Di Renzo,&nbsp;A. Dmitriev,&nbsp;Z. Doctor,&nbsp;K. Doi,&nbsp;F. Donovan,&nbsp;K. L. Dooley,&nbsp;S. Doravari,&nbsp;I. Dorrington,&nbsp;T. P. Downes,&nbsp;M. Drago,&nbsp;J. C. Driggers,&nbsp;Z. Du,&nbsp;J.-G. Ducoin,&nbsp;P. Dupej,&nbsp;S. E. Dwyer,&nbsp;P. J. Easter,&nbsp;T. B. Edo,&nbsp;M. C. Edwards,&nbsp;A. Effler,&nbsp;S. Eguchi,&nbsp;P. Ehrens,&nbsp;J. Eichholz,&nbsp;S. S. Eikenberry,&nbsp;M. Eisenmann,&nbsp;R. A. Eisenstein,&nbsp;Y. Enomoto,&nbsp;R. C. Essick,&nbsp;H. Estelles,&nbsp;D. Estevez,&nbsp;Z. B. Etienne,&nbsp;T. Etzel,&nbsp;M. Evans,&nbsp;T. M. Evans,&nbsp;V. Fafone,&nbsp;H. Fair,&nbsp;S. Fairhurst,&nbsp;X. Fan,&nbsp;S. Farinon,&nbsp;B. Farr,&nbsp;W. M. Farr,&nbsp;E. J. Fauchon-Jones,&nbsp;M. Favata,&nbsp;M. Fays,&nbsp;M. Fazio,&nbsp;C. Fee,&nbsp;J. Feicht,&nbsp;M. M. Fejer,&nbsp;F. Feng,&nbsp;A. Fernandez-Galiana,&nbsp;I. Ferrante,&nbsp;E. C. Ferreira,&nbsp;T. A. Ferreira,&nbsp;F. Ferrini,&nbsp;F. Fidecaro,&nbsp;I. Fiori,&nbsp;D. Fiorucci,&nbsp;M. Fishbach,&nbsp;R. P. Fisher,&nbsp;J. M. Fishner,&nbsp;M. Fitz-Axen,&nbsp;R. Flaminio,&nbsp;M. Fletcher,&nbsp;E. Flynn,&nbsp;H. Fong,&nbsp;J. A. Font,&nbsp;P. W. F. Forsyth,&nbsp;J.-D. Fournier,&nbsp;S. Frasca,&nbsp;F. Frasconi,&nbsp;Z. Frei,&nbsp;A. Freise,&nbsp;R. Frey,&nbsp;V. Frey,&nbsp;P. Fritschel,&nbsp;V. V. Frolov,&nbsp;Y. Fujii,&nbsp;M. Fukunaga,&nbsp;M. Fukushima,&nbsp;P. Fulda,&nbsp;M. Fyffe,&nbsp;H. A. Gabbard,&nbsp;B. U. Gadre,&nbsp;S. M. Gaebel,&nbsp;J. R. Gair,&nbsp;L. Gammaitoni,&nbsp;M. R. Ganija,&nbsp;S. G. Gaonkar,&nbsp;A. Garcia,&nbsp;C. García-Quirós,&nbsp;F. Garufi,&nbsp;B. Gateley,&nbsp;S. Gaudio,&nbsp;G. Gaur,&nbsp;V. Gayathri,&nbsp;G. G. Ge,&nbsp;G. Gemme,&nbsp;E. Genin,&nbsp;A. Gennai,&nbsp;D. George,&nbsp;J. George,&nbsp;L. Gergely,&nbsp;V. Germain,&nbsp;S. Ghonge,&nbsp;Abhirup Ghosh,&nbsp;Archisman Ghosh,&nbsp;S. Ghosh,&nbsp;B. Giacomazzo,&nbsp;J. A. Giaime,&nbsp;K. D. Giardina,&nbsp;A. Giazotto,&nbsp;K. Gill,&nbsp;G. Giordano,&nbsp;L. Glover,&nbsp;P. Godwin,&nbsp;E. Goetz,&nbsp;R. Goetz,&nbsp;B. Goncharov,&nbsp;G. González,&nbsp;J. M. Gonzalez Castro,&nbsp;A. Gopakumar,&nbsp;M. L. Gorodetsky,&nbsp;S. E. Gossan,&nbsp;M. Gosselin,&nbsp;R. Gouaty,&nbsp;A. Grado,&nbsp;C. Graef,&nbsp;M. Granata,&nbsp;A. Grant,&nbsp;S. Gras,&nbsp;P. Grassia,&nbsp;C. Gray,&nbsp;R. Gray,&nbsp;G. Greco,&nbsp;A. C. Green,&nbsp;R. Green,&nbsp;E. M. Gretarsson,&nbsp;P. Groot,&nbsp;H. Grote,&nbsp;S. Grunewald,&nbsp;P. Gruning,&nbsp;G. M. Guidi,&nbsp;H. K. Gulati,&nbsp;Y. Guo,&nbsp;A. Gupta,&nbsp;M. K. Gupta,&nbsp;E. K. Gustafson,&nbsp;R. Gustafson,&nbsp;L. Haegel,&nbsp;A. Hagiwara,&nbsp;S. Haino,&nbsp;O. Halim,&nbsp;B. R. Hall,&nbsp;E. D. Hall,&nbsp;E. Z. Hamilton,&nbsp;G. Hammond,&nbsp;M. Haney,&nbsp;M. M. Hanke,&nbsp;J. Hanks,&nbsp;C. Hanna,&nbsp;M. D. Hannam,&nbsp;O. A. Hannuksela,&nbsp;J. Hanson,&nbsp;T. Hardwick,&nbsp;K. Haris,&nbsp;J. Harms,&nbsp;G. M. Harry,&nbsp;I. W. Harry,&nbsp;K. Hasegawa,&nbsp;C.-J. Haster,&nbsp;K. Haughian,&nbsp;H. Hayakawa,&nbsp;K. Hayama,&nbsp;F. J. Hayes,&nbsp;J. Healy,&nbsp;A. Heidmann,&nbsp;M. C. Heintze,&nbsp;H. Heitmann,&nbsp;P. Hello,&nbsp;G. Hemming,&nbsp;M. Hendry,&nbsp;I. S. Heng,&nbsp;J. Hennig,&nbsp;A. W. Heptonstall,&nbsp;M. Heurs,&nbsp;S. Hild,&nbsp;Y. Himemoto,&nbsp;T. Hinderer,&nbsp;Y. Hiranuma,&nbsp;N. Hirata,&nbsp;E. Hirose,&nbsp;D. Hoak,&nbsp;S. Hochheim,&nbsp;D. Hofman,&nbsp;A. M. Holgado,&nbsp;N. A. Holland,&nbsp;K. Holt,&nbsp;D. E. Holz,&nbsp;Z. Hong,&nbsp;P. Hopkins,&nbsp;C. Horst,&nbsp;J. Hough,&nbsp;E. J. Howell,&nbsp;C. G. Hoy,&nbsp;A. Hreibi,&nbsp;B. H. Hsieh,&nbsp;G. Z. Huang,&nbsp;P. W. Huang,&nbsp;Y. J. Huang,&nbsp;E. A. Huerta,&nbsp;D. Huet,&nbsp;B. Hughey,&nbsp;M. Hulko,&nbsp;S. Husa,&nbsp;S. H. Huttner,&nbsp;T. Huynh-Dinh,&nbsp;B. Idzkowski,&nbsp;A. Iess,&nbsp;B. Ikenoue,&nbsp;S. Imam,&nbsp;K. Inayoshi,&nbsp;C. Ingram,&nbsp;Y. Inoue,&nbsp;R. Inta,&nbsp;G. Intini,&nbsp;K. Ioka,&nbsp;B. Irwin,&nbsp;H. N. Isa,&nbsp;J.