{"title":"Review: Advanced Drive Technologies for Bionic Soft Robots","authors":"Chengyao Deng, Zhenkun Li","doi":"10.1007/s42235-025-00664-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42235-025-00664-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article provides a comprehensive exploration of the current research landscape in the field of soft actuation technology applied to bio-inspired soft robots. In sharp contrast to their conventional rigid counterparts, bio-inspired soft robots are primarily constructed from flexible materials, conferring upon them remarkable adaptability and flexibility to execute a multitude of tasks in complex environments. However, the classification of their driving technology poses a significant challenge owing to the diverse array of employed driving mechanisms and materials. Here, we classify several common soft actuation methods from the perspectives of the sources of motion in bio-inspired soft robots and their bio-inspired objects, effectively filling the classification system of soft robots, especially bio-inspired soft robots. Then, we summarize the driving principles and structures of various common driving methods from the perspective of bionics, and discuss the latest developments in the field of soft robot actuation from the perspective of driving modalities and methodologies. We then discuss the application directions of bio-inspired soft robots and the latest developments in each direction. Finally, after an in-depth review of various soft bio-inspired robot driving technologies in recent years, we summarize the issues and challenges encountered in the advancement of soft robot actuation technology.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":614,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bionic Engineering","volume":"22 2","pages":"419 - 457"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42235-025-00664-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143655212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"DFNet: A Differential Feature-Incorporated Residual Network for Image Recognition","authors":"Pengxing Cai, Yu Zhang, Houtian He, Zhenyu Lei, Shangce Gao","doi":"10.1007/s42235-025-00654-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42235-025-00654-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Residual neural network (ResNet) is a powerful neural network architecture that has proven to be excellent in extracting spatial and channel-wise information of images. ResNet employs a residual learning strategy that maps inputs directly to outputs, making it less difficult to optimize. In this paper, we incorporate differential information into the original residual block to improve the representative ability of the ResNet, allowing the modified network to capture more complex and metaphysical features. The proposed DFNet preserves the features after each convolutional operation in the residual block, and combines the feature maps of different levels of abstraction through the differential information. To verify the effectiveness of DFNet on image recognition, we select six distinct classification datasets. The experimental results show that our proposed DFNet has better performance and generalization ability than other state-of-the-art variants of ResNet in terms of classification accuracy and other statistical analysis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":614,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bionic Engineering","volume":"22 2","pages":"931 - 944"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143655414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Graphene Oxide Sponge with Gradient Porosity for Moisture-Electric Generator","authors":"Hongtao Liu, Yifan Han, Xiaolong Zhang, Yurong Zhang, Gang Li, Zhen Lin, Yifeng Lei, Daobing Chen, Longjian Xue","doi":"10.1007/s42235-024-00641-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42235-024-00641-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Moisture can be utilized as a tremendous source of electricity by emerging moisture-electric generator (MEG). The directional moving of water molecules, which can be driven by gradient of functional groups and water evaporation, is vital for the electricity generation. Here, MEG composed of Graphene Oxide (GO-MEG) with gradient channels is constructed by one-step ice-templating technique, achieving a voltage of 0.48 V and a current of ~ 5.64 µA under humid condition. The gradient channels introduce Laplace pressure difference to the absorbed water droplets and electric potential between two side of the GO-MEG, facilitating the charge flow. Output voltage can be easily enhanced by increasing the structural gradient, reducing the channel size, incorporation of chemical gradient, or scaling up the number of GO-MEG units in series. This work not only provides insight for the working mechanism of GO-MEG with structural gradient, which can be applied to other functional materials, but also establishes a convenient and ecofriendly strategy to construct and finely tune the structural gradient in porous materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":614,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bionic Engineering","volume":"22 2","pages":"783 - 792"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143655406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nen Wan, Junjie Cai, Lidong He, Jianping Li, Yili Hu, Jijie Ma, Kang Chen, Yingting Wang, Yigang Shen, Jianming Wen
{"title":"An Improved Bionic Piezoelectric Actuator for Eliminating the Backward Motion","authors":"Nen Wan, Junjie Cai, Lidong He, Jianping Li, Yili Hu, Jijie Ma, Kang Chen, Yingting Wang, Yigang Shen, Jianming Wen","doi":"10.1007/s42235-025-00652-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42235-025-00652-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Piezoelectric actuators are widely utilized in positioning systems to realize nano-scale resolution. However, the backward motion always generates for some piezoelectric actuators, which reduces the working efficiency. Bionic motions have already been employed in the field of piezoelectric actuators to realize better performance. By imitating the movement form of seals, seal type piezoelectric actuator is capable to realize large operating strokes easily. Nevertheless, the conventional seal type piezoelectric actuator has a complicated structure and control system, which limits further applications. Hence, an improved bionic piezoelectric actuator is proposed to realize a long motion stroke and eliminate backward movement with a simplified structure and control method in this