{"title":"Preparation of a Novel Triazine-Based Dithiocarbamate for Removing Lead Ions from Water","authors":"Xuefeng Li","doi":"10.3103/S1063455X26030057","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1063455X26030057","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A novel triazine-based dithiocarbamate (DTC) was synthesized using cyanuric chloride, ethylenediamine and carbon disulfide as raw materials. The DTC product was characterized by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and elemental analysis, and its performance in removing lead ions from water through chelating-type adsorption was evaluated. Characterization results demonstrate the successful synthesis of the target product DTC. The lead ion removing ratio was shown to increase with pH value (2–6), removing time (0 to 160 min) and adsorbent dosage (0–4 g L<sup>–1</sup>), and then keep almost unchanged when further increasing their values. However, the removing ratio was found to decrease with the increase of initial lead ion concentration. Meanwhile, the removal quantity decreased with adsorbent dosage and increased with initial lead ion concentration. The DTC product achieved 97.2% removing ratio under the condition of pH 6, removal time 160 min, adsorbent dosage 4 g L<sup>–1</sup>, and initial lead ion concentration 40 mg L<sup>–1</sup>. The relationship between removal quantity and equilibrium adsorption concentration showed a good fit with the Langmuir-type adsorption isotherm equation (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.994) while a poor fit with the Freundlich equation (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.961). This indicates that the lead ion adsorption on the prepared adsorbent corresponds to a monolayer coverage resulting from the chelating-type chemical adsorption on the DTC groups, namely the adsorption active sites. These results suggest the potential application of this novel DTC for removing heavy metals in the field of water treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":680,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology","volume":"48 3","pages":"279 - 285"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148061199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Md Ohidur Rahman, M. Sultan-Ul-Islam, Shahed Zaman, M. G. Mostafa
{"title":"Assessment of Heavy Metals, Microplastic Pollution Level, and Contamination Risk in Fish Culture Ponds","authors":"Md Ohidur Rahman, M. Sultan-Ul-Islam, Shahed Zaman, M. G. Mostafa","doi":"10.3103/S1063455X26030069","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1063455X26030069","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Microplastics (MPs) have been found in various ecosystems and have gained global attention as an emerging pollutant. In this study, 10 water samples were collected from 10 different ponds and analyzed to assess water quality, MP abundance, characteristics, pollution levels, and contamination risks. The investigation revealed that the dissolved oxygen (DO) in 90% of the samples was slightly below the permitted limits; additionally, the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) exceeded acceptable limits. Most of the samples showed higher levels of <span>({text{NO}}_{3}^{ - })</span> and <span>({text{PO}}_{4}^{{3 - }})</span>. The heavy metal concentrations followed the trend: Cr > Cu > Fe > Mn > Ni > Zn > Pb > Cd, with Cr exhibiting higher values in all samples. These findings point to poorer water quality. Using the water quality index (WQI) and pollution indices, in particular, the heavy metal pollution index (MPI), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), and degree of contamination (CD), 80% of the samples were classified as highly polluted. Microscopic analysis showed that MP content ranged from 0.11 to 2.32 items/L. Most of the MP particles were fibers and fragments, colored red and blue, and were less than 1 mm in size. Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated the presence of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The ponds analyzed were contaminated with MPs based on the contamination factor (CF > 3) and the pollution load index (PLI > 1). The sources of MP contamination in these ponds included human activities such as household waste disposal, the disposal of large plastic debris, municipal wastewater drainage, fish feed, and fishing activities. To reduce MP contamination, the study recommends improving the monitoring system.