-M. Isac,&nbsp;M. Isi,&nbsp;Y. Itoh,&nbsp;B. R. Iyer,&nbsp;K. Izumi,&nbsp;T. Jacqmin,&nbsp;S. J. Jadhav,&nbsp;K. Jani,&nbsp;N. N. Janthalur,&nbsp;P. Jaranowski,&nbsp;A. C. Jenkins,&nbsp;J. Jiang,&nbsp;D. S. Johnson,&nbsp;A. W. Jones,&nbsp;D. I. Jones,&nbsp;R. Jones,&nbsp;R. J. G. Jonker,&nbsp;L. Ju,&nbsp;K. Jung,&nbsp;P. Jung,&nbsp;J. Junker,&nbsp;T. Kajita,&nbsp;C. V. Kalaghatgi,&nbsp;V. Kalogera,&nbsp;B. Kamai,&nbsp;M. Kamiizumi,&nbsp;N. Kanda,&nbsp;S. Kandhasamy,&nbsp;G. W. Kang,&nbsp;J. B. Kanner,&nbsp;S. J. Kapadia,&nbsp;S. Karki,&nbsp;K. S. Karvinen,&nbsp;R. Kashyap,&nbsp;M. Kasprzack,&nbsp;S. Katsanevas,&nbsp;E. Katsavounidis,&nbsp;W. Katzman,&nbsp;S. Kaufer,&nbsp;K. Kawabe,&nbsp;K. Kawaguchi,&nbsp;N. Kawai,&nbsp;T. Kawasaki,&nbsp;N. V. Keerthana,&nbsp;F. Kéfélian,&nbsp;D. Keitel,&nbsp;R. Kennedy,&nbsp;J. S. Key,&nbsp;F. Y. Khalili,&nbsp;H. Khan,&nbsp;I. Khan,&nbsp;S. Khan,&nbsp;Z. Khan,&nbsp;E. A. Khazanov,&nbsp;M. Khursheed,&nbsp;N. Kijbunchoo,&nbsp;Chunglee Kim,&nbsp;C. Kim,&nbsp;J. C. Kim,&nbsp;J. Kim,&nbsp;K. Kim,&nbsp;W. Kim,&nbsp;W. S. Kim,&nbsp;Y.-M. Kim,&nbsp;C. Kimball,&nbsp;N. Kimura,&nbsp;E. J. King,&nbsp;P. J. King,&nbsp;M. Kinley-Hanlon,&nbsp;R. Kirchhoff,&nbsp;J. S. Kissel,&nbsp;N. Kita,&nbsp;H. Kitazawa,&nbsp;L. Kleybolte,&nbsp;J. H. Klika,&nbsp;S. Klimenko,&nbsp;T. D. Knowles,&nbsp;E. Knyazev,&nbsp;P. Koch,&nbsp;S. M. Koehlenbeck,&nbsp;G. Koekoek,&nbsp;Y. Kojima,&nbsp;K. Kokeyama,&nbsp;S. Koley,&nbsp;K. Komori,&nbsp;V. Kondrashov,&nbsp;A. K. H. Kong,&nbsp;A. Kontos,&nbsp;N. Koper,&nbsp;M. Korobko,&nbsp;W. Z. Korth,&nbsp;K. Kotake,&nbsp;I. Kowalska,&nbsp;D. B. Kozak,&nbsp;C. Kozakai,&nbsp;R. Kozu,&nbsp;V. Kringel,&nbsp;N. Krishnendu,&nbsp;A. Królak,&nbsp;G. Kuehn,&nbsp;A. Kumar,&nbsp;P. Kumar,&nbsp;Rahul Kumar,&nbsp;R. Kumar,&nbsp;S. Kumar,&nbsp;J. Kume,&nbsp;C. M. Kuo,&nbsp;H. S. Kuo,&nbsp;L. Kuo,&nbsp;S. Kuroyanagi,&nbsp;K. Kusayanagi,&nbsp;A. Kutynia,&nbsp;K. Kwak,&nbsp;S. Kwang,&nbsp;B. D. Lackey,&nbsp;K. H. Lai,&nbsp;T. L. Lam,&nbsp;M. Landry,&nbsp;B. B. Lane,&nbsp;R. N. Lang,&nbsp;J. Lange,&nbsp;B. Lantz,&nbsp;R. K. Lanza,&nbsp;A. Lartaux-Vollard,&nbsp;P. D. Lasky,&nbsp;M. Laxen,&nbsp;A. Lazzarini,&nbsp;C. Lazzaro,&nbsp;P. Leaci,&nbsp;S. Leavey,&nbsp;Y. K. Lecoeuche,&nbsp;C. H. Lee,&nbsp;H. K. Lee,&nbsp;H. M. Lee,&nbsp;H. W. Lee,&nbsp;J. Lee,&nbsp;K. Lee,&nbsp;R. K. Lee,&nbsp;J. Lehmann,&nbsp;A. Lenon,&nbsp;M. Leonardi,&nbsp;N. Leroy,&nbsp;N. Letendre,&nbsp;Y. Levin,&nbsp;J. Li,&nbsp;K. J. L. Li,&nbsp;T. G. F. Li,&nbsp;X. Li,&nbsp;C. Y. Lin,&nbsp;F. Lin,&nbsp;F. L. Lin,&nbsp;L. C. C. Lin,&nbsp;F. Linde,&nbsp;S. D. Linker,&nbsp;T. B. Littenberg,&nbsp;G. C. Liu,&nbsp;J. Liu,&nbsp;X. Liu,&nbsp;R. K. L. Lo,&nbsp;N. A. Lockerbie,&nbsp;L. T. London,&nbsp;A. Longo,&nbsp;M. Lorenzini,&nbsp;V. Loriette,&nbsp;M. Lormand,&nbsp;G. Losurdo,&nbsp;J. D. Lough,&nbsp;C. O. Lousto,&nbsp;G. Lovelace,&nbsp;M. E. Lower,&nbsp;H. Lück,&nbsp;D. Lumaca,&nbsp;A. P. Lundgren,&nbsp;L. W. Luo,&nbsp;R. Lynch,&nbsp;Y. Ma,&nbsp;R. Macas,&nbsp;S. Macfoy,&nbsp;M. MacInnis,&nbsp;D. M. Macleod,&nbsp;A. Macquet,&nbsp;F. Magaña-Sandoval,&nbsp;L. Magaña Zertuche,&nbsp;R. M. Magee,&nbsp;E. Majorana,&nbsp;I. Maksimovic,&nbsp;A. Malik,&nbsp;N. Man,&nbsp;V. Mandic,&nbsp;V. Mangano,&nbsp;G. L. Mansell,&nbsp;M. Manske,&nbsp;M. Mantovani,&nbsp;F. Marchesoni,&nbsp;M. Marchio,&nbsp;F. Marion,&nbsp;S. Márka,&nbsp;Z. Márka,&nbsp;C. Markakis,&nbsp;A. S. Markosyan,&nbsp;A. Markowitz,&nbsp;E. Maros,&nbsp;A. Marquina,&nbsp;S. Marsat,&nbsp;F. Martelli,&nbsp;I. W. Martin,&nbsp;R. M. Martin,&nbsp;D. V. Martynov,&nbsp;K. Mason,&nbsp;E. Massera,&nbsp;A. Masserot,&nbsp;T. J. Massinger,&nbsp;M. Masso-Reid,&nbsp;S. Mastrogiovanni,&nbsp;A. Matas,&nbsp;F. Matichard,&nbsp;L. Matone,&nbsp;N. Mavalvala