Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Crystal structural insights into non-covalent derivatives of antipsychotic drugs with improved performance: a comprehensive overview","authors":"Shweta Kamboj,&nbsp; Saara,&nbsp;Dimpy Rani","doi":"10.1007/s10847-025-01318-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10847-025-01318-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Non-covalent interactions (NCIs), such as hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking, play a pivotal role in modulating the physicochemical properties of drug molecules through non-covalent derivatives (NCDs), including co-crystals and eutectics. This review highlights the advances in the design and development of non-covalent derivatives (NCDs) for antipsychotic drugs such as aripiprazole, olanzapine, risperidone, and others, which often suffer from poor aqueous solubility and low oral bioavailability. A range of pharmaceutically acceptable coformers, along with various preparation techniques, have been employed for the development of multicomponent systems. Their formation, structural integrity, and stability are typically confirmed through comprehensive characterization methods, including thermal analysis, spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD). The improved solubility and dissolution rates in these NCDs can enhance absorption and bioavailability, which are critical for achieving optimal therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, these non-covalent strategies hold significant promise in improving drug performance and clinical outcomes in the treatment of psychotic disorders.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":638,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry","volume":"106 1-2","pages":"1 - 47"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147341917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of the interaction between cyclodextrins and preservations for topic eye preparations","authors":"Marlene Storm Andersen,&nbsp;Rasmus Broskov Herløv Sørensen,&nbsp;René Holm","doi":"10.1007/s10847-025-01314-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10847-025-01314-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigated the complexation behavior between different cyclodextrins (CDs) and various preservatives used in topical ocular formulations, including benzyl alcohol, phenethyl alcohol, benzalkonium chloride, and sorbic acid. The investigations were conducted using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and heat capacity analysis. NMR data revealed distinct chemical shift changes, indicating strong interactions between the aromatic rings of the preservatives and the CD cavities, with β-CD demonstrating the most significant shifts for benzyl alcohol and phenethyl alcohol, and α-CD exhibiting the strongest interaction with benzalkonium chloride and sorbic acid. ITC analysis confirmed varying complexation constants, with benzalkonium chloride showing the highest affinity towards CDs, particularly α-CD, while γ-CD demonstrated the weakest binding across all preservatives. Temperature dependence studies showed that the complexation constant for benzalkonium chloride and sorbic acid with α-CD decreased with increasing temperature, a trend supported by van’t Hoff analysis, which indicated a correlation between theoretical and empirical data for these systems. Heat capacity measurements revealed predominantly negative values, indicative of hydrophobic interactions driving complexation, except for benzyl alcohol complexed with α-CD, which showed a positive heat capacity due to conformational changes. Overall, this study highlighted the differential binding affinities of preservatives with CDs, with β-CD forming the most stable complexes with benzyl alcohol and phenethyl alcohol, and α-CD showing the strongest interactions with benzalkonium chloride and sorbic acid, emphasizing the impact of structural features and temperature on inclusion complex formation and thereby a physical pharmaceutical input when formulating topic ocular formulations that would need solubilization applying CDs and preservation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":638,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry","volume":"106 1-2","pages":"95 - 107"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10847-025-01314-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147340843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"QSPR modeling of hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin using reverse-degree-based molecular topological indices","authors":"Haneen Al-Janabi,&nbsp;Abdul Hakeem,&nbsp;Asad Ullah,&nbsp;Shahid Zaman,&nbsp;Hisamuddin Shaikh","doi":"10.1007/s10847-025-01320-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10847-025-01320-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Topological indices are mathematical quantities used to describe the structural characteristics of chemical molecules. In this work, we investigate a class of Reverse-Degree Molecular Topological Indices (RDTIs), which utilize the reciprocal of vertex degrees to characterize molecular structures. Several reverse-degree topological indices are employed to study hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrins (HPβCDs) - cyclic oligosaccharides widely used in pharmaceutical formulations and drug delivery systems. HPβCDs are also applied across various industries owing to their unique physicochemical properties, including enhanced aqueous solubility, improved stability, and increased bioavailability