Syarifah Iliya Nor Za’im, Mamduhah Mohamad, Nurul Fatimah Abdul Basir, Mohd Rafie Johan, Nader Ghaffari Khaligh
{"title":"Study of the thermal behavior and tribological performance of ADEKA Kiku-Lube Z-112 (Z-112)","authors":"Syarifah Iliya Nor Za’im, Mamduhah Mohamad, Nurul Fatimah Abdul Basir, Mohd Rafie Johan, Nader Ghaffari Khaligh","doi":"10.1007/s10973-026-15392-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10973-026-15392-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigated the thermal behavior and tribological performance of ADEKA Kiku-Lube Z-112 (Z-112), a commercially available ZDDP additive. It provides insights into its degradation mechanism, and its storage and suitability for applications at low and high temperatures. Furthermore, the tribological performance of Z-112 was evaluated with Etro 6 engine oil. The thermal behavior was studied by TG-DTG and DSC across several heating and cooling cycles ranging from 213.15 to 673.15 K. The tribological behaviors of Z-112 (2.0 mass%) were evaluated in Petronas Etro 6 using a four-ball test. Various parameters, including the coefficient of friction (CoF), maximum non-seizure loads (PB value), welding load (PD value), average wear scar area (WSA), and extreme pressure (EP) properties, were measured and reported. Degradation occurs through three steps. Its degradation onset was at 584.24 K, and a 20.5 mass% ash was detected at 873.15 K. DSC revealed melting at 263.15 K with ∆H<sub>fusion</sub> = − 50.91 J g<sup>−1</sup> and crystallization at 258.45 K with ∆H<sub>fusion</sub> = 53.30 J g<sup>−1</sup>. A broad exothermic phase transition, accompanied by no mass loss, is followed by the stepwise degradation of Z-112. The CoF and corrosivity of blending Z-112 (2.0 mass%)/Etro 6 were higher than those of Etro 6; however, its EP performance was excellent, and small wear scar areas were detected at high loading. The thermal behavior and tribological performance of Z-112 in Etro 6 engine oil are presented for the first time, to the best of our knowledge.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":678,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry","volume":"151 6","pages":"5377 - 5388"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147727545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of storage tank geometry and material properties on melting and solidification performances of phase change materials","authors":"Fatiha Chebli, Farid Mechighel","doi":"10.1007/s10973-026-15312-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10973-026-15312-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The importance of phase change materials (PCMs) in latent heat storage (LHS) applications has attracted increasing attention in recent years. However, guidance for designers seeking to maximize efficiency remains limited. To analyse the behaviour of phase change materials under controlled conditions and to study the effects of parameters such as storage device (tank) geometry and material thermophysical properties on phase transition processes, three sets of simulations testing different PCMs were conducted in the present study. Each PCM occupies the storage device characterized by an aspect ratio <span>(text{AR})</span>, a volume <span>(V)</span>, and a solid wall thickness <span>(e)</span>. The first series of simulations, using the three different PCMs: paraffin wax, lauric acid (LA), and n-eicosane, was conducted to study the thermal behaviour of the PCMs during melting and solidification and to calculate the energy stored and released by these PCMs during melting and solidification, respectively. The second series of simulations, using paraffin wax as PCM, was performed to examine the effect of storage tank geometry (first by increasing the tank aspect ratio while keeping its volume constant; then by increasing the tank wall thickness) on the PCM melting and solidification processes. Finally, the last series of simulations, using a family of paraffin wax-based phase change materials, aimed to evaluate the effects of their thermophysical properties on melting and solidification performance parameters. In particular, the focus was on process duration and stored energies, including sensible, latent, and total energies. These evaluations provide insight into how material characteristics influence their effectiveness in thermal management applications. For the first series of simulations, the results indicate that the melting process is faster than the solidification process for all PCMs studied by about 72.95, 82.73, and 93.88% for paraffin wax, lauric acid, and n-eicosane, respectively. In particular, paraffin has a longer melting time by about 42.04 and 152.15% and a shorter solidification time by about 9.28 and 43% compared to the melting times of lauric acid and n-eicosane, respectively. As a result, n-eicosane has the fastest melting and the slowest solidification. In addition, n-eicosane has a higher energy storage capacity than paraffin wax and lauric acid. Indeed, the stored energies (per unit mass) of n-eicosane, paraffin wax and lauric acid are, respectively, 377, 300.5, and 321 kJ kg<sup>−1</sup>. For the second series of simulations, the findings show that increasing the tank’s aspect ratio by a percentage (e.g. 44%) decreases the melting and solidification times of paraffin wax by about 7.63 and 25.94%, respectively. Furthermore, it was found that accounting for the storage tank thickness affects the phase change process. Indeed, an increase in the thickness from the case of a tank with negligible thickness 0 mm (often consi","PeriodicalId":678,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry","volume":"151 6","pages":"5409 - 5441"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147727543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Akshara, Sujesh Areekara, A. S. Sabu, Alphonsa Mathew, Anukul Sachan, K. V. Nagaraja, Ioannis E. Sarris