,&nbsp;N. Mazumder,&nbsp;J. J. McCann,&nbsp;R. McCarthy,&nbsp;D. E. McClelland,&nbsp;S. McCormick,&nbsp;L. McCuller,&nbsp;S. C. McGuire,&nbsp;J. McIver,&nbsp;D. J. McManus,&nbsp;T. McRae,&nbsp;S. T. McWilliams,&nbsp;D. Meacher,&nbsp;G. D. Meadors,&nbsp;M. Mehmet,&nbsp;A. K. Mehta,&nbsp;J. Meidam,&nbsp;A. Melatos,&nbsp;G. Mendell,&nbsp;R. A. Mercer,&nbsp;L. Mereni,&nbsp;E. L. Merilh,&nbsp;M. Merzougui,&nbsp;S. Meshkov,&nbsp;C. Messenger,&nbsp;C. Messick,&nbsp;R. Metzdorff,&nbsp;P. M. Meyers,&nbsp;H. Miao,&nbsp;C. Michel,&nbsp;Y. Michimura,&nbsp;H. Middleton,&nbsp;E. E. Mikhailov,&nbsp;L. Milano,&nbsp;A. L. Miller,&nbsp;A. Miller,&nbsp;M. Millhouse,&nbsp;J. C. Mills,&nbsp;M. C. Milovich-Goff,&nbsp;O. Minazzoli,&nbsp;Y. Minenkov,&nbsp;N. Mio,&nbsp;A. Mishkin,&nbsp;C. Mishra,&nbsp;T. Mistry,&nbsp;S. Mitra,&nbsp;V. P. Mitrofanov,&nbsp;G. Mitselmakher,&nbsp;R. Mittleman,&nbsp;O. Miyakawa,&nbsp;A. Miyamoto,&nbsp;Y. Miyazaki,&nbsp;K. Miyo,&nbsp;S. Miyoki,&nbsp;G. Mo,&nbsp;D. Moffa,&nbsp;K. Mogushi,&nbsp;S. R. P. Mohapatra,&nbsp;M. Montani,&nbsp;C. J. Moore,&nbsp;D. Moraru,&nbsp;G. Moreno,&nbsp;S. Morisaki,&nbsp;Y. Moriwaki,&nbsp;B. Mours,&nbsp;C. M. Mow-Lowry,&nbsp;Arunava Mukherjee,&nbsp;D. Mukherjee,&nbsp;S. Mukherjee,&nbsp;N. Mukund,&nbsp;A. Mullavey,&nbsp;J. Munch,&nbsp;E. A. Muñiz,&nbsp;M. Muratore,&nbsp;P. G. Murray,&nbsp;K. Nagano,&nbsp;S. Nagano,&nbsp;A. Nagar,&nbsp;K. Nakamura,&nbsp;H. Nakano,&nbsp;M. Nakano,&nbsp;R. Nakashima,&nbsp;I. Nardecchia,&nbsp;T. Narikawa,&nbsp;L. Naticchioni,&nbsp;R. K. Nayak,&nbsp;R. Negishi,&nbsp;J. Neilson,&nbsp;G. Nelemans,&nbsp;T. J. N. Nelson,&nbsp;M. Nery,&nbsp;A. Neunzert,&nbsp;K. Y. Ng,&nbsp;S. Ng,&nbsp;P. Nguyen,&nbsp;W. T. Ni,&nbsp;D. Nichols,&nbsp;A. Nishizawa,&nbsp;S. Nissanke,&nbsp;F. Nocera,&nbsp;C. North,&nbsp;L. K. Nuttall,&nbsp;M. Obergaulinger,&nbsp;J. Oberling,&nbsp;B. D. O’Brien,&nbsp;Y. Obuchi,&nbsp;G. D. O’Dea,&nbsp;W. Ogaki,&nbsp;G. H. Ogin,&nbsp;J. J. Oh,&nbsp;S. H. Oh,&nbsp;M. Ohashi,&nbsp;N. Ohishi,&nbsp;M. Ohkawa,&nbsp;F. Ohme,&nbsp;H. Ohta,&nbsp;M. A. Okada,&nbsp;K. Okutomi,&nbsp;M. Oliver,&nbsp;K. Oohara,&nbsp;C. P. Ooi,&nbsp;P. Oppermann,&nbsp;Richard J. Oram,&nbsp;B. O’Reilly,&nbsp;R. G. Ormiston,&nbsp;L. F. Ortega,&nbsp;R. O’Shaughnessy,&nbsp;S. Oshino,&nbsp;S. Ossokine,&nbsp;D. J. Ottaway,&nbsp;H. Overmier,&nbsp;B. J. Owen,&nbsp;A. E. Pace,&nbsp;G. Pagano,&nbsp;M. A. Page,&nbsp;A. Pai,&nbsp;S. A. Pai,&nbsp;J. R. Palamos,&nbsp;O. Palashov,&nbsp;C. Palomba,&nbsp;A. Pal-Singh,&nbsp;Huang-Wei Pan,&nbsp;K. C. Pan,&nbsp;B. Pang,&nbsp;H. F. Pang,&nbsp;P. T. H. Pang,&nbsp;C. Pankow,&nbsp;F. Pannarale,&nbsp;B. C. Pant,&nbsp;F. Paoletti,&nbsp;A. Paoli,&nbsp;M. A. Papa,&nbsp;A. Parida,&nbsp;J. Park,&nbsp;W. Parker,&nbsp;D. Pascucci,&nbsp;A. Pasqualetti,&nbsp;R. Passaquieti,&nbsp;D. Passuello,&nbsp;M. Patil,&nbsp;B. Patricelli,&nbsp;B. L. Pearlstone,&nbsp;C. Pedersen,&nbsp;M. Pedraza,&nbsp;R. Pedurand,&nbsp;A. Pele,&nbsp;F. E. Peña Arellano,&nbsp;S. Penn,&nbsp;C. J. Perez,&nbsp;A. Perreca,&nbsp;H. P. Pfeiffer,&nbsp;M. Phelps,&nbsp;K. S. Phukon,&nbsp;O. J. Piccinni,&nbsp;M. Pichot,&nbsp;F. Piergiovanni,&nbsp;G. Pillant,&nbsp;L. Pinard,&nbsp;I. Pinto,&nbsp;M. Pirello,&nbsp;M. Pitkin,&nbsp;R. Poggiani,&nbsp;D. Y. T. Pong,&nbsp;S. Ponrathnam,&nbsp;P. Popolizio,&nbsp;E. K. Porter,&nbsp;J. Powell,&nbsp;A. K. Prajapati,&nbsp;J. Prasad,&nbsp;K. Prasai,&nbsp;R. Prasanna,&nbsp;G. Pratten,&nbsp;T. Prestegard,&nbsp;S. Privitera,&nbsp;G. A. Prodi,&nbsp;L. G. Prokhorov,&nbsp;O. Puncken,&nbsp;M. Punturo,&nbsp;P. Puppo,&nbsp;M. Pürrer,&nbsp;H. Qi,&nbsp;V. Quetschke,&nbsp;P. J. Quinonez,&nbsp;E. A. Quintero,&nbsp;R. Quitzow-James,&nbsp;F. J. Raab,&nbsp;H. Radkins,&nbsp;N. Radulescu,&nbsp;P. Raffai,&nbsp;S. Raja,&nbsp;C. Rajan,&nbsp;B. Rajbhandari,&nbsp;M. Rakhmanov,&nbsp;K. E. Ramirez,&nbsp;A. Ramos-Buades,&nbsp;Javed