Journal of Rubber Research最新文献

{"title":"A review of odour assessments in the raw rubber processing industry","authors":"Nur Fadhilah Idris,&nbsp;Nor Hidayaty Kamarulzaman","doi":"10.1007/s42464-023-00217-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42464-023-00217-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Understanding and managing the generation of odour nuisances throughout the raw rubber processing industry are vital to reduce the impact on the community. This paper aims to review literature on odour studies and management in the raw rubber processing industry. The generation of odour is typically associated with microbial reactions occurring in non-rubber components. The most offensive compound groups commonly discussed in the literature are sulfur derivatives and volatile fatty acids due to their unpleasant characteristics and low-odour threshold. Major sources of these odorants are from effluent treatment of the latex processing plant and exhaust gas from the drying process at the block rubber processing plant, respectively. However, studies performed on the composition of rubber emissions also reported the presence of other compound groups such as aldehyde, ester, amine and aromatic, which could potentially contribute to the odour emissions. Single or multiple odour assessment methods can be applied based on the objective of the odour assessment. Olfactory and chemical testings were generally applied to evaluate the odour concentration, offensiveness and identification of potential odorants, while odour wheel and dispersion modelling were employed to assess the impact on the community. Odour legislations mainly used olfactory techniques and dispersion modelling to control the odour emissions by limiting the odour release at a tolerable limit. Numerous mitigation measures have been studied and performed upstream and downstream of rubber processing, such as utilising biological methods and aerated effluent treatment that produces less odour, chemical substitution and installation of wet scrubber to reduce the odour emissions from drying process. Nevertheless, the literature is lacking studies conducted at the industrial scale on odour generation and mitigation where knowledge can be applied to develop an appropriate odour management strategy in the current industrial scenario to mitigate the odour effectively.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rubber Research","volume":"26 5","pages":"373 - 389"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78827118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modification of chitosan-based membrane with epoxidized natural rubber for PEMFC application","authors":"Anuchit Wichianchom,&nbsp;Wirach Taweepreda,&nbsp;Qamber Ali,&nbsp;Arthanareeswaran Gangasalam","doi":"10.1007/s42464-023-00215-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42464-023-00215-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Chitosan is considered one of the most promising materials for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) due to the high manufacturing cost of the commercial polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM). In this study, chitosan (C-1), chloroacetate chitosan (CCS-21), epoxidized natural rubber (ENR-41), chitosan blended with ENR (CE-6 and CE-7), and chloroacetate chitosan blended with ENR (CCE-26 and CCE-27) based membranes were prepared by solution casting technique and crosslinked with acid and base. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results showed improvements in their peaks, and the atomic force microscopy revealed that the blended membranes had a higher surface roughness than the other membranes. The optical contact angle (OCA) showed that the C-1 had the highest contact angle, while the ENR-41 had the least contact angle. From the electrical measurements, the CCS-21 gave the highest capacitance, conductance, and conductivity. The CE-7 showed the highest resistance and resistivity while ENR-41 showed the highest dissipation factor and dielectric constant. Taken together, CE-7 showed the most suitable characteristics which makes it suitable for use as a PEM.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rubber Research","volume":"26 3","pages":"233 - 247"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41228907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of wheat starch as filler on NR/SBR blends","authors":"Zohra Djetoui,&nbsp;Ferhat Djerboua,&nbsp;Hanafi Ismail","doi":"10.1007/s42464-023-00206-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42464-023-00206-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Carbon black (CB) has been used for over one-hundred years as a reinforcing filler in rubber matrix. In order to reduce our dependence on fossil resources, attempts have been made to develop renewable biofillers such as starch in the rubber industry. In this study, NR/SBR blends (50/50) were prepared with different loading of wheat starch (5, 10, 20, 35 and 50 phr). A semi-efficient sulphur vulcanization system (semi-EV) was employed. The curing characteristics of the compounds were determined with a Monsanto Rheometer at 130, 140 and 150 °C. The properties of unfilled and filled NR/SBR blends prepared at 150 °C were evaluated by swelling measurements, tensile tester, dynamic mechanical analyser (DMA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the optimal cure time, minimum torque, and maximum torque of filled NR/SBR blends were improved. It was found that the tensile strength and the elongation at break of wheat starch filled NR/SBR blends were maximal with the incorporation of 20 phr of wheat starch. The chemical crosslink densities were found to follow the mechanical properties. The results of DMA indicated that incorporation of wheat starch led to an increase in the glass transition temperature whilst reducing the mobility of macromolecular chains of NR/SBR mixtures, and on the other hand improved their slip resistance on wet surfaces, thus indicating its potential application in the manufacture of tyre tread.