study. The composition and motion principle of the designed actuator are discussed, and the performance is investigated with simulations and experiments. Results confirm that the presented actuator effectively realizes the linear movement that has a large working stroke stably without backward motion. The smallest stepping displacement Δ<i>L</i> is 0.2 μm under 1 Hz and 50 V. The largest motion speed is 900 μm/s with 900 Hz and 120 V. The largest vertical and horizontal load are 250 g and 12 g, respectively. This work shows that the improved bionic piezoelectric actuator is feasible for eliminating backward motion and has a great working ability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":614,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bionic Engineering","volume":"22 2","pages":"703 - 712"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143655403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design and Experimental Study of Special Elastic Leg Joint for Quadruped Robots","authors":"Zisen Hua, Chi Chen, Xuewen Rong, Yibin Li","doi":"10.1007/s42235-024-00640-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42235-024-00640-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, a novel passive flexible leg joint method is proposed with the aim of enhancing the impact buffering capability as well as reducing energy consumption. The innovative structure cleverly incorporates micro-plate springs, offering significant stiffness adjustment capabilities. To meet the stiffness requirements, the relationships between foot-ground contact force and the deformation force of the elastic component, as well as the influence of elastic component deformation and foot cushioning amplitude are comprehensively analyzed. With the aid of finite element optimization analysis, a single-leg experimental platform is designed, and the effectiveness and applicability of the novel structure are validated through experiments including unloaded free swinging, freely falling body motion and ground squats experiments. Comparative experiments results show the evident superiorities of the passive compliance joint.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":614,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bionic Engineering","volume":"22 2","pages":"642 - 653"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143655401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Changxin Liu, Runhe Chen, Peihan Huang, Guangyi Xing, Zhijie Hao, Haoxuan Che, Dazhi Zhang, Rongxin Zhang, Mingyu Lu
{"title":"High-Performance Bionic Tactile Sensing Method for Temperature and Pressure Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerator and Micro-Thermoelectric Generator","authors":"Changxin Liu, Runhe Chen, Peihan Huang, Guangyi Xing, Zhijie Hao, Haoxuan Che, Dazhi Zhang, Rongxin Zhang, Mingyu Lu","doi":"10.1007/s42235-025-00651-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42235-025-00651-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In intricate aquatic environments, enhancing the sensory performance of underwater actuators to ensure successful task execution is a significant challenge. To address this, a biomimetic tactile multimodal sensing approach is introduced in this study, based on TriboElectric NanoGenerator (TENG) and Micro-ThermoElectric Generator (MTEG). This method enables actuators to identify the material properties of underwater target objects and to sense grasping states, such as pressure and relative sliding. In this study, a multi-dimensional underwater bionic tactile perception theoretical model is established, and a bionic sensing prototype with a sandwich-type structure is designed. To verify the performance of pressure feedback and material perception, pertinent experiments are conducted. The experimental results reveal that within a pressure measurement range of 0–16 N, the detection error of the sensor is 1.81%, and the maximum pressure response accuracy achieves 2.672 V/N. The sensing response time of the sensor is 0.981 s. The recovery time of the sensor is 0.97 s. Furthermore, the exceptional fatigue resistance of the sensor is also demonstrated. Based on the frequency of the output voltage from the prototype, the sliding state of the target object relative to the actuator can be sensed. In terms of material identification, the temperature response accuracy of the sensor is 0.072 V/°C. With the assistance of machine learning methods, six characteristic materials are identified by the sensor under 7 N pressure, with a recognition accuracy of 92.4%. In complex marine environments, this method has great application potential in the field of underwater tactile perception.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":614,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bionic Engineering","volume":"22 2","pages":"739 - 754"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143655405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Digambar Puri, Pramod Kachare, Smith Khare, Ibrahim Al-Shourbaji, Abdoh Jabbari, Abdalla Alameen
{"title":"Hybrid Reptile-Snake Optimizer Based Channel Selection for Enhancing Alzheimer’s Disease Detection","authors":"Digambar Puri, Pramod Kachare, Smith Khare, Ibrahim Al-Shourbaji, Abdoh Jabbari, Abdalla Alameen","doi":"10.1007/s42235-024-00636-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42235-024-00636-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The global incidence of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is on a swift rise. The Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals is an effective tool for the identification of AD and its initial Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) stage using machine learning models. Analysis of AD using EEG involves multi-channel analysis. However, the use of multiple channels may impact the classification performance due to data redundancy and complexity. In this work, a hybrid EEG channel selection is proposed using a combination of Reptile Search Algorithm and Snake Optimizer (RSO) for AD and MCI detection based on decomposition methods. Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD), Low-Complexity Orthogonal Wavelet Filter Banks (LCOWFB), Variational Mode Decomposition, and discrete-wavelet transform decomposition techniques have been employed for subbands-based EEG analysis. We extracted thirty-four features from each subband of EEG signals. Finally, a hybrid RSO optimizer is compared with five individual metaheuristic algorithms for effective channel selection. The effectiveness of this model is assessed by two publicly accessible AD EEG datasets. An accuracy of <span>(99.22%)</span> was achieved for binary classification from RSO with EMD using 4 (out of 16) EEG channels. Moreover, the RSO with LCOWFBs obtained <span>(89.68%)</span> the average accuracy for three-class classification using 7 (out of 19) channels. The performance reveals that RSO performs better than individual Metaheuristic algorithms with <span>(60%)</span> fewer channels and improved accuracy of <span>(4%)</span> than existing AD detection techniques.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":614,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bionic Engineering","volume":"22 2","pages":"884 - 900"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143655407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bin Liu, Shikai Jin, Yuzhu Li, Zhuo Wang, Donglai Zhao, Wenjie Ge