Rana,&nbsp;K. Rao,&nbsp;P. Rapagnani,&nbsp;V. Raymond,&nbsp;M. Razzano,&nbsp;J. Read,&nbsp;T. Regimbau,&nbsp;L. Rei,&nbsp;S. Reid,&nbsp;D. H. Reitze,&nbsp;W. Ren,&nbsp;F. Ricci,&nbsp;C. J. Richardson,&nbsp;J. W. Richardson,&nbsp;P. M. Ricker,&nbsp;K. Riles,&nbsp;M. Rizzo,&nbsp;N. A. Robertson,&nbsp;R. Robie,&nbsp;F. Robinet,&nbsp;A. Rocchi,&nbsp;L. Rolland,&nbsp;J. G. Rollins,&nbsp;V. J. Roma,&nbsp;M. Romanelli,&nbsp;R. Romano,&nbsp;C. L. Romel,&nbsp;J. H. Romie,&nbsp;K. Rose,&nbsp;D. Rosińska,&nbsp;S. G. Rosofsky,&nbsp;M. P. Ross,&nbsp;S. Rowan,&nbsp;A. Rüdiger,&nbsp;P. Ruggi,&nbsp;G. Rutins,&nbsp;K. Ryan,&nbsp;S. Sachdev,&nbsp;T. Sadecki,&nbsp;N. Sago,&nbsp;S. Saito,&nbsp;Y. Saito,&nbsp;K. Sakai,&nbsp;Y. Sakai,&nbsp;H. Sakamoto,&nbsp;M. Sakellariadou,&nbsp;Y. Sakuno,&nbsp;L. Salconi,&nbsp;M. Saleem,&nbsp;A. Samajdar,&nbsp;L. Sammut,&nbsp;E. J. Sanchez,&nbsp;L. E. Sanchez,&nbsp;N. Sanchis-Gual,&nbsp;V. Sandberg,&nbsp;J. R. Sanders,&nbsp;K. A. Santiago,&nbsp;N. Sarin,&nbsp;B. Sassolas,&nbsp;B. S. Sathyaprakash,&nbsp;S. Sato,&nbsp;T. Sato,&nbsp;O. Sauter,&nbsp;R. L. Savage,&nbsp;T. Sawada,&nbsp;P. Schale,&nbsp;M. Scheel,&nbsp;J. Scheuer,&nbsp;P. Schmidt,&nbsp;R. Schnabel,&nbsp;R. M. S. Schofield,&nbsp;A. Schönbeck,&nbsp;E. Schreiber,&nbsp;B. W. Schulte,&nbsp;B. F. Schutz,&nbsp;S. G. Schwalbe,&nbsp;J. Scott,&nbsp;S. M. Scott,&nbsp;E. Seidel,&nbsp;T. Sekiguchi,&nbsp;Y. Sekiguchi,&nbsp;D. Sellers,&nbsp;A. S. Sengupta,&nbsp;N. Sennett,&nbsp;D. Sentenac,&nbsp;V. Sequino,&nbsp;A. Sergeev,&nbsp;Y. Setyawati,&nbsp;D. A. Shaddock,&nbsp;T. Shaffer,&nbsp;M. S. Shahriar,&nbsp;M. B. Shaner,&nbsp;L. Shao,&nbsp;P. Sharma,&nbsp;P. Shawhan,&nbsp;H. Shen,&nbsp;S. Shibagaki,&nbsp;R. Shimizu,&nbsp;T. Shimoda,&nbsp;K. Shimode,&nbsp;R. Shink,&nbsp;H. Shinkai,&nbsp;T. Shishido,&nbsp;A. Shoda,&nbsp;D. H. Shoemaker,&nbsp;D. M. Shoemaker,&nbsp;S. ShyamSundar,&nbsp;K. Siellez,&nbsp;M. Sieniawska,&nbsp;D. Sigg,&nbsp;A. D. Silva,&nbsp;L. P. Singer,&nbsp;N. Singh,&nbsp;A. Singhal,&nbsp;A. M. Sintes,&nbsp;S. Sitmukhambetov,&nbsp;V. Skliris,&nbsp;B. J. J. Slagmolen,&nbsp;T. J. Slaven-Blair,&nbsp;J. R. Smith,&nbsp;R. J. E. Smith,&nbsp;S. Somala,&nbsp;K. Somiya,&nbsp;E. J. Son,&nbsp;B. Sorazu,&nbsp;F. Sorrentino,&nbsp;H. Sotani,&nbsp;T. Souradeep,&nbsp;E. Sowell,&nbsp;A. P. Spencer,&nbsp;A. K. Srivastava,&nbsp;V. Srivastava,&nbsp;K. Staats,&nbsp;C. Stachie,&nbsp;M. Standke,&nbsp;D. A. Steer,&nbsp;M. Steinke,&nbsp;J. Steinlechner,&nbsp;S. Steinlechner,&nbsp;D. Steinmeyer,&nbsp;S. P. Stevenson,&nbsp;D. Stocks,&nbsp;R. Stone,&nbsp;D. J. Stops,&nbsp;K. A. Strain,&nbsp;G. Stratta,&nbsp;S. E. Strigin,&nbsp;A. Strunk,&nbsp;R. Sturani,&nbsp;A. L. Stuver,&nbsp;V. Sudhir,&nbsp;R. Sugimoto,&nbsp;T. Z. Summerscales,&nbsp;L. Sun,&nbsp;S. Sunil,&nbsp;J. Suresh,&nbsp;P. J. Sutton,&nbsp;Takamasa Suzuki,&nbsp;Toshikazu Suzuki,&nbsp;B. L. Swinkels,&nbsp;M. J. Szczepańczyk,&nbsp;M. Tacca,&nbsp;H. Tagoshi,&nbsp;S. C. Tait,&nbsp;H. Takahashi,&nbsp;R. Takahashi,&nbsp;A. Takamori,&nbsp;S. Takano,&nbsp;H. Takeda,&nbsp;M. Takeda,&nbsp;C. Talbot,&nbsp;D. Talukder,&nbsp;H. Tanaka,&nbsp;Kazuyuki Tanaka,&nbsp;Kenta Tanaka,&nbsp;Taiki Tanaka,&nbsp;Takahiro Tanaka,&nbsp;S. Tanioka,&nbsp;D. B. Tanner,&nbsp;M. Tápai,&nbsp;E. N. Tapia San Martin,&nbsp;A. Taracchini,&nbsp;J. D. Tasson,&nbsp;R. Taylor,&nbsp;S. Telada,&nbsp;F. Thies,&nbsp;M. Thomas,&nbsp;P. Thomas,&nbsp;S. R. Thondapu,&nbsp;K. A. Thorne,&nbsp;E. Thrane,&nbsp;Shubhanshu Tiwari,&nbsp;Srishti Tiwari,&nbsp;V. Tiwari,&nbsp;K. Toland,&nbsp;T. Tomaru,&nbsp;Y. Tomigami,&nbsp;T. Tomura,&nbsp;M. Tonelli,&nbsp;Z. Tornasi,&nbsp;A. Torres-Forné,&nbsp;C. I. Torrie,&nbsp;D. Töyrä,&nbsp;F. Travasso,&nbsp;G. Traylor,&nbsp;M. C. Tringali,&nbsp;A. Trovato,&nbsp;L. Trozzo,&nbsp;R. Trudeau,&nbsp;K. W. Tsang,&nbsp;T. T. L. Tsang,&nbsp;M. Tse,&nbsp;R. Tso,&nbsp;K. Tsubono,&nbsp;S. Tsuchida,&nbsp;L. Tsukada,&nbsp;D. Tsuna,&nbsp;T. Tsuzuki,&nbsp;D. Tuyenbayev,&nbsp;N. Uchikata,&nbsp;T. Uchiyama,&nbsp;A. Ueda,&nbsp;T. Uehara,&nbsp;K. Ueno,&nbsp;G. Ueshima,&nbsp;D. Ugolini,&nbsp;C. S. Unnikrishnan,&nbsp;F. Uraguchi,&nbsp;A. L. Urban,&nbsp;T. Ushiba,&nbsp;S. A. Usman,&nbsp;H. Vahlbruch,&nbsp;G. Vajente,&nbsp;G. Valdes,&nbsp;N. van