Journal of Bionic Engineering最新文献

{"title":"A Fuzzy Variable Admittance Control Strategy Based on Bilateral Motion Intention for Upper Limb Rehabilitation Exoskeleton","authors":"Peimin Xie,&nbsp;Zeyu Lin,&nbsp;Longhan Xie","doi":"10.1007/s42235-026-00875-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42235-026-00875-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bilateral robotic training offers a promising solution for upper-limb motor recovery; however, conventional Mirror Therapy (MT) systems typically provide fixed assistance and rely solely on the motion of the unimpaired limb. This paper presents a bilateral intention-driven control strategy for an upper-limb rehabilitation exoskeleton that fuses motor intentions from both the healthy and affected arms. By integrating inertial signals, surface Electromyography (sEMG), and interaction torque, the system employs a fuzzy variable admittance controller combined with sliding mode control to generate adaptive assistive torque that reflects the user’s physical engagement. Experiments involving 4 healthy participants and 11 post-stroke patients were conducted under three control conditions: no interlimb coupling, fixed admittance, and variable admittance. Compared to fixed-parameter control, the proposed variable admittance strategy improved bilateral coordination by 18.6%, reduced interlimb motion lag from 1.19 s to 0.54 s, enhanced intention consistency by 18.33%, and increased average interaction torque by 23.13%. These results demonstrate that combining bilateral intention fusion with adaptive admittance control can significantly enhance movement synchronization and voluntary engagement, offering a promising control paradigm to enhance patient engagement and motion coordination for rehabilitation robotics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":614,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bionic Engineering","volume":"23 3","pages":"1551 - 1570"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42235-026-00875-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148196277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Optimized Multiclass Support Vector Machine for Recognizing EEG Signals based on a Lower-Limb Exoskeleton","authors":"Kamel K. Mohammed,&nbsp;Heba M. Afify,&nbsp;Aboul Ella Hassanien","doi":"10.1007/s42235-026-00869-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42235-026-00869-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The lower-limb prosthesis is used to assist patients with dysfunction of motor dysfunction or aging through Brain-Machine Interface (BMI) based on Electroencephalography (EEG) signals to control cognitive tasks. This paper presents a remarkable model to improve the estimation of the EEG signal and further help improve the control performance for the lower-limb prosthesis, and then improve the rehabilitation. It is based on an optimized Multiclass Support Vector Machine (MSVM) using Snake Optimizer (SO) to get the best possible parameter tuning for classifying different cognitive tasks to control of lower-limb exoskeleton. A public EEG dataset for a lower-limb exoskeleton using Motor Imagery (<i>MI</i>) during the control of the prosthesis and attention to gait (<i>Att</i>) on two surfaces, including flat (Experience) and non-flat (Slopes), has been used as benchmark data sets for this work. The results of the proposed model revealed the superiority of this technique in accuracy, compared with two optimization methods, including Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). By comparing the outcomes of SO-MSVM with state of the arts, it achieved an accuracy of more than 85% for <i>MI</i> and <i>Att</i> metric, demonstrating intriguing results for solving the rehabilitation challenge. The devised technique could help people with neurological conditions who have trouble using manual controls.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":614,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bionic Engineering","volume":"23 3","pages":"1605 - 1620"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42235-026-00869-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148196333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Worm-like Robot Combining Artificial Skin and Mechanical Skeleton for Locomotion in Various Environments","authors":"Yu Liu,&nbsp;Yokky Tee,&nbsp;Yuncong Huang","doi":"10.1007/s42235-026-00872-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42235-026-00872-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Limbless creatures such as snakes and worms can effectively move in various environments such as narrow spaces, ruins, rugged terrain, soft or muddy ground, and so on, becoming the imitation targets for biomimetic robots. However, existing worm-like robots mainly move in pipes or on a hard plane, and their adaptability to environments is still limited. This paper presents a new design and prototype of a worm-like robot that can crawl in various environments. The robot consists of a soft skin and a metameric skeleton. The skin has biomimetic setae that assist in movement, and integrates ripple and folding structures to achieve tight wrapping of the skeleton and low resistance adaptation to the large deformation of robot peristalsis. The skeleton is constructed based on a novel telescopic module that mimics the deformations of the earthworm segments through a space symmetric parallel coupled gear linkage mechanism. A kinematic analysis of the telescopic module provides the quantitative relationship between the input torque and output forces of the telescopic module to ensure necessary output forces for the robot crawling. Three gait modes of a prototype robot with four telescopic modules are introduced based on the concept of anchoring segments. A kinematic analysis method for the worm robot under different gait modes is provided. The slip rate to evaluate the efficiency of robot crawling has been defined. Experimental results indicate that the prototype robot can crawl more efficiently with more anchoring segments in various environments such as pipes, sand, water, and so on.