Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Emission inventory of anthropogenic air pollutant sources and characteristics of VOCs species in Sichuan Province, China","authors":"Zihang Zhou,&nbsp;Qinwen Tan,&nbsp;Ye Deng,&nbsp;Keying Wu,&nbsp;Xinyue Yang,&nbsp;Xiaoling Zhou","doi":"10.1007/s10874-019-9386-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-019-9386-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The purpose of this paper is to develop an emission inventory of anthropogenic air pollutants and VOCs species in Sichuan Province. Based on the anthropogenic source activity data collected in different cities of Sichuan Province and the selected emission factors, the 1?km?×?1?km gridded atmospheric air pollutant emission inventory of 2015 was developed in the “bottom-up” and “top-down” approaches with the GIS technology. The results showed that the emissions of SO₂, NO_X, CO, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, BC, OC, VOCs and NH₃ from anthropogenic sources in Sichuan Province were 444.9 kt, 820.0 kt, 3773.1 kt, 1371.6 kt, 537.5 kt, 28.7 kt, 53.1 kt, 923.6 kt and 988.0 kt, respectively. Power plants and other industrial combustion boilers contributed more than 95% of SO₂ emission. Transportation, fossil fuel burning and industrial process contributed 54%, 23% and 20% of NOx emission respectively. Industrial process dominated by steel production and building material manufacturing contributed 20% of PM₁₀ emission and 34% of PM_2.5 emission. Fugitive dust dominated by road fugitive dust contributed 60% of PM₁₀ emission and 35% of PM_2.5 emission respectively. Biomass burning contributed 33% of BC emission and 51% of OC emission respectively. Solvent use of mechanical processing, building decoration, electronic equipment manufacturing, printing and furniture industry contributed 46% of VOCs emission. NH₃ mainly came from the emission of agricultural sectors, such as livestock breeding and N-fertilizer application, which contributed 70% and 25% of NH₃ emission respectively. The percentage of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, OVOCs, halohydrocarbons and other VOCs in the total VOCs emission were 17%, 9%, 2%, 23%, 22%, 4% and 23%, respectively. Ethene, m-xylene, toluene, propene, formaldehyde, o-xylene, 1, 2, 4-trimethyl benzene, 1-butene, p-xylene and ethyl benzene were the most critical chemical species for the formation of ozone pollution in Sichuan Province contributing 50% of the total OFP. Various air pollutants and OFP were mainly distributed in places with the densest population and well-developed agriculture and industry in Sichuan Basin and some areas of Panzhihua. The Chengdu Plain urban agglomerations, represented by Chengdu, Deyang and Mianyang, were the main areas with concentrated pollutant emissions in Sichuan Basin.</p>","PeriodicalId":611,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry","volume":"76 1","pages":"21 - 58"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10874-019-9386-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5175639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of long-term regional air mass patterns on nutrient precipitation chemistry and nutrient deposition within a United States grassland ecosystem","authors":"Matt T. Trentman","doi":"10.1007/s10874-018-9384-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-018-9384-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Changes in the frequency of precipitation as a result of a changing climate, as well as anthropogenic induced deposition of nitrogen (N), both have the potential to alter grassland productivity and diversity. Central U.S. weather patterns are dominated by three major air mass trajectories including regional sources from the Gulf of Mexico (marine tropical, Mt), the Pacific Northwest (mild pacific, mP), and the Desert Southwest (continental tropical, Ct). In this work, the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model was used to determine trends in the proportion of precipitation events from these air mass sources from 1983 to 2006 relative to Konza Prairie Biological Station (KPBS), KS. The annual volume-weighted mean (VWM) concentrations and wet deposition of a variety of precipitation dissolved solutes were linked to source regions north or south of KPBS. The proportion of precipitation events from Mt significantly increased, while the proportion of events from Ct and mP decreased significantly over the study period. The annual VWM concentrations of most solutes were typically higher from precipitation sourced to the north of KPBS. However, wet deposition of four ecologically relevant solutes (NH₄⁺, NO₃^?, H⁺_, and SO₄^?2) was higher from events from the southern region, likely due to higher precipitation amounts. The proportion of reduced N increased significantly over the study period but was not affected by source region despite the higher use of fertilizers for agriculture in the northern source region. Given the location of this site relative to three dominant air mass paths, future shifts in these patterns will likely impact wet nutrient deposition.