Journal of Flow Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Advances in continuous polymer analysis in flow with application towards biopolymers","authors":"Samuel B. H. Patterson,&nbsp;Raymond Wong,&nbsp;Graeme Barker,&nbsp;Filipe Vilela","doi":"10.1007/s41981-023-00268-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41981-023-00268-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Biopolymers, polymers derived from renewable biomass sources, have gained increasing attention in recent years due to their potential to replace traditional petroleum-based polymers in a range of applications. Among the many advantages of biopolymers can be included their biocompatibility, excellent mechanical properties, and availability from renewable feedstock. However, the development of biopolymers has been limited by a lack of understanding of their properties and processing behaviours. Continuous analysis techniques have the potential to hasten progress in this area by providing real-time insights into the properties and processing of biopolymers. Significant research in polymer chemistry has focused on petroleum-derived polymers and has thus provided a wealth of synthetic and analytical methodologies which may be applied to the biopolymer field. Of particular note is the application of flow technology in polymer science and its implications for accelerating progress towards more sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional petroleum-based polymers. In this mini review we have outlined several of the most prominent use cases for biopolymers along with the current state-of-the art in continuous analysis of polymers in flow, including defining and differentiating atline, inline, online and offline analysis. We have found several examples for continuous flow analysis which have direct application to the biopolymer field, and we demonstrate an atline continuous polymer analysis method using size exclusion chromatography.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000 <figure><div><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></div></figure>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":630,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Flow Chemistry","volume":"13 2","pages":"103 - 119"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41981-023-00268-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5160218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FOMSy: 3D-printed flexible open-source microfluidic system and flow synthesis of PET-tracer","authors":"Florian Menzel,&nbsp;Jonathan Cotton,&nbsp;Thomas Klein,&nbsp;Andreas Maurer,&nbsp;Thomas Ziegler,&nbsp;Jochen M. Neumaier","doi":"10.1007/s41981-023-00267-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41981-023-00267-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, we introduce a low-cost open-source flow system that includes a dual syringe pump with implemented pressure sensor and back pressure regulator. The entire system can be built for around 500 €. Commercially available flow systems can be very expensive with equipment starting at, but often greatly exceeding, 10,000 €. This high price of entry makes such technology prohibitively expensive for many research groups. Such systems stand to benefit the emerging academic pharmaceutical field by providing the experience and availability of reliable and affordable solutions. To implement accessible flow chemistry at research facilities, the systems must be made affordable. In addition, space in research laboratories is usually limited and commercially available flow systems can be very bulky. Having a compact and individually adjustable system is thus beneficial, with 3D printing technology offering the solution. Our compact 3D-printed system meets the needs of many applications in flow chemistry research as well as educational requirements for universities. As a proof of concept, we conceptualized, developed, and tested a custom flow system that can be used to synthesize [¹⁸F]2-fluoro-2-desoxy-d-glucose ([¹⁸F]FDG), the most commonly used PET-tracer. This system was designed to perform the typical functions and operations required in radiotracer production i.e. radiofluorination, dilution, SPE-trapping, deprotection, and SPE-elution. With this proof-of-concept in hand, the system can be easily customized to produce other radiopharmaceuticals.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000 <figure><div><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></div></figure>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":630,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Flow Chemistry","volume":"13 3","pages":"247 - 256"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41981-023-00267-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4869100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid plugged flow synthesis of nucleoside analogues via Suzuki-Miyaura coupling and heck Alkenylation of 5-Iodo-2’-deoxyuridine (or cytidine)","authors":"Sujeet Gaware,&nbsp;Santosh Kori,&nbsp;Jose Luis Serrano,&nbsp;Rambabu Dandela,&nbsp;Stephen Hilton,&nbsp;Yogesh S. Sanghvi,&nbsp;Anant R. Kapdi","doi":"10.1007/s41981-023-00265-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41981-023-00265-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nucleosides modification via conventional cross-coupling has been performed using different catalytic systems and found to take place via long reaction times. However, since the pandemic, nucleoside-based antivirals and vaccines have received widespread attention and the requirement for rapid modification and synthesis of these moieties has become a major objective for researchers. To address this challenge, we describe the development of a rapid flow-based cross-coupling synthesis protocol for a variety of C5-pyrimidine substituted nucleosides. The protocol allows for facile access to multiple nucleoside analogues in very good yields in a few minutes compared to conventional batch chemistry. To highlight the utility of our approach, the synthesis of an anti-HSV drug, BVDU was also achieved in an efficient manner using our new protocol.