Bakel,&nbsp;M. van Beuzekom,&nbsp;J. F. J. van den Brand,&nbsp;C. Van Den Broeck,&nbsp;D. C. Vander-Hyde,&nbsp;L. van der Schaaf,&nbsp;J. V. van Heijningen,&nbsp;M. H. P. M. van Putten,&nbsp;A. A. van Veggel,&nbsp;M. Vardaro,&nbsp;V. Varma,&nbsp;S. Vass,&nbsp;M. Vasúth,&nbsp;A. Vecchio,&nbsp;G. Vedovato,&nbsp;J. Veitch,&nbsp;P. J. Veitch,&nbsp;K. Venkateswara,&nbsp;G. Venugopalan,&nbsp;D. Verkindt,&nbsp;F. Vetrano,&nbsp;A. Viceré,&nbsp;A. D. Viets,&nbsp;D. J. Vine,&nbsp;J.-Y. Vinet,&nbsp;S. Vitale,&nbsp;Francisco Hernandez Vivanco,&nbsp;T. Vo,&nbsp;H. Vocca,&nbsp;C. Vorvick,&nbsp;S. P. Vyatchanin,&nbsp;A. R. Wade,&nbsp;L. E. Wade,&nbsp;M. Wade,&nbsp;R. Walet,&nbsp;M. Walker,&nbsp;L. Wallace,&nbsp;S. Walsh,&nbsp;G. Wang,&nbsp;H. Wang,&nbsp;J. Wang,&nbsp;J. Z. Wang,&nbsp;W. H. Wang,&nbsp;Y. F. Wang,&nbsp;R. L. Ward,&nbsp;Z. A. Warden,&nbsp;J. Warner,&nbsp;M. Was,&nbsp;J. Watchi,&nbsp;B. Weaver,&nbsp;L.-W. Wei,&nbsp;M. Weinert,&nbsp;A. J. Weinstein,&nbsp;R. Weiss,&nbsp;F. Wellmann,&nbsp;L. Wen,&nbsp;E. K. Wessel,&nbsp;P. Weßels,&nbsp;J. W. Westhouse,&nbsp;K. Wette,&nbsp;J. T. Whelan,&nbsp;B. F. Whiting,&nbsp;C. Whittle,&nbsp;D. M. Wilken,&nbsp;D. Williams,&nbsp;A. R. Williamson,&nbsp;J. L. Willis,&nbsp;B. Willke,&nbsp;M. H. Wimmer,&nbsp;W. Winkler,&nbsp;C. C. Wipf,&nbsp;H. Wittel,&nbsp;G. Woan,&nbsp;J. Woehler,&nbsp;J. K. Wofford,&nbsp;J. Worden,&nbsp;J. L. Wright,&nbsp;C. M. Wu,&nbsp;D. S. Wu,&nbsp;H. C. Wu,&nbsp;S. R. Wu,&nbsp;D. M. Wysocki,&nbsp;L. Xiao,&nbsp;W. R. Xu,&nbsp;T. Yamada,&nbsp;H. Yamamoto,&nbsp;Kazuhiro Yamamoto,&nbsp;Kohei Yamamoto,&nbsp;T. Yamamoto,&nbsp;C. C. Yancey,&nbsp;L. Yang,&nbsp;M. J. Yap,&nbsp;M. Yazback,&nbsp;D. W. Yeeles,&nbsp;K. Yokogawa,&nbsp;J. Yokoyama,&nbsp;T. Yokozawa,&nbsp;T. Yoshioka,&nbsp;Hang Yu,&nbsp;Haocun Yu,&nbsp;S. H. R. Yuen,&nbsp;H. Yuzurihara,&nbsp;M. Yvert,&nbsp;A. K. Zadrożny,&nbsp;M. Zanolin,&nbsp;S. Zeidler,&nbsp;T. Zelenova,&nbsp;J.-P. Zendri,&nbsp;M. Zevin,&nbsp;J. Zhang,&nbsp;L. Zhang,&nbsp;T. Zhang,&nbsp;C. Zhao,&nbsp;Y. Zhao,&nbsp;M. Zhou,&nbsp;Z. Zhou,&nbsp;X. J. Zhu,&nbsp;Z. H. Zhu,&nbsp;A. B. Zimmerman,&nbsp;M. E. Zucker,&nbsp;J. Zweizig,&nbsp;KAGRA Collaboration, LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration","doi":"10.1007/s41114-020-00026-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-020-00026-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We present our current best estimate of the plausible observing scenarios for the Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA gravitational-wave detectors over the next several years, with the intention of providing information to facilitate planning for multi-messenger astronomy with gravitational waves. We estimate the sensitivity of the network to transient gravitational-wave signals for the third (O3), fourth (O4) and fifth observing (O5) runs, including the planned upgrades of the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. We study the capability of the network to determine the sky location of the source for gravitational-wave signals from the inspiral of binary systems of compact objects, that is binary neutron star, neutron star–black hole, and binary black hole systems. The ability to localize the sources is given as a sky-area probability, luminosity distance, and comoving volume. The median sky localization area (90% credible region) is expected to be a few hundreds of square degrees for all types of binary systems during O3 with the Advanced