{"title":"Advanced neural-based sensitivity analysis on nonlinear thermal transport in Reiner–Rivlin nanofluid flow using modified Garson algorithm","authors":"R. Akshara, Sujesh Areekara, A. S. Sabu, Alphonsa Mathew, Anukul Sachan, K. V. Nagaraja, Ioannis E. Sarris","doi":"10.1007/s10973-026-15340-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10973-026-15340-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present study develops a hybrid analytical-computational approach to the thermal transport study of Reiner–Rivlin nanofluid flow with Arrhenius activation energy effects, aligning with UN Sustainable Development Goals 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) and 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production). The governing nonlinear partial differential equations are reduced to a coupled system of ordinary differential equations via Lie group transformations and solved numerically. An artificial neural network (ANN), trained using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm, is integrated with a modified Garson sensitivity analysis to quantify the effect of important parameters on the heat transfer. The ANN model exhibits excellent prediction accuracy with an overall correlation coefficient <span>(R=0.99977)</span>. Results show that the thermal Biot number yields the highest positive impact, increasing the heat transfer rate by 54.61% per unit increment, while the cross-viscous parameter has the least effect. The framework presented offers not only accurate modeling but also interpretable parameter sensitivity information for high-end energy, biomedical, and microfluidic systems.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":678,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry","volume":"151 6","pages":"5281 - 5297"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147727541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Eco-optimized performance assessment of a VCR system using TiO2-Al2O3/R600a nano-refrigerants: an energy–exergy–environment–economy approach","authors":"Md Jamil Akhtar, S. P. S. Rajput, Ankit Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s10973-026-15379-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10973-026-15379-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, the steady-state prediction of energy, exergy, economic, and environmental (4E) performance of selected mass charges of R600a (80 g, 100 g, and 120 g) refrigerant and varying concentrations of hybrid nano-lubricants (TiO<sub>2</sub>-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/MO) within a computerized vapor compression refrigeration (VCR) cycle test rig is investigated. The aim of this investigation is to investigate the effect of hybrid nano-lubricants (TiO<sub>2</sub>-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/MO) on various performance parameters such as coefficient of performance (COP), compressor power, second law efficiency (SLE), overall exergy destruction (ED), compressor’s pull-down time, total environmental warming impact (TEWI), and total operating cost rate. According to the results, the R600a-based test rig's compressor power, overall ED, and pull-down time are all reduced by around 17.92, 42.82, and 26.51%, respectively, compared to the baseline condition (i.e., 80 g R600a/pure MO). However, when compared to the baseline, the COP and SLE of the R600a-based test rig are about 32.96 and 21.94% higher, respectively. The reduction in cost rate and TEWI is observed. The environmental performance is improved by 3.66% compared to pure R600a/MO system. Overall, the performance of VCR cycle improved by utilizing hybrid nano-lubricants (TiO<sub>2</sub>-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/MO), with optimal condition achieved at 0.2 g L<sup>−1</sup> concentration and 100 g refrigerant charge, respectively.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":678,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry","volume":"151 6","pages":"5389 - 5408"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147727542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Sriharan, S. Harikrishnan, Hafiz M. Ali, Luis Lugo
{"title":"Comparative analysis on the performance of MgO-based nanofluids in hexagonal and circular tube heat sink","authors":"G. Sriharan, S. Harikrishnan, Hafiz M. Ali, Luis Lugo","doi":"10.1007/s10973-026-15387-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10973-026-15387-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents an experimental evaluation of the thermal–hydraulic performance of MgO-based nanofluids at a nanoparticle volume concentration of 0.01vol% flowing through hexagonal and circular mini-channel heat sinks. The hexagonal mini-channel configuration exhibits a 15% enhancement in the heat transfer coefficient and a 10% increase in the Nusselt number compared with the circular tube geometry. These improvements are attributed to geometry-induced secondary flow formation, increased shear rates, and effective thinning of the thermal boundary layer, collectively intensifying convective heat transfer. The enhanced thermal performance is accompanied by a 10% increase in friction factor and 8% increase in pumping power due to elevated wall shear stress and intensified flow disturbances. Among the selected nanofluids, the MgO–DIW nanofluid showed a superior thermal performance compared to MgO–EG nanofluid, owing to its higher intrinsic thermal conductivity and more effective heat transfer characteristics. The combined effect of nanoparticle-enhanced thermal conductivity at low volume concentration and non-circular channel geometry confirms that hexagonal mini-channel heat sinks offer improved heat removal capability while maintaining acceptable hydraulic penalties, making them suitable for compact and high-performance thermal applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":678,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry","volume":"151 6","pages":"5269 - 5280"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147727540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rajamohan Ganesan, Krishnamani Selvaraj, D Prakash, Venkatesan Duraikannu, Raghavan Ashwin