</p>","PeriodicalId":611,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry","volume":"75 4","pages":"399 - 410"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10874-018-9384-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4451236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: Trace ambient levels of particulate mercury and its sources at a rural site near Delhi","authors":"Anita Kumari,&nbsp;Umesh Kulshrestha","doi":"10.1007/s10874-018-9383-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-018-9383-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":611,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry","volume":"75 4","pages":"357 - 357"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10874-018-9383-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4115044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of solubility limitation on hygroscopic growth and cloud drop activation of SOA particles produced from traffic exhausts","authors":"C. Wittbom,&nbsp;A. C. Eriksson,&nbsp;J. Rissler,&nbsp;P. Roldin,&nbsp;E. Z. Nordin,&nbsp;S. Sjogren,&nbsp;P. T. Nilsson,&nbsp;E. Swietlicki,&nbsp;J. Pagels,&nbsp;B. Svenningsson","doi":"10.1007/s10874-018-9380-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-018-9380-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hygroscopicity measurements of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles often show inconsistent results between the supersaturated and subsaturated regimes, with higher activity as cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) than indicated by hygroscopic growth. In this study, we have investigated the discrepancy between the two regimes in the Lund University (LU) smog chamber. Various anthropogenic SOA were produced from mixtures of different precursors: anthropogenic light aromatic precursors (toluene and <i>m</i>-xylene), exhaust from a diesel passenger vehicle spiked with the light aromatic precursors, and exhaust from two different gasoline-powered passenger vehicles. Three types of seed particles were used: soot aggregates from a diesel vehicle, soot aggregates from a flame soot generator and ammonium sulphate (AS) particles. The hygroscopicity of seed particles with condensed, photochemically produced, anthropogenic SOA was investigated with respect to critical supersaturation (<i>s</i>_<i>c</i>) and hygroscopic growth factor (<i>gf</i>) at 90% relative humidity. The hygroscopicity parameter <i>κ</i> was calculated for the two regimes: <i>κ</i>_<i>sc</i> and <i>κ</i>_<i>gf</i>, from measurements of <i>s</i>_<i>c</i> and <i>gf</i>, respectively. The two <i>κ</i> showed significant discrepancies, with a <i>κ</i>_<i>gf</i> /<i>κ</i>_<i>sc</i> ratio closest to one for the gasoline experiments with ammonium sulphate seed and lower for the soot seed experiments. Empirical observations of <i>s</i>_<i>c</i> and <i>gf</i> were compared to theoretical predictions, using modified K?hler theory where water solubility limitations were taken into account. The results indicate that the inconsistency between measurements in the subsaturated and supersaturated regimes may be explained by part of the organic material in the particles produced from anthropogenic precursors having a limited solubility in water.</p>","PeriodicalId":611,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry","volume":"75 4","pages":"359 - 383"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10874-018-9380-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4911812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atmospheric abundance of HULIS during wintertime in Indo-Gangetic Plain: impact of biomass burning emissions","authors":"Varun Kumar,&nbsp;Prashant Rajput,&nbsp;Anubha Goel","doi":"10.1007/s10874-018-9381-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-018-9381-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study reports for the first-time the ambient concentrations of HULIS mass (HULIS-OM, Humic-like substances) and HULIS-C (carbon) in PM₁₀ (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter?≤?10?μm) from the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP at Kanpur, wintertime). HULIS extraction followed by purification and isolation protocol with methanol: acetonitrile (1:1?<i>v</i>/v) on HLB (Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balanced) cartridge has been established. Quantification of HULIS-C was achieved on a total organic carbon (TOC) analyser whereas HULIS-OM was determined gravimetrically. Consistently high recovery (&gt; 90%) of HULIS-C based on analysis of Humic standard (sodium salt of Humic acid) suggested suitability of our established analytical protocol involving solvent extraction, purification and accurate quantification of HULIS. HULIS-OM varied from 17.3–38?μg?m^?3 during daytime and from 19.8–40.6?μg?m^?3 during night in this study. During daytime the HULIS-OM constituted 20–30% mass fraction of OM_Total and 10–15% of PM₁₀ mass. However, a relatively low contribution of HULIS-OM has been observed during the night. This observation has been attributed to higher concentrations of OM and PM₁₀ in night owing to nighttime chemical reactivity and condensation of organics in conjunction with shallower planetary boundary layer height. Strong correlation of HULIS-C with K⁺_BB (R²?