LIGO and Virgo (HLV) network. The median sky localization area will improve to a few tens of square degrees during O4 with the Advanced LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA (HLVK) network. During O3, the median localization volume (90% credible region) is expected to be on the order of <span>(10^{5}, 10^{6}, 10^{7}mathrm { Mpc}^3)</span> for binary neutron star, neutron star–black hole, and binary black hole systems, respectively. The localization volume in O4 is expected to be about a factor two smaller than in O3. We predict a detection count of <span>(1^{+12}_{-1})</span>(<span>(10^{+52}_{-10})</span>) for binary neutron star mergers, of <span>(0^{+19}_{-0})</span>(<span>(1^{+91}_{-1})</span>) for neutron star–black hole mergers, and <span>(17^{+22}_{-11})</span>(<span>(79^{+89}_{-44})</span>) for binary black hole mergers in a one-calendar-year observing run of the HLV network during O3 (HLVK network during O4). We evaluate sensitivity and localization expectations for unmodeled signal searches, including the search for intermediate mass black hole binary mergers.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2020-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41114-020-00026-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5101584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AdS black holes, holography and localization","authors":"Alberto Zaffaroni","doi":"10.1007/s41114-020-00027-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-020-00027-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>I review some recent progresses in counting the number of microstates of AdS supersymmetric black holes in dimension equal or greater than four using holography. The counting is obtained by applying localization and matrix model techniques to the dual field theory. I cover in details the case of dyonic AdS<span>(_4)</span> black holes, corresponding to a twisted compactification of the dual field theory, and I discuss the state of the art for rotating AdS<span>(_5)</span> black holes.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2020-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41114-020-00027-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5072612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kilonovae","authors":"Brian D. Metzger","doi":"10.1007/s41114-019-0024-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-019-0024-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The coalescence of double neutron star (NS–NS) and black hole (BH)–NS binaries are prime sources of gravitational waves (GW) for Advanced LIGO/Virgo and future ground-based detectors. Neutron-rich matter released from such events undergoes rapid neutron capture (<i>r</i>-process) nucleosynthesis as it decompresses into space, enriching our universe with rare heavy elements like gold and platinum. Radioactive decay of these unstable nuclei powers a rapidly evolving, approximately isotropic thermal transient known as a “kilonova”, which probes the physical conditions during the merger and its aftermath. Here I review the history and physics of kilonovae, leading to the current paradigm of day-timescale emission at optical wavelengths from lanthanide-free components of the ejecta, followed by week-long emission with a spectral peak in the near-infrared (NIR). These theoretical predictions, as compiled in the original version of this review, were largely confirmed by the transient optical/NIR counterpart discovered to the first NS–NS merger, GW170817, discovered by LIGO/Virgo. Using a simple light curve model to illustrate the essential physical processes and their application to GW170817, I then introduce important variations about the standard picture which may be observable in future mergers. These include <span>(sim )</span>hour-long UV precursor emission, powered by the decay of free neutrons in the outermost ejecta layers or shock-heating of the ejecta by a delayed ultra-relativistic outflow; and enhancement of the luminosity from a long-lived central engine, such as an accreting BH or millisecond magnetar. Joint GW and kilonova observations of GW170817 and future events provide a new avenue to constrain the astrophysical origin of the <i>r</i>-process elements and the equation of state of dense nuclear matter.