of drugs. The aim of this study is to develop and analyze the Reverse-Degree Molecular Topological Indices, which serve as molecular descriptors in computational chemistry for quantifying the structural complexity of molecules. These indices depend on the degree of atoms within the molecular graph. A graph-theoretical edge-partitioning approach is adopted to model the molecular topology of HPβCDs. Closed-form mathematical expressions are derived for several key reverse-degree topological indices, including the reverse first and second Zagreb indices, reverse first and second hyper Zagreb indices, reverse first, second, and third redefined Zagreb indices, reverse symmetric division degree index, reverse harmonic index, and their corresponding polynomial forms. The obtained results contribute to a deeper understanding of the structure–property relationships in hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrins and can facilitate the prediction of their physicochemical and functional properties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":638,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry","volume":"106 1-2","pages":"109 - 120"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147339914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of sugars and sugar alcohols on the solubility, dissolution, and bioavailability enhancement of Cefditoren Pivoxil/β-cyclodextrins solid dispersion","authors":"Mithun M. Bandivadekar,&nbsp;Nivedita Borawadekar,&nbsp;Vedanti Godbole","doi":"10.1007/s10847-025-01319-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10847-025-01319-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>BCS class IV drugs have poor water solubility and permeability, which provide formulation issues due to partial or unpredictable absorption patterns and low bioavailability. This study aims to formulate a ternary solid dispersion of Cefditoren Pivoxil (CFDTPI) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and sugar as carriers, and explore the effect of different types of sugars and sugar alcohols on the solubility, dissolution, and bioavailability of CFDTPI. CFDTPI’s interaction with sugars and β-CD was investigated by molecular docking studies. We conducted phase solubility tests to estimate the stability constant (Ks), complexation efficiency (CE), and Gibbs free energy (ΔG°). Binary and ternary solid dispersions were prepared using the kneading method, and their saturated solubility and in vitro dissolution were evaluated. A pharmacokinetic study was also conducted to determine the bioavailability of the prepared solid dispersions when compared to the pure drug. CFDTPI had a greater and more stable binding affinity with β-CD and sugars. The ternary solid dispersion, specifically the CP: β-CD: Mannitol 0.5% (1:1:0.5%), demonstrated superior dissolution with 99.29% drug release after 75 min, surpassing the pure drug (8.92%) and binary SD (61.63%). Solid-state research indicated that CFDTPI was trapped in the β-CD cavity, resulting in a more hydrophilic environment that improved solubility and dissolution. The pharmacokinetic study showed a 147.77% increase in bioavailability, demonstrating the effectiveness of β-CD and sugars in enhancing CFDTPI’s performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":638,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry","volume":"105 11-12","pages":"679 - 696"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145646259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient extraction of Polygonum hydropiper L. Polyphenol using Dual-ligand Cu MOF and bioactive activity study of Polyphenol-MOF complex microparticles","authors":"Mengting Gao,&nbsp;Qiang Ding,&nbsp;Wei Yuan,&nbsp;Huanchun Mei,&nbsp;Tingyuan Yan,&nbsp;Han Li,&nbsp;Linxiao Zhang,&nbsp;Tingxuan Yan","doi":"10.1007/s10847-025-01317-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10847-025-01317-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A novel dual-ligand Cu MOF material was synthesized with β-cyclodextrin and trimesic acid (H₃BTC) as the ligand of MOF and adsorbing material for plant polyphenol. The Box-Behnken design, a method used in response surface methodology, was applied to improve the extraction of <i>Polygonum hydropiper L.</i> (PL) polyphenols using the as-synthesized MOF. The optimal extraction conditions were determined to be a temperature of 39.4 °C, an ultrasound duration of 16.6 min, and a β-CD solution concentration of 13.4 mM. The resulting extract demonstrated a TPC of 196.34 µg GAE/mL, a DPPH radical scavenging activity of 75.33 µg GAE/mL, a FRAP activity of 68.53 µg GAE/mL, and an ABTS radical scavenging activity of 85.53 µg GAE/mL. The anti-glycosylation experiments demonstrated that the inclusion complex formed by PL polyphenols and β-CD effectively inhibits the production of end products during the later stages of glycosylation, suggesting that PL polyphenols possess strong anti-glycosylation properties. The bioactive activity study show that the copper-based MOFs (Cu-MOFs) possess good antitumor activity which leverages the unique characteristics of Fenton reactions and glutathione depletion capacity of Cu-MOFs. Furthermore, hemolysis test results demonstrated that the as-synthesized MOF possesses excellent biocompatibility, providing important evidence for its potential use in biomedical applications.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><p>Schematic representation of β-cyclodextrin-assisted polyphenol extraction from Polygonum hydropiper L. and preparation of ketone-containing metal-organic frameworks.