Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society最新文献

{"title":"Synthesis of new n = 2 Ruddlesden-Popper compound La2BaLu2O7","authors":"Ekaterina A. Tugova,&nbsp;Valentina Fedorovna Popova,&nbsp;Dmitriy P. Romanov,&nbsp;Maria V. Tomkovich,&nbsp;Ashot G. Petrosyan","doi":"10.1007/s41779-025-01159-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41779-025-01159-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>\u0000 Layered perovskite-like oxides with Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) phase structure are promising for high-technology industries, such as refractory, electronics, photonics, catalysis, and others. This work contributes to the advancement in the field of double-layered structures and reports a new double-layered compound La₂BaLu₂O₇. It is formed during solid-state reaction at 1200 °C through interaction of BaLu₂O₄ perovskite-like precursor with La₂O₃. No difference in the formation mechanism of the target phase was found, when using either BaO₂ or BaCO₃ as a starting component. The unit cell of crystallized La₂BaLu₂O₇ has a tetragonal symmetry (S.G. P4₂/mnm, (136)) with <i>a</i> = 6.04605 (65) Å, <i>c</i> = 20.8541 (44) Å, <i>V</i> = 762.32 (18) ų, <i>Z</i> = 4. The space group was selected based on a comparison of pycnometric (<i>d</i>_<i>m</i> = 7.65 ± 0.05 g /cm³) and X-ray (<i>d</i>_x = 7.64 g /cm³) densities. Indication data of the new compound are presented. The previously reported group of double-layered RP phases La₂BaFe₂O₇, La₂BaIn₂O₇, La₂BaSc₂O₇, La₂BaMn₂O₇ is supplemented by a new compound La₂BaLu₂O₇. The findings of this study may enhance the knowledge on double-layered RP phase structures and their potential applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":673,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society","volume":"61 3","pages":"1237 - 1244"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145164527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation on mechanical, flammability, wear and thermal properties of 3D printed Polylactic acid composite contain rice husk ash Si3N4 nanoparticle","authors":"Rupshree Ozah,&nbsp;J. V. Sai Prasanna Kumar,&nbsp;S. Hanish Anand,&nbsp;C. Ramesh Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s41779-025-01154-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41779-025-01154-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the effects of varying Si₃N₄ particle concentrations on the mechanical, wear, and flammability properties of additively printed Polylactic acid (PLA) composites with rice husk ash Si3N4 particles. The Si₃N₄ is extracted from rice husk through pyrolysis and nitration processes and found to be amorphous polycrystalline crystals with the Miller Indices plane of (110), (200), and (201) correspond to the diffraction peaks at 22.0, 26.7, and 33.69, respectively. The customized Polylactic acid -Si₃N₄ filaments were further prepared using a twin-screw extruder with varying volume ratio, and composites are printed using fused deposition modelling with specified infill ratios. According to results the composite C2, contains 1 vol% Si₃N₄ filler with a 75% infill ratio, exhibits superior mechanical properties, including the highest tensile strength of 34.2 MPa, flexural strength of 64.3 MPa, impact energy of 3.6 J, and hardness of 68 Shore-D. This enhancement is attributed to the optimal dispersion of Si₃N₄ particles, which promotes effective load transfer and minimizes stress concentrations. In contrast, specimen D2, with 2 vol% Si₃N₄ filler and a 75% infill ratio, demonstrates the best wear resistance and flammability performance, showing the lowest coefficient of friction of 0.18, minimal wear loss of 0.036 g, and the lowest flame propagation speed of 0.32 mm/min with “N0” ratings across all flammability categories, indicating excellent flame retardancy due to a denser structure and higher filler content. In thermal stability also the D4 composite performed well and stable at initial decomposition stages. Finally, scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis further supports these findings, revealing that uniform filler dispersion as in C2 improves mechanical properties, while agglomerated particles as observed in suboptimal specimens lead to reduced performance due to localized stress points. The results highlight the potential of Si₃N₄-reinforced Polylactic acid composites in applications requiring enhanced mechanical, wear, and flammability properties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":673,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society","volume":"61 3","pages":"1211 - 1222"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145171868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of wheat husk biogenic ceramic Si3N4 addition on mechanical, wear and flammability behaviour of castor sheath fibre-reinforced epoxy composite","authors":"G. Mahendran,&nbsp;S. Manoj Kumar,&nbsp;V. C. Uvaraja,&nbsp;Hanish Anand","doi":"10.1007/s41779-025-01153-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41779-025-01153-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the effects of incorporating biogenic ceramic Si3N4 particles derived from wheat husk into castor sheath fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. The primary objective of this work is to determine the extent to which the reinforcing of stem fibers and the incorporation of biomass-extracted ceramic particles enhance the mechanical strength, wear resistance, and flame resistance of the composite