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2019-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41114-019-0024-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4642923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Terrestrial gravity fluctuations","authors":"Jan Harms","doi":"10.1007/s41114-019-0022-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-019-0022-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Terrestrial gravity fluctuations are a target of scientific studies in a variety of fields within geophysics and fundamental-physics experiments involving gravity such as the observation of gravitational waves. In geophysics, these fluctuations are typically considered as signal that carries information about processes such as fault ruptures and atmospheric density perturbations. In fundamental-physics experiments, it appears as environmental noise, which needs to be avoided or mitigated. This article reviews the current state-of-the-art of modeling high-frequency terrestrial gravity fluctuations and of gravity-noise mitigation strategies. It hereby focuses on frequencies above about 50?mHz, which allows us to simplify models of atmospheric gravity perturbations (beyond Brunt–V?is?l? regime) and it guarantees as well that gravitational forces on elastic media can be treated as perturbation. Extensive studies have been carried out over the past two decades to model contributions from seismic and atmospheric fields especially by the gravitational-wave community. While terrestrial gravity fluctuations above 50?mHz have not been observed conclusively yet, sensitivity of instruments for geophysical observations and of gravitational-wave detectors is improving, and we can expect first observations in the coming years. The next challenges include the design of gravity-noise mitigation systems to be implemented in current gravitational-wave detectors, and further improvement of models for future gravitational-wave detectors where terrestrial gravity noise will play a more important role. Also, many aspects of the recent proposition to use a new generation of gravity sensors to improve real-time earthquake early-warning systems still require detailed analyses.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2019-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41114-019-0022-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4586645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The causal set approach to quantum gravity","authors":"Sumati Surya","doi":"10.1007/s41114-019-0023-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-019-0023-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The causal set theory (CST) approach to quantum gravity postulates that at the most fundamental level, spacetime is discrete, with the spacetime continuum replaced by locally finite posets or “causal sets”. The partial order on a causal set represents a proto-causality relation while local finiteness encodes an intrinsic discreteness. In the continuum approximation the former corresponds to the spacetime causality relation and the latter to a fundamental spacetime atomicity, so that finite volume regions in the continuum contain only a finite number of causal set elements. CST is deeply rooted in the Lorentzian character of