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rubber Research","volume":"26 4","pages":"271 - 278"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71910890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of wheat starch as filler on NR/SBR blends","authors":"Zohra Djetoui, F. Djerboua, H. Ismail","doi":"10.1007/s42464-023-00206-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42464-023-00206-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rubber Research","volume":"43 1","pages":"271 - 278"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84909319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electron beam radiation crosslinking of natural rubber filled with silica–graphene blend prepared by latex mixing: dynamic mechanical analysis, volume resistivity, and degradation","authors":"W. Jansomboon, S. Loykulnant, P. Dittanet, P. Prapainainar","doi":"10.1007/s42464-023-00213-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42464-023-00213-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rubber Research","volume":"60 1","pages":"329 - 342"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76279686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electron beam radiation crosslinking of natural rubber filled with silica–graphene blend prepared by latex mixing: dynamic mechanical analysis, volume resistivity, and degradation","authors":"Worawat Jansomboon,&nbsp;Surapich Loykulnant,&nbsp;Peerapan Dittanet,&nbsp;Paweena Prapainainar","doi":"10.1007/s42464-023-00213-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42464-023-00213-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The mechanical properties of EB-irradiated natural rubber (NR) composites were improved by a synergistic effect of adding silica (SiO₂) and graphene nanoplatelets (GE) mixture into NR matrix, reported in a previous work. In this study, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was performed, from which volume resistivity and degradation properties were determined. Latex NR compound filled with SiO₂/GE mixture was cured by EB irradiation to form NR composites. SEM images and the EDXS elemental mapping indicated good dispersion of GE and SiO₂/GE in the NR matrix. The DMA showed that the storage moduli of NR composites filled with fillers were higher than that of NR_-EB. Using 2.5 phr of fillers, which is below the percolation threshold, volume resistivity properties of all NR composites remained unchanged relative to the pure NR and with varying EB doses in the range of 100–250 kGy. Finally, it was found that adding fillers into NR composites caused a decrease in water absorption of irradiated NR composite at 70 °C and a relative humidity of 80%. According to the authors’ previous work and the present results, this novel NR composites showed a potential in devices related to high-voltage application requiring electrical insulation with enhanced mechanical properties.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000 <div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rubber Research","volume":"26 4","pages":"329 - 342"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71909944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and statistical studies of the effect of pressing time on the swelling and mechanical properties of the radial tyre tread compound","authors":"Khashayar Khorshidzade,&nbsp;Naser Valipour Motlagh,&nbsp;Seyed Yousef Ahmadi Brooghani,&nbsp;Ali Nikakhtar,&nbsp;Mohammad Ali Yaserinezhad","doi":"10.1007/s42464-023-00214-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42464-023-00214-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cars are the most important mode of transportation and play a significant role in the development of modern communities. Tyres, one of the main components of cars, hold strategic importance. Therefore, research aimed at improving the quality and increasing the production speed of tyres is an integral part of the strategic policy on this subject. In this study, the effects of pressing time in curing press (time of curing with pressure) on the structural properties of radial tyre tread were investigated. According to the one-factor response surface methodology, 10 samples that had different pressing times during their curing press were produced. The swelling test was used to study the cured compound structure. In this way, essential parameters such as diffusion coefficient and crosslinking density were calculated. The results showed that the vulcanised samples in free pressure conditions had the lowest amounts of crosslinking density. Also, these samples had the highest intrinsic diffusion coefficient. It is also observed that the intrinsic diffusion coefficient and crosslinking density have a relationship with pressing time. Mechanical tests were also performed to determine the dependence of the mechanical properties of the tyre tread on the duration of pressing time. As an obvious result, the cured samples in zero-pressure conditions had the lowest tensile strength, tear strength, hardness and the highest amount of resilience percentage. However, the abrasion parameter had the most negligible dependence on the pressing time. The results showed the dependence of the swelling and mechanical properties of the tread tyre compound on the pressing time. So, according to the optimal targeting for different variables and results, the optimal time of applying pressure during curing for the tyre tread compound has been obtained. As an important result, in the curing process, the pressurising can be stopped after about 14 min while the curing continues only with heat.