{"title":"Experimental study of natural convection heat transfer in horizontal fin arrays with radiation effects","authors":"Rajamohan Ganesan, Krishnamani Selvaraj, D Prakash, Venkatesan Duraikannu, Raghavan Ashwin","doi":"10.1007/s10973-026-15366-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10973-026-15366-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The intense miniaturization and higher power density of contemporary electronic devices necessitate effective thermal management technologies to ensure reliable operation and prevent premature failure. Traditional cooling methods often fail to remove localized hot spots, making passive approaches, such as fin-based natural convection and radiation, extremely appealing due to their ease of use, reliability, and efficiency. To enhance the system's performance, the experimental investigation utilized different fin shapes, including plain, pin fin, and ribbed fin, under uniform heat flux conditions and surface emissivities of 0.85 and 0.09, for both coated and uncoated surfaces. The result indicates that the maximum average convective and radiation heat transfer coefficient for ribbed with black coated fin was 7.8 and 3.2 Wm<sup>−2</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>, and the convective and radiation Nusselt numbers were 25.2 and 10.4, respectively. In the same configuration, the effectiveness of the fin was found to be 2.48, which is 13% and 8% higher than that of the coated and uncoated plate fins, respectively. Comparing only fins, the convective and radiative heat transfer coefficients for a ribbed fin range are 16 to 24% higher than those for the remaining two fins. The enhancements are primarily attributed to the combined effects of the enhanced surface emissivity from the black coating and the increased surface area from ribbing, which together stimulate better radiative heat transfer and natural convection. The results of the experiment unequivocally demonstrate that, in natural convection settings, both fin geometry and surface emissivity are crucial factors in enhancing heat dissipation efficiency.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":678,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry","volume":"151 5","pages":"4019 - 4030"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147808250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haidong Li, Jie Dong, Maifan Dong, Lele Feng, Botao Qin, Huaizhan Li, Onuoha C. Chukwuebuka, Daya S. Pandey, Saeideh Babaee, Hamed Hashemi, Selim Ceylan
{"title":"Experimental study on the effect of non-focused microwave pretreatment on reaction temperature and gas products in ex situ underground coal gasification","authors":"Haidong Li, Jie Dong, Maifan Dong, Lele Feng, Botao Qin, Huaizhan Li, Onuoha C. Chukwuebuka, Daya S. Pandey, Saeideh Babaee, Hamed Hashemi, Selim Ceylan","doi":"10.1007/s10973-025-15201-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10973-025-15201-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Underground coal gasification (UCG) is a clean and efficient use of coal resources. Microwave has the effect of modifying coal and can improve the gasification effect of coal, and most of the previous studies focus on the effect of focused microwave on coal gasification. Compared to focused microwave, non-focused microwave eliminates the need for metal resonant cavities required for focusing, making them more feasible for practical industrial applications. In this paper, based on the controllable electromagnetic wave generation system and the UCG model experimental system built by the experimental team itself, we studied the effects of different parameters of non-focused microwave on the modification of coal pillars as well as on their gasification effect, examined the roles of the microwave antenna insertion length, the microwave processing time, and the microwave power, and drew several conclusions. The temperatures of microwave-treated coal pillars were higher than those of non-microwave-treated coal pillars at all stages of the ignition process. In the gasification process, compared to untreated coal pillar and the coal pillar with an insertion length of 60 mm, the coal pillar with an insertion length of 80 mm reached 15% H<sub>2</sub> content 114.98 s and 266.00 s earlier, respectively. It reached 15% CO content 110.02 s and 241.02 s earlier, respectively. The non-focused microwave treatment at 4 min exhibited the highest peak calorific value of 9.84 MJ Nm<sup>3</sup>, making it the optimal treatment duration of 4 min among the experimental groups. The gasification effect of coal pillars increased with the increase in the power of non-focused microwave. This study can provide theoretical and experimental references for the application of non-focusing in production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":678,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry","volume":"151 6","pages":"5363 - 5375"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147727646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Thermodynamic performance analysis of sensible energy storage assisted solar air collector leveraging machine learning models","authors":"Pranjal Prasad Newar, Sujit Roy, Subhankar Saha, Suresh Gogada, Biplab Das, Abhijit Bhowmik","doi":"10.1007/s10973-026-15346-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10973-026-15346-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The inherent inefficiency of conventional solar air collectors (SACs) due to poor heat