{"title":"An Asynchronous Genetic Algorithm for Multi-agent Path Planning Inspired by Biomimicry","authors":"Bin Liu, Shikai Jin, Yuzhu Li, Zhuo Wang, Donglai Zhao, Wenjie Ge","doi":"10.1007/s42235-024-00637-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42235-024-00637-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To address the shortcomings of traditional Genetic Algorithm (GA) in multi-agent path planning, such as prolonged planning time, slow convergence, and solution instability, this paper proposes an Asynchronous Genetic Algorithm (AGA) to solve multi-agent path planning problems effectively. To enhance the real-time performance and computational efficiency of Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) in path planning, the AGA incorporates an Equal-Size Clustering Algorithm (ESCA) based on the K-means clustering method. The ESCA divides the primary task evenly into a series of subtasks, thereby reducing the gene length in the subsequent GA process. The algorithm then employs GA to solve each subtask sequentially. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, a simulation program was designed to perform path planning for 100 trajectories, and the results were compared with those of State-Of-The-Art (SOTA) methods. The simulation results demonstrate that, although the solutions provided by AGA are suboptimal, it exhibits significant advantages in terms of execution speed and solution stability compared to other algorithms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":614,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bionic Engineering","volume":"22 2","pages":"851 - 865"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143655408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xin Huang, Tiancheng Li, Kaixuan Sun, Meisong Yuan, Bo Yang
{"title":"A Directional Locomotion Control of Cyborg Locusts for Complex Outdoor Environments","authors":"Xin Huang, Tiancheng Li, Kaixuan Sun, Meisong Yuan, Bo Yang","doi":"10.1007/s42235-024-00639-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42235-024-00639-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The ability of cyborg locusts to achieve directional movement in complex outdoor environments is critical for search and rescue missions. Currently, there is a lack of research on motion control for cyborg locusts in outdoor settings. In this study, we developed cyborg locusts capable of performing directional locomotion in intricate outdoor environments, including jumping over obstacles, climbing slopes, traversing narrow pipelines, and accurately reaching predetermined targets along specified routes. We designed a miniature electrical backpack (10 mm × 10 mm, 0.75 g) capable of receiving stimulus parameters (frequency, duty ratio, and stimulation time) via Bluetooth commands from mobile phones. Electrical stimulation of locust sensory organs, such as the antennae and cercus, induced turning and jumping behaviors. Experimental testing of locust movement control was conducted under outdoor conditions with a short electrical stimulation interval. Results showed a positive correlation between locust turning angles and electrical stimulation parameters within a specified range, with an average jumping height exceeding 10 cm. Additionally, the success rate of locust turning and jumping behaviors correlated positively with the interval time between electrical stimulations. Adjusting these intervals during forward crawling phases increased the likelihood of the locusts jumping again. In conclusion, this study successfully achieved directional locomotion control of cyborg locusts outdoors, providing insights and references for advancing search and rescue capabilities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":614,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bionic Engineering","volume":"22 2","pages":"596 - 607"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143655402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haoyan Zhang, Jiaqi Wu, Jiarong Fan, Yang An, Xingze Jin, Da Cui, YiRu Yang
{"title":"A Review of Fall Coping Strategies for Humanoid Robots","authors":"Haoyan Zhang, Jiaqi Wu, Jiarong Fan, Yang An, Xingze Jin, Da Cui, YiRu Yang","doi":"10.1007/s42235-024-00643-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42235-024-00643-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Humanoid robots exhibit structures and movements akin to those of humans, enabling them to assist or substitute for humans in various operations without necessitating alterations to their typical environment and tools. Sustaining balance amidst disturbances constitutes a fundamental capability for humanoid robots. Consequently, adopting efficacious strategies to manage instability and mitigate injuries resulting from falls assumes paramount importance in advancing the widespread adoption of humanoid robotics. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the ongoing development of strategies for coping with falls in humanoid robots. It systematically reviews and discusses three critical facets: fall state detection, preventive actions against falls, and post-fall protection measures. The paper undertakes a thorough classification of existing coping methodologies across different stages of falls, analyzes the merits and drawbacks of each approach, and outlines the evolving trajectory of solutions for addressing fall-related challenges across distinct stages. Finally, the paper provides a succinct summary and future prospects for the current fall coping strategies tailored for humanoid robots.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":614,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bionic Engineering","volume":"22 2","pages":"480 - 512"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143655404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}