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rubber Research","volume":"26 5","pages":"345 - 361"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88059758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of fuller's earth clay ceramic membrane in treating raw rubber-processing wastewater","authors":"S. Lakshmi Sandhya Rani,&nbsp;K. V. V. Satyannarayana,&nbsp;R. Vinoth Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s42464-023-00212-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42464-023-00212-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ceramic membranes are considered more effective for wastewater treatment applications than polymeric membranes because of their excellent resistance to thermal and chemical environments and possess high durability. To avoid the high cost of commercial ceramic membranes, recently, a significant improvement has been accomplished in developing them using low-cost alternative materials and their application in wastewater treatment. This study investigated the performance of an innovative ceramic microfiltration (MF) membrane fabricated with inexpensive Fuller's earth clay in treating the natural raw rubber (ribbed smoked sheet)-processing wastewater. The flat sheet low-cost membrane used in this study was prepared by uniaxial dry pressing route, followed by sintering at 850 °C, and it possessed 39% porosity with 0.176 µm pore size. The wastewater was treated in dead-end filtration mode at different pressures varying from 0.35 to 2 bar and observed the percentage removal of COD, turbidity, and total suspended solids (TSS). Untreated wastewater had a turbidity of 150 NTU, 1200 mg/L TSS, and 10,800 mg/L COD. At a low operating pressure of 0.35 bar, 94% removal of turbidity and total suspended solids was obtained. Also, significant COD removal of 70.4% from wastewater was obtained using the prepared low-cost MF membrane. Finally, the fouling phenomenon during the wastewater treatment was analyzed and it was concluded that it followed the cake filtration model. For future work, cross-flow filtration of wastewater using fabricated Fuller's earth clay ceramic membrane is recommended as it could pave the way forward towards commercialization and wide-scale industrial applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rubber Research","volume":"26 3","pages":"205 - 219"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41228851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical and acoustical performance of natural rubber foam prepared via microwave and convection heating techniques","authors":"Nur Syuhada Ahmad Zauzi,&nbsp;Zulkifli Mohamad Ariff,&nbsp;Raa Khimi Shuib,&nbsp;Mohd Fadzil Ain","doi":"10.1007/s42464-023-00209-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42464-023-00209-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Conventional manufacturing techniques of natural rubber foam (NRF) require long processing time besides producing closed cell structure, a property that limits the application of the NRF. The NRF produced via compression moulding (CPM) and microwave-convection oven heating techniques were compared in this study. The correlation between different processing techniques with the physical, morphological, and acoustic properties of NRF was examined. The results indicated that in all the processing techniques, an increase in the blowing agent (BA) led to a decrease in the density of the NRF. Heating the material sequentially with 16 parts per hundred (phr) of BA in a microwave oven at 1000 Watts, and then, in a convection oven at 150 ℃ produced NRF with a density of 0.23 g/cm³. In contrast, the NRF produced by CPM with 16 phr of BA had a density of 0.35 g/cm³. Scanning electron microscope analysis revealed that the NRF generated by CPM had fewer interconnected and more closed cells. On the other hand, sequential heating using microwave and convection heating techniques and vice versa led to the production of NRF with more open and interconnected cells. The prepared NRF was examined for acoustic properties. The results showed that the NRF produced by CPM at 12 and 16 phr of BA had the lowest ability to attenuate sound wave energy. This was due to the highly solid surface of the sample, which caused high sound wave reflection. Open and interconnected cells significantly improved the acoustic efficiency. These findings indicated that microwave-assisted heating techniques can modify the cellular structure of NRF and produce the material within a shorter period.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rubber Research","volume":"27 2","pages":"227 - 234"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90373554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimising silane coupling agent content in phenolic-resin-cured sepiolite-filled natural rubber composites","authors":"Nabil Hayeemasae,&nbsp;Ajaman Adair,&nbsp;Siriwat Soontaranon,&nbsp;Mohamad Syahmie Mohamad Rasidi,&nbsp;Abdulhakim Masa","doi":"10.1007/s42464-023-00210-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42464-023-00210-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Influences of silane coupling agent loading (e.g. 0–6%) on properties of sepiolite-filled natural rubber (NR) composites were investigated in this study. The amount of silane addition on properties of phenolic resin-crosslinked NR filled with sepiolite composite was optimised. A rheometer was used to evaluate the curing characteristics of the composites while morphological properties were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer, temperature scanning stress relaxation, and Mooney–Rivlin model were used to assess the interactions between sepiolite filler and rubber matrix, and the tensile properties and strain-induced crystallisation behaviour were investigated by tensile testing and wide-angle X-ray scattering, respectively. Incorporating a silane coupling agent reduced the size of sepiolite aggregates from ~ 0.4–10 to 0.4–5 μm and decreased filler–filler interaction as well as the curing time of the composite. The silane also improved adhesion between the filler and the rubber by the additional interactions between silane and sepiolite filler. These interactions slowed down the rate at which NR polymer molecules relax, increased tensile strength, and facilitated strain-induced crystallisation. The strongest interactions between filler and rubber, evidenced by maximal tensile strength that was 20% over the non-silanised NR composites, were attained at 4% silane coupling agent relative to the sepiolite by mass.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rubber Research","volume":"26 4","pages":"303 - 312"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71909409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}