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":614,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bionic Engineering","volume":"23 3","pages":"1413 - 1432"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148196364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-inspired Dual-mode Capacitive Displacement Sensor with Large Range, High Linearity, and Low Hysteresis for Wearable and Underwater Applications","authors":"Peng Zhu,&nbsp;Yuechun Ding,&nbsp;Yunduo Yi,&nbsp;RuiJuan Du,&nbsp;Ze Wang,&nbsp;Bo Li,&nbsp;Shichao Niu,&nbsp;Junqiu Zhang,&nbsp;Zhiwu Han,&nbsp;Luquan Ren","doi":"10.1007/s42235-026-00873-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42235-026-00873-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Displacement sensors with large measurement ranges, high linearity and low hysteresis are crucial for wearable devices, underwater environments and precision numerical control machines. However, due to the limitations of design principles, traditional displacement sensors find it difficult to achieve these characteristics simultaneously. This work presents a capacitive displacement sensor with a variable-angle plate. Moreover, the sensor exploits edge capacitance to extend the linearity interval. The sensor provides a measurement range of 10 mm with a resolution of 30 <span>({upmu})</span>m in contact sensing, a linearity exceeding 0.9967, and a response time of less than 30 ms. Additionally, the sensor possesses non-contact sensing capabilities, enabling it to detect the approach and departure of objects such as hands. This dual-mode displacement sensing design strategy exhibits significant application potential in wearable devices, underwater activities, and the safe production of mechanical workshops.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":614,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bionic Engineering","volume":"23 3","pages":"1621 - 1632"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148196370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aeroelasticity of Insect-inspired Flapping Wings with Anisotropic Rigidity","authors":"Carlos García-Baena,&nbsp;Romeo Antier,&nbsp;Cándido Gutiérrez-Montes,&nbsp;José Ignacio Jiménez-González,&nbsp;Benjamin Thiria,&nbsp;Ramiro Godoy-Diana","doi":"10.1007/s42235-026-00882-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42235-026-00882-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We study the link between wing deformation and aerodynamic force production of an insect-inspired two-vein flexible flapping wing. The three-dimensional deformation of the wing is monitored during experiments, while the instantaneous aerodynamic forces are simultaneously recorded using a force balance. We demonstrate that the optimal wing stiffness distribution, controlled by the angle between the two veins, results from a subtle passive control of the phase lag between the leading and trailing edges. Specifically, we identify an optimal inter-vein angle <span>(beta )</span> in the range of 15–20 degrees, which maximizes the thrust coefficient <span>(langle C_T rangle )</span> by enabling a phase lag of approximately <span>(pi /2)</span> between leading and trailing edge kinematics. This optimal deformation timing enhances wing curvature during peak flapping velocity, thereby improving aerodynamic efficiency. A complementary modal analysis provides a structural interpretation of the observed deformation dynamics and clarifies the role of stiffness anisotropy. Our findings indicate that insects may exploit passive structural properties to optimize flight performance without active control, highlighting the importance of venation patterns in governing aerodynamic effectiveness.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":614,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bionic Engineering","volume":"23 3","pages":"1464 - 1475"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42235-026-00882-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148196249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Durian-Shell-Inspired Biostructures for Energy Absorption and Impact Protection","authors":"Bin Xu,&nbsp;Wenjun Bai","doi":"10.1007/s42235-026-00881-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42235-026-00881-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study presents a novel bionic thin-walled tube with a complex cross-section (BS), inspired by the protective thorns of the durian fruit, to enhance crashworthiness and impact protection. The spiky durian shell dissipates impact energy and shields non-impact regions, motivating the biomimetic design. Quasi-static compression tests demonstrate that BS5 achieves a 9% higher Specific Energy Absorption (SEA) than Sinusoidal corrugated tubes (SIN) and 22% higher than Double Corrugated Tapered tubes (DT). The three BS configurations also exhibit 31–60% higher Crushing Force Efficiency (CFE) while reducing Undulation of