</p>","PeriodicalId":680,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology","volume":"48 3","pages":"286 - 303"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148061200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Risk of Heavy Metals Transport and Remobilisation by Water Transfer Project: Case of Beni-Haroun Project, Algeria","authors":"Chahrazad Amrane, Sabrina Tamersit, Afaf Lalmi, Benreguia Khadidja, Ammar Ouahab","doi":"10.3103/S1063455X26030021","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1063455X26030021","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study examines the environmental risks associated with the transport and remobilization of heavy metals due to inter-basin water transfer, focusing on the Beni-Haroun to Timgad Dam project in Algeria. Sequential extraction and aqua regia digestion were utilized to evaluate the concentrations and speciation of iron, nickel, and lead in water and decanter sludge before and after water transfer. The results revealed substantial changes: iron levels increased significantly in sludge, rising from approximately 3559.95 mg/kg to a range of 40 765.33–67 262.26 mg/kg after transfer, primarily due to hydroxide precipitation under neutral to slightly alkaline pH conditions. Nickel concentrations in water rose sharply from 81 × 10<sup>–5</sup> to 0.263 mg/L in the decanter water and from undetectable levels to 0.206 mg/L in the filtered water, which is attributed to redissolution mechanisms under altered pH conditions. Lead concentrations, while undetectable in the water samples, increased in sludge, peaking at 250 mg/kg, which was due to its precipitation as lead sulphate. These findings underscore the ecological risks posed by water transfer projects, emphasizing the need for sustainable strategies and rigorous monitoring to mitigate heavy metal remobilization impacts on water quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":680,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology","volume":"48 3","pages":"231 - 243"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148061198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Atik Hamoud Ahlam, Boumechhour Fatima, De Almeida Ronei, Kerchich Yacine
{"title":"Techno-Economic Assessment of Full-Scale MBR + NF Application for Young and Intermediate Leachate Treatment","authors":"Atik Hamoud Ahlam, Boumechhour Fatima, De Almeida Ronei, Kerchich Yacine","doi":"10.3103/S1063455X2603001X","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1063455X2603001X","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Leachate treatment represents a challenge for landfill managers due to its high pollutant load and complex composition, which evolve in space and time. If not properly treated, landfill leachate threatens human health and the environment. Despite extensive laboratory-scale studies on treatment processes, economic assessments are less numerous in literature. To fill this gap, this study performs a techno-economic evaluation of a full-scale leachate treatment facility in Hamici landfill, Algeria. Leachate characteristics, treatment performance, and associated costs are analyzed from 2015 to 2023. The treatment chain comprises a membrane bioreactor (MBR) and nanofiltration. The plant has an influent capacity of 80 m<sup>3</sup> day<sup>–1</sup>. In the evaluated period, the leachate flow rate ranged from 7400 to 13 300 m<sup>3</sup> year<sup>–1</sup>, and the organic matter load varied between 7800 and 21 500 mg L<sup>–1</sup> of chemical oxygen demand (COD). The MBR plant maintained a satisfactory removal efficiency >97% for most of the monitored pollution parameters. The capital expenditure (CapEx) was estimated at $1 260 000, the operating expenditure (OpEx) ranged from $12 to $16 m<sup>–3</sup> (or $0.75–1.38 kg<sup>–1</sup> COD), and the total cost (TC) was estimated at $17–23 m<sup>–3</sup>. This study offers a template for landfill facilities with similar treatment configurations. Our findings contribute to the existing literature by providing leachate treatment cost data. Cost data allow for medium- and long-term budget predictions and the optimization of operating conditions, considering that leachate generation continues for several years after landfill closure.</p>","PeriodicalId":680,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology","volume":"48 3","pages":"217 - 230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148061114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alma Rosa Toledo-Guillén, Lourdes Cristina Talamante-Campoy, Silvia Carolina Moreno-Rivas, Daniel Fernández-Quiroz, José Agustín Tapia-Hernández, Héctor M. Guzmán
{"title":"Removal of Eriochrome Black T by Bioadsorption Using Freeze-Dried Calcium Alginate Beads in Aqueous Solution","authors":"Alma Rosa Toledo-Guillén, Lourdes Cristina Talamante-Campoy, Silvia Carolina Moreno-Rivas, Daniel Fernández-Quiroz, José Agustín Tapia-Hernández, Héctor M. Guzmán","doi":"10.3103/S1063455X26030070","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1063455X26030070","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This research was carried out to determine the effectiveness of freeze-dried calcium alginate hydrogels in the form of beads for removing the azo dye, Eriochrome Black T (EBT), from an aqueous solution. After achieving standardization of the biosorbent preparation process, the influence of the following factors on dye sorption was analyzed: pH, dye concentration, and biosorbent dosage. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize biosorbent material. In addition, the sorbent point of zero charge (PZC) was determined. The experimental data fitting level to the linearized forms of pseudo-first and -second order, intra-particle (IP) diffusion, and the Elovich adsorption models was analyzed, finding that they better fit a pseudo-second order model. The results showed that PZC confirmed that calcium alginate beads are a feasible material for EBT at pH 4 with 60% adsorption and FTIR showed that the absorption occurred by electrostatic interactions between the biosorbent and dye. Also, adsorption isotherms fitting showed that the Freundlich model was the most optimal to describe the absorption mechanism. According to the research results, the biosorbent material used has a good potential for future research focused on contaminants removal from water.</p>","PeriodicalId":680,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology","volume":"48 3","pages":"304 - 316"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148061115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Overview of the Analysis, Distribution, and Treatment of Microplastics in Industrial Wastewater","authors":"Amita Khatri, Manju Singh, Meenu Yadav, Rachna Bhateria","doi":"10.3103/S1063455X26030045","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1063455X26030045","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Microplastics (MPs) as a predominant pollutant is a huge trouble to the environment. MPs pose an immense challenge, with the ability to bioaccumulate and ultimately disturb human health, biodiversity, aquatic animals, etc. MPs comprising various toxic organic chemicals, antibiotics, and heavy metals have adverse environmental consequences. MPs in industrial wastewater must be treated with different methods depending on its characteristics. Conventional treatment systems have high operating costs, low biodegradability, and toxicity for industrial wastewater. Advanced techniques encompass various phase-changing processes, such as coagulation–flocculation, flotation, and membrane operations. Among membrane technologies, ultra- (UF), nano- (NF), and microfiltration (MF) are widely used, while dynamic membranes have recently gained attention due to their effectiveness in removing MPs. Additionally, hybrid membrane approaches, like advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), electrochemical processes, and adsorption techniques, can be combined to enhance MPs removal efficiency and mitigate membrane fouling. Some researchers emphasize the utilization of chemical or biological digestion and engineered methods like biodegradation and wet oxidation. This review paper primarily focuses on reactor design and the functionality of various membrane-based filters and bioreactors to develop practical, sustainable membrane technologies that address the challenging issue of MPs pollution in industrial wastewater. The primary objective is to outline the daunting problem of MPs pollution and explore key strategies for addressing it effectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":680,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology","volume":"48 3","pages":"259 - 270"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148061117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. B. Tiron-Vorobiova, A. H. Danylyan, V. I. Zalozh, E. Shik
{"title":"Erratum to: Innovative Technology for Ballast Water Disinfection/Treatment","authors":"N. B. Tiron-Vorobiova, A. H. Danylyan, V. I. Zalozh, E. Shik","doi":"10.3103/S1063455X26030100","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1063455X26030100","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":680,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology","volume":"48 3","pages":"328 - 328"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148061202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. F. Kovalenko, A. V. Naniieva, T. K. Kyrylenko, A. M. Sova
{"title":"Peculiarities of Adaptation Processes in Test Organisms during the Biotesting of Aquatic Environments (a Review)","authors":"V. F. Kovalenko, A. V. Naniieva, T. K. Kyrylenko, A. M. Sova","doi":"10.3103/S1063455X26030094","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1063455X26030094","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The main components of adaptive-compensatory processes in aquatic test organisms during the quality biotesting of an aquatic environment are considered. It is shown that adaptation is a set of physiological and biochemical responses in aquatic organisms that underlie the adaptation of an organism to changing environmental conditions and are aimed at maintaining relative constancy in its internal environment—homeostasis. It is emphasized that the study of adaptation processes provides an objective interpretation of biotesting results. The physiological meaning of the adaptation of aquatic organisms to external environmental impacts consists just in maintaining internal homeostasis and, accordingly, the viability of an organism in almost any conditions, to which it is able to respond adequately. Therefore, the functional systems of an organism work as self-regulated levels of the nervous and humoral systems, the action of which is aimed at achieving certain adaptive results beneficial for