相对论流体动力学:许多不同尺度的物理学

IF 26.3 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, PARTICLES & FIELDS
Nils Andersson, Gregory L. Comer
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引用次数: 18

摘要

相对论流体是一个非常成功的模型,用于描述在高速和/或强重力下运动的多粒子系统的动力学。它将微观尺度的物理作为输入,并将宏观运动的预测作为输出。通过颠倒过程,例如:对相对论特征的理解可以在微观尺度上洞察物理学。相对论流体已经被用来模拟系统,小到像实验室实验中碰撞的重离子,大到像宇宙本身,“中等”大小的物体,如中子星,一直被考虑在内。本综述的目的是讨论相对论(多)流体模型的数学和理论物理基础。我们关注由Brandon Carter和合作者倡导的变分原理方法,其中一个关键因素是区分与粒子数密度电流共轭的动量。这种方法不同于从应力-能量张量散度推导运动方程的“标准”教科书,它明确地将相对论性欧拉方程作为相对论性涡度的“可积性”条件。我们详细讨论了守恒定律和运动方程,并提供了一些(在我们看来)有趣的和相关的一般理论的应用。这种形式为复杂的模型提供了基础,例如,包括电磁学、超流动性和弹性——所有这些都与最先进的中子星建模有关。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。

Relativistic fluid dynamics: physics for many different scales

Relativistic fluid dynamics: physics for many different scales

The relativistic fluid is a highly successful model used to describe the dynamics of many-particle systems moving at high velocities and/or in strong gravity. It takes as input physics from microscopic scales and yields as output predictions of bulk, macroscopic motion. By inverting the process—e.g., drawing on astrophysical observations—an understanding of relativistic features can lead to insight into physics on the microscopic scale. Relativistic fluids have been used to model systems as “small” as colliding heavy ions in laboratory experiments, and as large as the Universe itself, with “intermediate” sized objects like neutron stars being considered along the way. The purpose of this review is to discuss the mathematical and theoretical physics underpinnings of the relativistic (multi-) fluid model. We focus on the variational principle approach championed by Brandon Carter and collaborators, in which a crucial element is to distinguish the momenta that are conjugate to the particle number density currents. This approach differs from the “standard” text-book derivation of the equations of motion from the divergence of the stress-energy tensor in that one explicitly obtains the relativistic Euler equation as an “integrability” condition on the relativistic vorticity. We discuss the conservation laws and the equations of motion in detail, and provide a number of (in our opinion) interesting and relevant applications of the general theory. The formalism provides a foundation for complex models, e.g., including electromagnetism, superfluidity and elasticity—all of which are relevant for state of the art neutron-star modelling.

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来源期刊
Living Reviews in Relativity
Living Reviews in Relativity 物理-物理:粒子与场物理
CiteScore
69.90
自引率
0.70%
发文量
0
审稿时长
20 weeks
期刊介绍: Living Reviews in Relativity is a peer-reviewed, platinum open-access journal that publishes reviews of research across all areas of relativity. Directed towards the scientific community at or above the graduate-student level, articles are solicited from leading authorities and provide critical assessments of current research. They offer annotated insights into key literature and describe available resources, maintaining an up-to-date suite of high-quality reviews, thus embodying the "living" aspect of the journal's title. Serving as a valuable tool for the scientific community, Living Reviews in Relativity is often the first stop for researchers seeking information on current work in relativity. Written by experts, the reviews cite, explain, and assess the most relevant resources in a given field, evaluating existing work and suggesting areas for further research. Attracting readers from the entire relativity community, the journal is useful for graduate students conducting literature surveys, researchers seeking the latest results in unfamiliar fields, and lecturers in need of information and visual materials for presentations at all levels.
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