material. The biogenic ceramic Si3N4 particles were produced by a thermochemical method and then subjected to surface treatment using silane. Subsequently, the treated particles are integrated into the composite material through the utilization of a hand layup technique. The results showed that adding 40 vol% castor stem sheath fiber and 2 vol% biogenic ceramic Si3N4 particles had a significant positive impact on the mechanical properties. Among the samples, ECS2 had the highest values for tensile strength (142 MPa), tensile modulus (5.05 GPA), flexural strength (175 MPa), flexural modulus (6.11 GPA), and Izod impact strength (5.24 kJ/m2), except for hardness. Incorporating biogenic ceramic Si3N4 particles into the ECS3 composite enhanced its wear resistance. The current wear rate of the object is 0.008 mm2/Nm, and its coefficient of friction (COF) is 0.31. The ECS3 exhibited the highest combustion rate of 6.54 mm/min in the flammability test. The utilization of biogenic ceramic Si3N4 particles derived from husks and the production of castor sheath fiber had significant impacts on the strength, wear resistance, and flammability of the composites, in comparison to those generated using leaf and fruit fibers. The findings emphasize the potential of biogenic ceramic Si3N4 particles -enhanced composites in several applications, including door panels in autos, defense armor manufacture, and interior panels for residential use.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":673,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society","volume":"61 3","pages":"1201 - 1210"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145171839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing ceramsite technology: the impact of microwave sintering on MWIFA-muck blends for enhanced heavy metal solidification and structural properties","authors":"Lei Yang,&nbsp;Hongyang Chu,&nbsp;Zhuangzhuang Jiang,&nbsp;Shuqiong Luo,&nbsp;Genshen Li","doi":"10.1007/s41779-025-01156-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41779-025-01156-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This research delves into the properties of sintered ceramsite from muck, enhanced with municipal waste incinerated fly ash (MWIFA), using microwave sintering technology. It specifically investigated the effects of the MWIFA mix ratio, sintering temperature, and holding time on ceramsite’s key performance, including one-hour water absorption, porosity, and apparent density. The microstructural attributes were quantified through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), coupled with an evaluation of ceramsite’s capability to solidify heavy metals. The results demonstrate that ceramsite prepared with a 10% MWIFA ratio, sintered at 1100 °C, and maintained for a 15-minute holding period, exhibited optimal properties: a low one-hour water absorption rate of 0.2%, minimal porosity at 0.4%, and a substantial apparent density of 2.14 g/cm³. Furthermore, microstructural analyses confirm the existence of mineral phases including quartz, augite, andesine, albite, and labradorite. Significantly, the ceramsite showed high efficiency in immobilizing heavy metals, achieving solidification rates of 92% for Zn, 98% for Cu, and 100% for Cr. These findings offer valuable insights and serve as a practical guide for the recycling of MWIFA and muck, endorsing the use of microwave sintering technology in ceramsite production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":673,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society","volume":"61 section","pages":"251 - 263"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Pearl Millet Husk Biosilica and Areca Microfibre toughened polyvinyl alcohol flexible food packaging composite","authors":"M. Sivaperumal,&nbsp;J. V. Sai Prasanna Kumar,&nbsp;L. Natrayan,&nbsp;S Kaliappan","doi":"10.1007/s41779-025-01152-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41779-025-01152-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study focuses on enhancing the mechanical characteristics and sustainability of flexible food packaging composites made from Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) reinforced with Pearl Millet Husk Biosilica and Areca Microfiber. The high silica content in biosilica from pearl millet husk provides excellent reinforcement, while areca microfiber improves the toughness and flexibility of the composite. Together, these natural fillers result in a stronger, more resilient, and environmentally friendly composite suitable for sustainable food packaging applications. The materials were processed by extracting biosilica from pearl millet husk through high-temperature calcination and chemical treatments, and areca microfiber was obtained through retting and drying of areca fruit husk. The composites were then fabricated using a solvent casting method. Mechanical testing revealed that specimen PAV1, with 1 vol% biosilica and 40 vol% areca microfiber, exhibited the best mechanical properties, including a tensile strength of 57 MPa, tensile modulus of 2.2 GPa, tear strength of 36 N/mm, and hardness of 37 Shore D, due to balanced filler dispersion, which enhances load transfer. Specimen PAV3, containing 4 vol% biosilica, showed superior performance in wear resistance with a wear rate of 0.005 mm³/Nm and COF of 0.23, dielectric properties with a permittivity of 4.95 and dielectric loss of 0.825, hydrophobicity with a contact angle of 91°, and thermal conductivity of 0.46 W/mK. These enhancements result from higher filler