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000 <figure><div><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></div></figure>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":630,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Flow Chemistry","volume":"13 3","pages":"293 - 310"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41981-023-00265-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4656267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leveraging first-principles and empirical models for disturbance detection in continuous pharmaceutical syntheses","authors":"Cameron Armstrong,&nbsp;Yuma Miyai,&nbsp;Anna Formosa,&nbsp;Pratiik Kaushik,&nbsp;Luke Rogers,&nbsp;Thomas D. Roper","doi":"10.1007/s41981-023-00266-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41981-023-00266-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A strategy for combining theoretical and empirical model predictions to enhance process monitoring and disturbance detection in continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing is investigated using the first two steps of ciprofloxacin. The first-principles component is a dynamic model that reads in process parameter data and returns a concentration prediction for each species in the system using well-established equations and numerical discretization. The input data for the dynamic model comes from low-cost and reliable sensors that are already commonly deployed in manufacturing scenarios, such as flowmeters and thermocouples, making the approach amenable to potential uniform deployment across numerous manufacturing sites. The empirical component is infrared spectra collected from an inline flow cell that feeds to a partial least squares regression model for product concentration. Process parameter disturbances were introduced while continuously collecting the outlet stream infrared spectra, reagent flowrates, reactor temperature, and running the theoretical and empirical prediction models. Post-processing included the application of changepoint analysis, which is a statistical method of determining changes in the mean of a given time-series dataset. Both types of disturbances were captured as changepoints in the theoretical and empirical model predictions and could be obtained more rapidly by analyzing the residuals between the two predictions. This indicates that the deployment of theoretical models along with empirical is a robust approach for rapidly detecting deviations in the process health, reducing the time that potentially out of specification material is sent downstream. Additionally, by comparing trends in the models with the process parameter data, root-cause analysis can be rapidly carried out for a given disturbance. This places emphasis on holistic process monitoring by incorporating characterization knowledge and understanding into the process along with applying all available data sources to ensure product quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":630,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Flow Chemistry","volume":"13 3","pages":"275 - 291"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41981-023-00266-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4655436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aerobic oxidation of hydroxymethylfurfural using a homogeneous TEMPO/TBN catalytic system in 3D-printed milli-scale porous reactors","authors":"Dionysia Koufou,&nbsp;Jorid Smets,&nbsp;Rob Ameloot,&nbsp;Simon Kuhn","doi":"10.1007/s41981-023-00264-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41981-023-00264-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Selective oxidation of hydroxymethylfurfural to diformylfuran was performed in 3D-printed milli-scale porous reactors using pure oxygen in mild operating conditions (T = 60° C, P = 1 atm) and the homogeneous TEMPO/TBN catalytic system. Three different configurations were tested, where a rotation (θ = 22.5°) and/or an inclination (φ = 45°) of the fibers are introduced. An empty tube and a packed bed were also tested as a reference. Out of these designs, the reactor with both parameters varied simultaneously (INSP1) exhibited the highest performance, achieving an efficiency of up to 80%. The maximum conversion of 18.2% was attained for a residence time of 160 s, despite existing mass transfer limitations for this flow rate. The selectivity to DFF was 100% for all the 3D-printed reactors. On the contrary, the packed bed resulted in the highest efficiency, but at the expense of selectivity. Additional oxidation products have been retained in the packing, blocking thus the packed bed after a few hours of operation. The kinetic constant was found based on a (0,1)-order kinetic model from batch experiments. The kinetic information was utilized to evaluate the performance of the 3D-printed porous reactors from a mass transfer and reaction engineering aspect. The 3D-printed reactors were operating almost in kinetic control for total flow rates above 1 mL/min (Ha &lt; 0.3). However, the associated short residence time resulted in small conversion. The 3D-printed reactors show significant potential when operating at higher flow rates. The low conversions can be countered by increasing the residence time, either with multiple passes or by operating them in series.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":630,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Flow Chemistry","volume":"13 2","pages":"169 - 183"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41981-023-00264-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4266089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An eco-friendly and very low catalyst loading continuous condensation of primary amines and 1,3 Di carbonyl compounds: Synthesis of enaminones and enaminoesters by microreactor technology","authors":"Zahra Goodarzi,&nbsp;M. Sadegh Ramezani","doi":"10.1007/s41981-023-00263-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41981-023-00263-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Herein, an efficient eco-friendly protocol is reported for the continuous synthesis of enaminones using a microreactor device in the presence of a catalytic amount of cerium (III) trichloride (1 mol%) in Propylene carbonate (PC) as a non-toxic solvent. Moreover, continuous separation of the corresponding product, and recycling of the catalyst-solvent system with water is another promising advantage of this technique. Indeed<b>,</b> the separation of the product by water allows any required catalyst and solvent to be reapplied in the next run. In addition, this microfluidic system enabled turnover frequency (TOF) of up to 2940 h⁻¹ for the corresponding products. The employment of these environment friendly facilitates produce the products with an excellent isolated yield up to 98%. This method performs efficiently, and would extent future applications of continuous organic, inorganic and biochemical reactions in green chemistry.