Load-carrying Capacity (ULC) by 26–74%, resulting in smoother force–displacement responses. Bulkheads provide no advantage in axial energy absorption; in fact, BS5 without bulkhead achieves a 33% higher SEA. Structures with polygonal mid-sections show lower imperfection sensitivity than square ones, and when the side length-to-thickness ratio is preserved, larger-scale structures retain stable absorption efficiency, indicating potential for protective applications such as shelters. By integrating two antiprism units, BS5 delivers 45% higher SEA, 71% higher CFE, and 35% lower ULC than a single antiprism tube. A calibrated linear elastic constitutive model accurately predicts crushing behavior under quasi-static loading. Unlike SIN and DT double-layer structures that collapse in thick-walled modes, deformation analysis reveals that double-layer BSs possess an optimal interlayer spacing to avoid such degeneration, exhibit a more complex plastic hinge evolution mechanism and higher energy absorption efficiency. Low-velocity drop-weight tests confirm superior impact resistance of BSs compared with SIN and DT, while high-velocity simulations reveal only a 21% increase in Initial Peak Crushing Force (IPCF) from 5 to 50 m/s, demonstrating robust dynamic performance. Overall, the durian-inspired BS tubes exhibit excellent crashworthiness and strong potential for advanced defense and engineering impact protection applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":614,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bionic Engineering","volume":"23 3","pages":"1697 - 1718"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148196335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Validation of a Bionic Variable Stiffness Semi-Active Ankle–Foot Prosthesis","authors":"Yongxin Ma,&nbsp;Wei Chen,&nbsp;Lei Ren,&nbsp;Hounan Song,&nbsp;Kunyang Wang,&nbsp;Zhihui Qian,&nbsp;Xu Wang,&nbsp;Yao Zhang,&nbsp;Guowu Wei,&nbsp;Luquan Ren","doi":"10.1007/s42235-026-00891-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42235-026-00891-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Energy Storage and Return (ESR) prosthetic feet are commonly used by individuals with tibial amputations, but their fixed stiffness cannot accommodate varying walking tasks and user preferences. In contrast, semi-active prostheses can adjust stiffness through control mechanisms, though their design still leaves room for improvement in biomimetic characteristics, mass, and dynamic response. In this paper, we present a bionic, variable-stiffness, semi-active ankle–foot prosthesis. Stiffness is adjusted before each ground contact by controlling the motor to alter the length of the moment arm from the ankle joint center to the point of force application, with a range of 1.78–7.01 N·m/°. Additionally, the device features a biomimetic footplate design based on the transverse arch of the human foot, which reduces weight (total weight: 933 g) while guaranteeing support capacity. The prosthesis can precisely identify the phase for stiffness adjustment and achieve the widest range of adjustment during this phase. A unilateral tibial amputee participated in a preliminary clinical test involving variable-speed walking, stairs, and ramps. Preliminary single-subject data suggest that, compared to the subject's previous fixed-stiffness prosthesis, the newly designed prosthesis increases the range of motion, peak power, and energy storage during level walking, while reducing the adduction moment on the sound limb's knee joint. These findings offer initial support for the prosthesis' potential to improve the biomechanics of walking and other activities, providing insights for the development of biomimetic design.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":614,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bionic Engineering","volume":"23 3","pages":"1514 - 1533"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148196332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electromyography-Based Force Estimation in Static and Dynamic Human–Robot Interaction","authors":"Nattawit Jullawat,&nbsp;Apidet Booranawong,&nbsp;Hiroshi Saito,&nbsp;Pornchai Phukpattaranont","doi":"10.1007/s42235-026-00871-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42235-026-00871-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents a force estimation system for the X and Y axes based on surface electromyography (sEMG) signals acquired from eight channels of the Myo armband. The ground truth forces were recorded using an ATI 6-axis force sensor in two degrees of freedom (2-DOF) setup. The proposed system aims to estimate both static directional forces (X+, X-, Y+, and Y-) and dynamic movements, providing a framework for muscle force analysis. A total of five regression models—Fine Tree (FT), Interaction Linear (IL), Medium Gaussian Support Vector Machine (MG-SVM), Exponential Gaussian Process Regression (Exponential GPR), and Wide Neural Network (WNN)—were evaluated across sixty-three case combinations derived from six features in time domain descriptors: Root Mean Square (RMS), Integrated EMG (IEMG), Waveform Length (WL), Zero Crossing (ZC), Variance (VAR), and Willison’s Amplitude (WAMP). This resulted in the assessment of 630 models for both the X and Y axes. The performance of each model was assessed using the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). Experimental results demonstrated that the Exponential GPR model achieved the highest accuracy in both axes when utilizing the RMS and IEMG feature