exchange between the absorber plate (AP) and air necessitates innovative solutions. The present experimental study investigates an enhanced SAC design (Type B) incorporating used aluminum cans filled with sensible heat storage (SHS) attached to the AP. A comparative performance analysis was conducted against a traditional SAC (Type A) under various mass flow rates (0.02–0.08 kg s<sup>−1</sup>) and inclination angles (30° and 45°). The integration of SHS not only aims to augment heat transfer but also to extend the effective operational period of the SAC. Results indicate that the modified SAC achieved its optimal performance at a mass flow rate of 0.02 kg s<sup>−1</sup> and a 45° tilt angle, leading to significant improvements of 13.6% in outlet temperature and 15.1% in thermal efficiency. To further analyze the system, five machine learning models (XGBoost, SVR, AdaBoost, RF, and KNN) were used to predict outlet temperature and thermal efficiency, with the XGBoost algorithm demonstrating superior predictive capability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":678,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry","volume":"151 6","pages":"5193 - 5210"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147727647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ahmed Bouchaala, Ossama Merroun, Anas Sakim, Youssef Arkam
{"title":"Energy performance optimization of a solar desiccant cooling system: a case study in two Moroccan climatic regions","authors":"Ahmed Bouchaala, Ossama Merroun, Anas Sakim, Youssef Arkam","doi":"10.1007/s10973-026-15331-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10973-026-15331-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aims to optimize the energy performance of a solar-powered solid desiccant cooling system designed for the thermal conditioning of a 100 m<sup>2</sup> meeting room accommodating up to 50 occupants. The analysis is conducted for two contrasting climatic regions in Morocco: Casablanca (temperate and humid) and Marrakech (hot and semi-arid). The primary objective is to reduce the required surface area of the solar air collectors (SAC), while maintaining acceptable indoor thermal comfort. To achieve this objective, three optimization techniques are implemented and compared with the reference system configuration. The first technique consists in recirculating the heat released from the desiccant wheel’s regeneration side to preheat the inlet regeneration airflow. The second technique aims to enhance the desiccant wheel’s performance by pre-cooling the ambient airflow before the dehumidification process. Finally, a hybrid approach combining both the first and second techniques is explored. The results demonstrate significant performance improvements in both climates, particularly for Configuration 3. In this configuration, the SAC size is reduced by 32.53% in Casablanca and by 56.22% in Marrakech, while the thermal COP reaches 0.63 and 1.11, respectively. These findings confirm the effectiveness of the proposed optimization strategies for enhancing the feasibility of solar desiccant cooling systems in diverse Moroccan climatic conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":678,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry","volume":"151 6","pages":"5299 - 5317"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147727650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mixture of fossil hydrocarbons with palm oil for co-processing: a thermokinetic approach","authors":"E. Torres-García, L. F. Ramírez-Verduzco","doi":"10.1007/s10973-026-15380-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10973-026-15380-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work focuses on the thermal and kinetic characterization of mixtures of petroleum intermediate distillates with palm oils, through the combined use of thermogravimetry (TGA) and advanced isoconversional analysis. The thermokinetic behavior of the hydrocarbon mixture, regardless of the presence of bio-oil, describes a simple vaporization process, with energy barriers < 100 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>, linked to the energy required to overcome long-range cohesive intermolecular forces. Conversely, thermokinetic results for bio-oil in the hydrocarbon mixture occur in multi-step processes, with variable energy barriers between ~ 210 and ~ 340 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>, typical of competitive processes. These results reflect the high degree of dispersion of the bio-oil and its low interaction with the components of the hydrocarbon mixture, which allows the chemical and thermophysical characteristics of both to be preserved, at least for the concentrations explored. The thermodynamic activation parameters show the endothermic (Δ<i>H</i><sup><i>≠</i></sup> > 0) and endergonic (Δ<i>G</i><sup><i>≠</i></sup> > 0) character and the minimal influence of the <i>TΔS</i><sup><i>≠</i></sup> term on the formation of the transition state. A constant and close to unity transformability index (Z<sub>α,T</sub> ≈ 0.91) validates the simple nature of the process for <i>T</i> < 453 K, the low influence of bio-oil in the hydrocarbon mixture, and the independent character of the physical phenomenon that controls the rate-limiting step of the process. The study shows the usefulness of thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and advanced isoconversional analysis to establish thermal stability limits, compatibility criteria and nature of interactions in liquid fuels or mixtures, critical factors for their co-processing, storage, transportation and utilization.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":678,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry","volume":"151 6","pages":"5055 - 5068"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147727434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}