\u0000</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000 <figure><div><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></div></figure>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":630,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Flow Chemistry","volume":"13 3","pages":"267 - 274"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41981-023-00263-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4044726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"5-Hydroxymethylfurfural synthesis from fructose over deep eutectic solvents in batch reactors and continuous flow microreactors","authors":"Chencong Ruan,&nbsp;Hero Jan Heeres,&nbsp;Jun Yue","doi":"10.1007/s41981-023-00262-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41981-023-00262-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this work, a deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of choline chloride (ChCl) and ethylene glycol (EG) was prepared and applied for the conversion of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), catalyzed by HCl in both laboratory batch reactors and continuous flow microreactors. The effects of reaction temperature, batch time, catalyst loading and molar ratio of ChCl to EG on the fructose conversion and HMF yield were first investigated in the monophasic batch system of ChCl/EG DES. To inhibit HMF-involved side reactions (e.g., its polymerization to humins), methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) was used as the extraction agent to form a biphasic system with DES in batch reactors. As a result, the maximum HMF yield could be enhanced at an MIBK to DES volume ratio of 3:1, e.g., increased from 48% in the monophasic DES (with a molar ratio ChCl to EG at 1:3) to 63% in the biphasic system at 80°C and 5 mol% of HCl loading. Based on the optimized results in batch reactors, biphasic experiments were conducted in capillary microreactors under slug flow operation, where a maximum HMF yield of <i>ca.</i> 61% could be obtained in 13 min, which is similar to that in batch under otherwise the same conditions. The slight mass transfer limitation in microreactors was confirmed by performing experiments with microreactors of varying length, and comparing the characteristic mass transfer time and reaction time, indicating further room for improvement.</p>","PeriodicalId":630,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Flow Chemistry","volume":"13 2","pages":"155 - 168"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41981-023-00262-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4607263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuous one-pot synthesis of new spiro-fused indoles from biobased building blocks using carbamoylation and imidation reactions under ultrasonic irradiation","authors":"Milene M. Hornink,&nbsp;Beatriz G. Rodrigues,&nbsp;Caroline S. Santos,&nbsp;Leandro H. Andrade","doi":"10.1007/s41981-023-00261-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41981-023-00261-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The application of a flow reactor under ultrasonic irradiation enabled the fast synthesis of new spiro-fused indoles in a one-pot methodology. The exploitation of the reactivity of biobased building blocks, including acrylic acids and formamides, was essential to achieve such highly functionalized molecular targets. A four-step process with a 2–3 min residence time, and no aqueous work-up, created spiro[indoline-succinimides], spiro[indole-pyrrolo-succinimides] and spiro[indole-pyrido-succinimides] with high overall yields.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000 <figure><div><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></div></figure>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":630,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Flow Chemistry","volume":"13 2","pages":"201 - 210"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41981-023-00261-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4608223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: The applications of organozinc reagents in continuous flow chemistry: Negishi coupling","authors":"Roop Varghese Rubert,&nbsp;Rony Rajan Paul","doi":"10.1007/s41981-023-00259-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41981-023-00259-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":630,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Flow Chemistry","volume":"13 1","pages":"73 - 73"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4298229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of two-phase periodic velocity on droplet coalescence inside microchannels","authors":"Wen-qing Li,&nbsp;Xiao-juan Li,&nbsp;An-qi Guan,&nbsp;Zhi-jiang Jin,&nbsp;Jin-yuan Qian","doi":"10.1007/s41981-023-00258-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41981-023-00258-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A novel method based on periodic change of two-phase velocity for the droplet coalescence in microchannels is proposed. The feasibility of the method is justified by investigating the droplet coalescence in several combinations of the velocity pairs. Once the droplet pairs have been generated, the frequency of the droplet coalescence can be divided into a liquid slug of continuous phase dominated region and a real velocity ratio dominated region. Since the liquid slug between the droplet pairs and the real velocity ratio of the droplet pairs are determined by the flow rate ratios, the critical value of the flow rate ratio is determined to distinguish whether the frequency of the droplet coalescence is liquid slug dominated or real velocity ratio dominated. Compared with the traditional passive method, the droplet pairs are alternatively generated by the periodic change of the two-phase velocity. The velocity gradient of the droplet pairs can be generated spontaneously which avoids the introduction of an expansion structure. The mixing performance inside the coalesced droplet is improved due to the reorganized inner circulation when the droplets is coalesced. The quantitative mixing of the reagents can be achieved to satisfy special application needs by a precise control of the volume of the droplet pairs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":630,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Flow Chemistry","volume":"13 1","pages":"63 - 72"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4294207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}