</p><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":638,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry","volume":"105 11-12","pages":"659 - 677"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145646157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The wheel-and-axle design for host compounds, derived from terephthalic acid, with enhanced complexation ability for six-membered ring heterocyclic guest solvents","authors":"Benita Barton,&nbsp;Jarryd A. Vorgers,&nbsp;Eric C. Hosten","doi":"10.1007/s10847-025-01316-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10847-025-01316-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the present investigation, the wheel-and-axle compound 1,4-phenylene-bis(di-<i>p-</i>tolylmethanol) (<b>H</b>) was demonstrated to have efficient host ability for the saturated heterocyclic guest solvents dioxane, morpholine and piperidine (DIO, MOR and PIP), known toxins in wastewater. Host: guest (H: G) ratios varied, and from ¹H-NMR experiments, were calculated to be 1:4, 1:1 and 1:2, respectively. Previously, <b>H</b> was reported to form a complex also with the unsaturated heterocyclic solvent pyridine (PYR, H:G 1:3). When <b>H</b> was crystallized from mixtures containing two or more of the four guests, MOR and PYR were found to be favoured solvents, with DIO and PIP being less likely to be selected by the host species. In order to understand these selectivity observations, single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) experiments were performed on each single solvent inclusion compound, as well as thermogravimetric (TG) and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analyses. These latter two analytical techniques provided an understanding for the host selectivity behaviour in mixed guest crystallization experiments in that the MOR- and PYR-containing complexes were significantly more stable than those with DIO and PIP, which were not stable even at ambient conditions. Furthermore, least favoured DIO formed crystals with the lowest density of the four, alluding to a looser molecular packing in the complex, explaining the low host selectivity for this guest species. A brief comparison of these results with earlier reports pertaining to related host compounds 1,4-phenylene-bis(diphenylmethanol) (<b>H1</b>) and 1,4-phenylene-bis(di-<i>p-</i>fluorophenylmethanol) (<b>H2</b>) in the same guest solvents was also undertaken and is reported upon here.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":638,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry","volume":"105 11-12","pages":"647 - 658"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10847-025-01316-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145646327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photovoltaic enhancement using green-synthesized AgNPs and phthalocyanine in DSSCs","authors":"Ömer Ödemiş,&nbsp;Derya Güngördü Solğun,&nbsp;Abdullah Özkartal,&nbsp;Mehmet Salih Ağırtaş","doi":"10.1007/s10847-025-01315-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10847-025-01315-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aims to improve the photovoltaic properties of phthalacyanines by additives that can be used as DSSC to produce economical materials for renewable energy. Therefore, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were successfully synthesized by green chemistry method using green husk of walnut (GHW). Additionally, a new axial silicon phthalocyanine was synthesized. The phytocomponent AgNPs were doped with our newly synthesized phthalocyanine and applied in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) as a sensitizer. The power conversion efficiency of the prepared DSSC was investigated. The formation of AgNPs was confirmed by optical absorption at wavelength between 350 and 540 nm. XRD data confirmed that the average crystallite size of AgNPs was 46.17 nm. FTIR analyses identified the bio-components potentially responsible for silver nanoparticle formation. TEM analysis shows that there are nanoparticles with an average size of 36.15 nm. The success of environmentally friendly green synthesized AgNPs to activate the sensitizer in DSSCs indicates that silver nanoparticles can be effectively used in such applications. The conversion efficiency of the axial phthalocyanine compound was measured as 2.05. However, as a result of doping the phthalocyanine compound with AgNPs, it was measured as 2.63 and 2.81 at 1:1 and 1:2 ratios, respectively. This clearly reveals the effect of AgNPs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":638,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry","volume":"105 11-12","pages":"637 - 645"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145646290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highly efficient removal of carcinogenic orange II dye by a pyridine-based calixarene derivative: mechanisms, kinetics, and regeneration","authors":"Ömer Güngör,&nbsp;Ceyda Duyar,&nbsp;Derya Davarcı","doi":"10.1007/s10847-025-01313-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10847-025-01313-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article presents a novel method for removing and recovering the carcinogenic azo dye Orange II from wastewater using a newly synthesized in this work for the first time, pyridine-functionalized calix [4]arene derivative, <b>clx4</b>. Orange II, widely used in industries, poses significant environmental and health risks due to its toxic and carcinogenic properties. The structure of <b>clx4</b> was characterized