spacetime, where a primary role is played by the causal structure poset. Importantly, the assumption of a fundamental discreteness in CST does not violate local Lorentz invariance in the continuum approximation. On the other hand, the combination of discreteness and Lorentz invariance gives rise to a characteristic non-locality which distinguishes CST from most other approaches to quantum gravity. In this review we give a broad, semi-pedagogical introduction to CST, highlighting key results as well as some of the key open questions. This review is intended both for the beginner student in quantum gravity as well as more seasoned researchers in the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2019-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41114-019-0023-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5063679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Testing the nature of dark compact objects: a status report","authors":"Vitor Cardoso,&nbsp;Paolo Pani","doi":"10.1007/s41114-019-0020-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-019-0020-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Very compact objects probe extreme gravitational fields and may be the key to understand outstanding puzzles in fundamental physics. These include the nature of dark matter, the fate of spacetime singularities, or the loss of unitarity in Hawking evaporation. The standard astrophysical description of collapsing objects tells us that massive, dark and compact objects are black holes. Any observation suggesting otherwise would be an indication of beyond-the-standard-model physics. Null results strengthen and quantify the Kerr black hole paradigm. The advent of gravitational-wave astronomy and precise measurements with very long baseline interferometry allow one to finally probe into such foundational issues. We overview the physics of exotic dark compact objects and their observational status, including the observational evidence for black holes with current and future experiments.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2019-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41114-019-0020-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4657647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lorentzian causality theory","authors":"E. Minguzzi","doi":"10.1007/s41114-019-0019-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-019-0019-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>I review Lorentzian causality theory paying particular attention to the optimality and generality of the presented results. I include complete proofs of some foundational results that are otherwise difficult to find in the literature (e.g. equivalence of some Lorentzian length definitions, upper semi-continuity of the length functional, corner regularization, etc.). The paper is almost self-contained thanks to a systematic logical exposition of the many different topics that compose the theory. It contains new results on classical concepts such as maximizing curves, achronal sets, edges, horismos, domains of dependence, Lorentzian distance. The treatment of causally pathological spacetimes requires the development of some new versatile causality notions, among which I found particularly convenient to introduce: biviability, chronal equivalence, araying sets, and causal versions of horismos and trapped sets. Their usefulness becomes apparent in the treatment of the classical singularity theorems, which is here considerably expanded in the exploration of some variations and alternatives.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2019-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41114-019-0019-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4129179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}