an organism. The leading role in this self-regulation belongs to the feedback processes, which were formed and fixed during the evolution of living beings as necessary for the survival of species. In other words, when the effect of physicochemical factors of an aquatic environment on the organism of hydrobionts occurs, compensatory and adaptive processes are launched in an organism to provide its survival in these conditions. This mechanism underlies the procedure of the quality biotesting of an aquatic environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":680,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology","volume":"48 3","pages":"271 - 278"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148061113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Arsenic Removal from Water Using Novel Zeolite Imidazole Framework (ZIF-8)@MXene","authors":"Shuyan Zang, Baoli Hu, Shuai Wang, Renhao Zhang, Lihong Liu, Yaqian Zhang, Meiheng Lv","doi":"10.3103/S1063455X26020062","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1063455X26020062","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the rapid advance of industry and agriculture in developing countries, arsenic-containing wastewater is becoming increasingly prevalent and serious, which has caused public health issues. In this study, a novel adsorbent ZIF-8@MXene was proposed using a straightforward approach for the in-depth treatment of As(III/V). The synthesized ZIF-8@MXene was thoroughly characterized before and after the treatment process by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET) analysis, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), point of zero charge (pHpzc), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that ZIF-8@MXene had abundant functional groups and a high BET surface area of 1374.51 m<sup>2</sup>/g. Studies of dynamics and thermodynamics showed that adsorption of As(III/V) followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir adsorption model. During batch adsorption experiments, the optimum conditions were: pH 6–7, equilibrium time 2 h, initial concentrations set of 1 mg/L each for As(III) and As(V), and an adsorbent dosage of 0.1 g/L at 25°C. The maximum removal efficiency of As(III) and As(V) were 90.00 and 85.62%, respectively, with adsorption capacities of 41.20 and 38.96 mg/g. The adsorption process primarily involved complexation reactions and electrostatic interactions, as confirmed by FTIR/XRD analyses. The coordination between ZIF-8 functional groups (Zn<sup>2+</sup>, –OH, –NH<sub>2</sub>) and As(III/V) played a critical role in adsorption, while the –OH and –O groups on the MXene surface enhanced interfacial affinity, further improving adsorption efficiency. These results provide insights for constructing ZIF-8-based adsorbents with high BET surface area and multiple functional groups, effective for removing heavy metals and organic pollutants from wastewater.</p>","PeriodicalId":680,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology","volume":"48 2","pages":"107 - 119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147734951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Application of “Green” Reagents for Water Disinfection from Escherichia coli","authors":"M. N. Saprykina, L. O. Melnyk, O. S. Bolgova","doi":"10.3103/S1063455X26020050","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1063455X26020050","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The formation of disinfection byproducts hazardous to human health in the process of treatment with chlorine-containing reagents and ozone and the existing risks of converting microorganisms into a viable, but uncultivable state, in which they are able to sustain high doses of disinfecting reagents, are an essential short coming of traditional disinfection methods. This causes the relevance of studies on the search for innovative water disinfection methods, in particular, with the use of environmentally friendly reagents—carbon dioxide and chitosan. In this study, the possibility of <i>Esсheriсhia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) inactivation in real natural water of hydrocarbonate type with low-pressure (0.2-MPa) is estimated for the first time. It has been revealed that the efficiency of disinfection from <i>E. coli</i> in natural water is much lower than in distilled water under the same treatment conditions. It has been established that the efficiency of disinfection with low-pressure СО<sub>2</sub> also essentially decreases in model solutions, which contain bicarbonate, chloride, or sulfate ions. It has been shown for the first time that the action of СО<sub>2</sub> (0.2 MPa) together with chitosan (1 mg/dm<sup>3</sup>) has a synergetic effect of <i>E. coli</i> inactivation in natural water and provides a high degree of its disinfection from this sanitary-significant microorganism.</p>","PeriodicalId":680,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology","volume":"48 2","pages":"206 - 215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147734974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}