by using ¹H-NMR spectroscopy, FT-IR, mass, and elemental analysis. Solid-liquid and liquid-liquid extraction studies showed high removal efficiencies, with 86% and 99% of Orange II removed within one hour, respectively. Dye adsorption mechanisms were investigated through stability, complexation, and regeneration studies, confirming the effectiveness of <b>clx4</b>. Macrocyclic <b>clx4</b> compound was also applied in Bulk Liquid Membrane (BLM) systems, demonstrating rapid and efficient transport of Orange II. Kinetic analysis, based on a model of two consecutive irreversible first-order reactions, provided transport rates, with membrane inlet (k₁) and outlet (k₂) rate constants determined through non-linear curve fitting. Maximum flux values for membrane inlet ( <span>(:{J}_{d}^{max})</span>) and outlet ( <span>(:{J}_{a}^{max})</span>) were calculated, highlighting the system’s efficiency. Regeneration studies confirmed the reusability of <b>clx4</b> over multiple cycles, emphasizing its economic and environmental sustainability. These findings demonstrate <b>clx4</b> as a promising candidate for the effective removal and recovery of Orange II from industrial wastewater, offering a sustainable solution for environmental remediation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":638,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry","volume":"105 11-12","pages":"621 - 636"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145646260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and synthesis of porphyrin-based hybrid materials via organofunctionalization of ZrO2 and TiO2","authors":"Eduardo Salas-Bañales,&nbsp;R. Iris Y. Quiroz-Segoviano,&nbsp;Alberto Estrella-González,&nbsp;Jonathan Osiris Vicente-Escobar,&nbsp;Berenice González-Santiago,&nbsp;Miguel Ángel García-Sánchez","doi":"10.1007/s10847-025-01312-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10847-025-01312-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Porphyrin-based materials are attractive due to their adaptable photochemical and photophysical properties, it is also attainable through strategic organic group modifications. Therefore, the incorporation of porphyrins into inorganic materials yields distinct adsorption, catalytic, and sensing capabilities. This research focuses on modifying ZrO₂ and TiO₂ xerogels using organoalkoxysilanes bearing alkyl and aryl groups, and 5, 10, 15, 20-<i>meso-tetrakis</i>-<i>(para-carboxy</i>phenyl) porphyrin, H₂T(<i>p-</i>COOH)PP, as the active molecule. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) confirmed the attachment of alkyl and aryl groups to the porphyrin <i>via</i> weak interactions. Nitrogen gas adsorption was carried out to characterize pore size and surface areas, while UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy monitored changes during the transition from jellifying mixtures to solids, the optimization of fluorescence and textural properties in organo-modified ZrO₂ and TiO₂ xerogels revealed notable trends such as restricted pore accessibility, and a corresponding decrease in specific surface area particularly with large organic groups. In the case of TiO₂ samples modified with alkyl or aryl groups they exhibited increased pore widths, ZrO₂ networks featuring dodecyl groups displayed larger pores. These findings emphasize the significant impact of the oxide network and the presence of large organic groups on the emission process. A comparative analysis with analogous SiO₂ systems provides further insight into material properties and future applications in luminescence, sensors and medical devices.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":638,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry","volume":"105 11-12","pages":"607 - 620"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145646214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Host-guest chemistry of vanadium-oxygen molecular anions","authors":"Yuji Kikukawa","doi":"10.1007/s10847-025-01311-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10847-025-01311-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The structure-dependent unique host-guest chemistry of the bowl-shaped inorganic vanadium-oxygen cluster anion, [V₁₂O₃₂]^4– (V12), is reviewed. The half-spherically ordered square-pyramidal VO₅ units form the relatively positively charged concave inside. It stabilizes anionic moiety at the concave, even though the host itself possesses negative charge. Unusual anions such as nitroxyl anion, NO^–, and deprotonated nitromethane anion, CH₂NO₂^–, are also stabilized in V12. The guest-exchange, -removal and -inclusion of the V12 host are demonstrated. The removal of a guest causes a flip of one of the VO₅ pyramidal units, and the inclusion retrieves the structure. The incorporation of a bromine molecule induces the polarization of bromine molecule, and it provides brominated products of alkanes with unique selectivity. The lid effect of a cation above the concave controls the depth and orientation of a guest. An inert tetraethylammonium cation acts as a lid. Azide, N₃^–, is forced to be laid down in the concave with elliptically distorting the V12 host. The lid cation also affects the oxidation catalytic property of V12.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":638,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry","volume":"105 11-12","pages":"579 - 592"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10847-025-01311-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145646310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}