content that improves hardness, polarization, surface energy, and thermal pathways. SEM analysis confirmed the uniform distribution of fillers in PAV1, enhancing mechanical properties, while some agglomeration in PAV3, although creating stress points, contributed to enhanced wear and thermal properties. Overall, these composites offer a viable alternative for eco-friendly food packaging with improved mechanical, dielectric, and thermal properties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":673,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society","volume":"61 3","pages":"1189 - 1199"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145170234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring of self-setting apatite cement using near-infrared spectroscopy: time-course evaluation using machine learning","authors":"Yuta Otsuka,&nbsp;Sayaka Ito,&nbsp;Kazuyuki Noguchi,&nbsp;Hiroshi Kono,&nbsp;Masafumi Kikuchi","doi":"10.1007/s41779-024-01143-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41779-024-01143-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, a measurement method not widely used in dentistry, was used to monitor the synthesis of calcium phosphate cement. Tetra calcium phosphate and di calcium phosphate dihydrate were mixed at a Ca/P ratio of 1.67, and water was added dropwise to induce the phase transition to HAp. The reaction conditions were evaluated by measuring NIR spectra every minute for 60 min and every 20 min for 24 h. The obtained NIR spectra were analyzed using singular value decomposition. The synthesized apatite was characterized by measuring XRD, FT-IR, and SEM. In the self-setting apatite cement system, 24-hour monitoring revealed that a phase transition was achieved. NIR monitoring was found to be effective and valuable for evaluating calcium phosphate cements.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":673,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society","volume":"61 3","pages":"1127 - 1135"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41779-024-01143-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145168068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aspartic acid functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for enhanced internalization in tumoral cell","authors":"Ludmila Motelica,&nbsp;Geanina Voicu,&nbsp;Cristina Chircov,&nbsp;Adrian Vasile Surdu,&nbsp;Roxana Doina Trusca,&nbsp;Bogdan Stefan Vasile,&nbsp;Denisa Ficai,&nbsp;Ovidiu Cristian Oprea,&nbsp;Daciana Silvia Marta,&nbsp;Victor-Eduard Peteu,&nbsp;Maria Anghelache,&nbsp;Anton Ficai,&nbsp;Manuela Calin","doi":"10.1007/s41779-024-01102-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41779-024-01102-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The antitumoral activity, and in general, the biological activity is strongly altered by the low uptake of the active agents within the targeted cells. Therefore, lots of efforts have been made to ensure better cellular uptake by using specific carriers. In the present research we have obtained magnetic nanoparticles stabilized by polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating, and functionalized with aspartic acid, which is an important amino acid for protein synthesis and energy production in the body. Such decorated nanoparticles can be internalized by the tumoral cell due to their higher metabolic rate. The nanoparticles were used as a delivery system for antitumoral drugs as cisplatin, carboplatin or irinotecan in a Trojan Horse strategy. Based on the obtained results, it was found that aspartic acid can improve the internalization efficiency of the magnetic carriers after being loaded with antitumoral agents. The nanoparticles are quite stable, can reach and enter the mitochondria and organize around lipid vesicles in quite a high concentration, best results being obtained for the system loaded with cisplatin starting from 0.1 mg/mL.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":673,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society","volume":"61 section","pages":"265 - 283"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41779-024-01102-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Radiation absorption parameters of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic used in dentistry: experimental and theoretical approaches","authors":"Meryem Cansu Şahin,&nbsp;Mehmet Kayhan,&nbsp;Emine Kayhan","doi":"10.1007/s41779-025-01157-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41779-025-01157-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The primary scope of this study is to determine the gamma radiation absorption characteristics of a commercial LD glass-ceramic biomaterial through GAMOS simulation and Phy-X/PSD software, and then compare these results with experimental data to provide information about a radiation absorption property of this material. Elemental analyses of the LD glass-ceramic biomaterial were conducted in this research using X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. In the experimental study, gamma rays with energies from 81 keV to 1408 keV, emitted by sources such as ¹³³Ba, ¹⁵²Eu, ²²Na, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁵⁷Co, and ⁶⁰Co, were detected utilizing a gamma spectrometer with a 2″×2″ NaI(Tl) detector and associated electronic systems. The experimental radiation absorption data were analyzed alongside the results generated by the GAMOS simulation and the Phy-X/PSD program for comparison. The linear attenuation coefficients were 0.418, 0.361, 0.266, 0.289, 0.250, 0.208, 0.184, 0.175, 0.142, 0.177, 0.123, 0.123, 0.135, and 0.122 cm-1 at gamma energies of 81, 121.8, 276.4, 302.9, 356, 383.9, 511, 661.7, 779, 964.1, 1173.2, 1274.5, 1332.5, and 1408 keV, respectively. The mass attenuation coefficient values began to decrease rapidly as the gamma photon was increased to 1 MeV. Half value layer ranged from 1.315 cm at 81 keV to 6.243 cm at 1408 keV. Similarly, tenth value layer ​​also increased when photon energy increased. The mean free path values ​​vary between 2.394 cm^− 1 and 8.184 cm^− 1. In conclusion, it has been observed that the radiation absorption parameters of lithium disilicate dental biomaterial vary depending on the energy level.