combination, yielding an average RMSE of 1.0550 N. The WNN followed as the second-best model, with an RMSE of 1.2631 N using IEMG and VAR in both axes. In addition to predictive accuracy, model selection also considered computational aspects such as training time, model complexity, and inference speed. Among all candidates, the WNN offered the most balanced trade-off between accuracy and efficiency, highlighting its potential for real-time force estimation in human-robot interaction applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":614,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bionic Engineering","volume":"23 3","pages":"1496 - 1513"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148196259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of Bioinspired Hair Sensor Based on Scorpion Trichobothria for Airflow Vector Recognition","authors":"Meihe Liu,&nbsp;Miaolei Zhou,&nbsp;Tao Hou,&nbsp;Yun Liu,&nbsp;Yueqiao Wang,&nbsp;Fang Zhao,&nbsp;Yue Wang,&nbsp;Dakai Wang,&nbsp;Zhiwu Han,&nbsp;Yufeng Zhao","doi":"10.1007/s42235-026-00883-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42235-026-00883-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The airflow vector information is crucial for ensuring flight safety and flow field identification for the increasingly miniaturized drones. However, the measurement of the airflow velocity and direction on small-sized and compatible sensors is still challenging. Natural creatures, such as scorpions, use the trichobothria organ to resolve airflow vectors in a complicated airflow field. Inspired by this sensing capability, we investigate the elliptical-top and cylindrical-root structure of the trichobothria hair shaft. The elliptical top enlarges the deflection difference of the hair shaft between the airflow from sensitive and insensitive directions, which makes the hair shaft an airflow-vector sensor. To replicate this capability, a Bioinspired Elliptical-top and Cylindrical-root Hair sensor (BECH) is designed. The sensor exhibits sensitivities of 16.46 and 9 mV/m/s for the sensitive and insensitive directions, respectively, and detects the airflow velocity and direction with the resolution of 0.064 m/s and 5.08°. To accomplish the recognition of airflow vector, a BECH array was constructed. Based on a Back Propagation Neural Network (BP-NN), the airflow vector is accurately detected with Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 0.00186 and 3.149 for the velocity and direction, respectively. The proposed BECH, inspired by scorpions, provides a new concept for the design of hair-like sensors aiming to decouple airflow vectors.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":614,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bionic Engineering","volume":"23 3","pages":"1650 - 1661"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148196365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphology-driven Impact Resistance Mechanism of Desert Scorpion Tergum and Performance Validation of Biomimetic Ballistic Protector","authors":"Xiaojing Qin,&nbsp;Junqiu Zhang,&nbsp;Tao Sun,&nbsp;Jiachao Wu,&nbsp;Binjie Zhang,&nbsp;Xiancun Meng,&nbsp;Bo Li,&nbsp;Yujiao Li,&nbsp;Yuhan Sun,&nbsp;Xingkai Huang,&nbsp;Yu Chen,&nbsp;Wenqi Xu,&nbsp;Xiangbo Gu,&nbsp;Qigang Han,&nbsp;Zhiwu Han,&nbsp;Luquan Ren","doi":"10.1007/s42235-026-00868-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42235-026-00868-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Modern ballistic protection equipment demands a critical balance between high impact resistance and lightweight, a challenge unresolved by conventional approaches. Biological systems achieve such synergy through evolutionarily optimized structures, offering promising biomimetic solutions, yet a limited understanding of impact-resistance mechanisms hinders their full potential. This study employed a multi-technique approach combining ultra-depth-of-field microscopy, SEM, EDS, FTIR, nanoindentation, and impact testing to investigate the convex hull of <i>Lq</i> (desert scorpion) tergum and the locally thickened regions at the hulls relative to the inter-hull gaps. Convex hulls deflect and disperse impact loads, while local thickening guides cracks and dissipates energy, balances impact resistance, and lightweighting. <i>Hp</i> tergum (rainforest scorpion) served as a control, confirming this convex hull–local thickening dual mechanism as a key adaptation of desert scorpions to particle impacts. Finite element models of the central (BM₁) and lateral (BM₂) convex hull arrangements were subjected to particle impacts. The lateral (BM₂) configuration exhibited superior stress regulation and damage mitigation. Guided by this lateral prototype, bio-inspired ceramic-fiber protectors were designed and fabricated. Ballistic tests (7.62 mm armor-piercing incendiary projectiles, 800–815 m/s) showed a 24.9% reduction in BFS compared with conventional flat composites of equal areal density, lowering potential human impact. Its impact-resistance mechanism, which involves projectile deflection combined with stress homogenization and crack guidance, closely replicates the desert scorpion tergum’s biological mechanism. This work provides a mechanism-driven design paradigm for lightweight composite armor.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":614,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bionic Engineering","volume":"23 3","pages":"1719 - 1735"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148196278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}