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":673,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society","volume":"61 2","pages":"361 - 369"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41779-025-01157-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143892633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating novel material additives for improved radiation shielding in ultra-high performance cement mortars","authors":"Abdul Vahap Korkmaz,&nbsp;İskender Akkurt","doi":"10.1007/s41779-025-01151-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41779-025-01151-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In recent years, heavy concrete has been widely used in industry due to the growing application of nuclear technology and the harmful effects of atomic radiation, such as gamma rays, on the environment. The primary component of concrete is cement, which is the critical factor that determines the most important properties of concrete, such as durability, hardness, and structural integrity. This study suggests that metaschist-modified cement (Portland Cement, CEM I 52.5 N) produced using traditional cement manufacturing methods may offer an alternative to ordinary cement clay-mixed cement (Portland Cement CEM I 52.5 N) for radiation protection in nuclear energy applications. This study comprehensively investigated materials such as ordinary cement clay and metaschist, which can be potentially used to protect radioactive substances in cement mortars. Mortars produced using micronized metaschist (MSC) and ordinary cement clay (OCC) were analyzed at different energy levels. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) of cement samples was determined experimentally using various radioactive point sources. Additionally, hydraulic and mechanical tests were conducted based on cement standards (TSE EN 196-1, TS EN 196-3, and TS EN 196-6) to evaluate the performance of the produced cement samples. The results indicate that the metaschist-modified Portland cement (MMPC-52,5/N) mixture demonstrates superior radioactive shielding performance compared to ordinary cement clay-mixed cement (Ordinary Portland Cement, CEM I 52.5 N). Cement samples containing MMPC-52,5/N demonstrate superior performance characteristics and high radiation shielding properties, indicating significant potential for applications in nuclear technology.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":673,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society","volume":"61 3","pages":"1173 - 1187"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41779-025-01151-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145167439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of the synthesis route on the electrical and mechanical properties of a modified 0.99 Bi0.5(Na0.8 K0.2)0.5 TiO3 − 0.01 Bi (Mg2/3Nb1/3) O3 lead-free ceramics","authors":"Lalita Tawee,&nbsp;Narongdetch Boothrawong,&nbsp;Jetsada Wadthanakul,&nbsp;Chamnan Randorn,&nbsp;Gobwute Rujijanagul","doi":"10.1007/s41779-024-01142-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41779-024-01142-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The effects of the processing technique on the properties of modified 0.99 Bi_0.5(Na_0.8 K_0.2)_0.5 TiO₃ − 0.01 Bi (Mg_2/3Nb_1/3) O₃ or BNKT-BMN-based ceramics were investigated. The ceramic samples were synthesized by two different techniques, a conventional solid-state technique (CS) and a two-step technique (2-Step). Both techniques yielded pure perovskite phases without any impurity phase. The 2-Step samples presented a finer grain with a higher density than the CS technique. The 2-Step technique also enhanced many electrical properties such as the dielectric constant (<i>ε</i>_<i>r</i>), energy density (<i>W</i>_<i>rec</i>), dielectric breakdown strength (<i>E</i>_<i>b</i>), electro-strain (<i>S</i>), normalized strain (<i>d</i>_<i>33</i>*), piezoelectric coefficient (<i>d</i>_<i>33</i>), piezoelectric voltage constant (<i>g</i>_<i>33</i>), and figure of merit (FoM). Mechanical properties such as hardness (<i>H</i>) and elastic modulus (<i>E</i>) were as well improved by this technique. However, the 2-Step technique promoted a higher heterogeneous conduction, resulting in a higher degree of loss tangent (<i>tanδ</i>)-frequency dispersion, while the observed <i>tanδ</i> values were still low. Therefore, the 2-Step technique positively affects the properties of the studied ceramics and may also positively impact other lead-free Bi-based piezoelectric ceramic systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":673,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society","volume":"61 3","pages":"1113 - 1125"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145166793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}