&gt;?0.80) and significant day-night variability of HULIS-C/WSOC ratio in conjunction with air-mass back trajectories (showing transport of pollutants from upwind IGP) suggest biomass burning emission and secondary transformations as important sources of HULIS over IGP. High-loading of atmospheric PM₁₀ (as high as 440?μg?m^?3) with significant contribution of water-soluble organic aerosols (WSOC/OC: ~ 0.40–0.80) during wintertime highlights their plausible potential role in fog and haze formation and their impact on regional-scale atmospheric radiative forcing over the IGP.</p>","PeriodicalId":611,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry","volume":"75 4","pages":"385 - 398"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10874-018-9381-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4699208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biogenic hydrogen sulphide emissions and non-sea sulfate aerosols over the Indian Sundarban mangrove forest","authors":"D. Ganguly,&nbsp;R. Ray,&nbsp;N. Majumdar,&nbsp;C. Chowdhury,&nbsp;T. K. Jana","doi":"10.1007/s10874-018-9382-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-018-9382-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Temporal variations in atmospheric hydrogen sulphide concentrations and its biosphere-atmosphere exchanges were studied in the World’s largest mangrove ecosystem, Sundarbans, India. The results were used to understand the possible contribution of H₂S fluxes in the formation of atmospheric aerosol of different size classes (e.g. accumulation, nucleation and coarse mode). The mixing ratio of hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) over the Sundarban mangrove atmosphere was found maximum during the post-monsoon season (October to January) with a mean value of 0.59?±?0.02?ppb and the minimum during pre-monsoon (February to May) with a mean value of 0.26?±?0.01?ppb. This forest acted as a perennial source of H₂S and the sediment-air emission flux ranged between 1213?±?276?μg?S?m^?2 d^?1(December) and 457?±?114?μg?S?m^?2 d^?1 (August) with an annual mean of 768?±?240?μg?S?m^?2d^?1. The total annual emissions of H₂S from the Indian Sundarban were estimated to be 1.2?±?0.6 Tg S. The accumulation mode of aerosols was found to be more enriched with non-sea salt sulfate with an average loading of 5.74?μg?m^?3 followed by the coarse mode (5.18?μg?m^?3) and nucleation mode (1.18?μg?m^?3). However, the relative contribution of Non-sea salt sulfate aerosol to total sulfate aerosol was highest in the nucleation mode (83%) followed by the accumulation (73%) and coarse mode (58%). Significant positive relations between H₂S flux and different modes of NSS indicated the likely link between H₂S, a dominant precursor for the non-sea salt sulfate, and non-sea sulfate aerosol particles. An increase in H₂S emissions from the mangrove could result in an increase in enhanced NSS in aerosol and associated cloud albedo, and a decrease in the amount of incoming solar radiation reaching the Sundarban mangrove forest.</p>","PeriodicalId":611,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry","volume":"75 3","pages":"319 - 333"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10874-018-9382-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4434171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal and annual trends of carbonaceous species of PM10 over a megacity Delhi, India during 2010–2017","authors":"S. K. Sharma,&nbsp;T. K. Mandal,&nbsp;A. Sharma,&nbsp; Saraswati,&nbsp;Srishti Jain","doi":"10.1007/s10874-018-9379-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-018-9379-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>PM₁₀ samples were collected to characterize the seasonal and annual trends of carbonaceous content in?PM₁₀ at an urban site of megacity Delhi, India from January 2010 to December 2017. Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations were quantified by thermal-optical transmission (TOT) method of PM₁₀ samples collected at Delhi. The average concentrations of PM₁₀, OC, EC and TCA (total carbonaceous aerosol) were 222?±?87 (range: 48.2–583.8?μg?m^?3), 25.6?±?14.0 (range: 4.2–82.5?μg?m^?3), 8.7?±?5.8 (range: 0.8–35.6?μg?m^?3) and 54.7?±?30.6?μg?m^?3 (range: 8.4–175.2?μg?m^?3), respectively during entire sampling period. The average secondary organic carbon (SOC) concentration ranged from 2.5–9.1 μg?m^?3 in PM₁₀, accounting from 14 to 28% of total OC mass concentration of PM₁₀. Significant seasonal variations were recorded in concentrations of PM₁₀, OC, EC and TCA with maxima during winter and minima during monsoon seasons. In the present study, the positive linear trend between OC and EC were recorded during winter (<i>R</i>^<i>2</i>?=?0.53), summer (<i>R</i>^<i>2</i>?=?0.59) and monsoon (<i>R</i>^<i>2</i>?=?0.78) seasons. This behaviour suggests the contribution of similar sources and common atmospheric processes in both the fractions. OC/EC weight?ratio suggested that vehicular emissions, fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning could be the major sources of carbonaceous aerosols of PM₁₀ at the megacity Delhi, India. Trajectory analysis indicates that the air mass approches to the sampling site is mainly from Indo Gangetic plain (IGP) region (Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab etc.), Thar desert, Afghanistan, Pakistan and surrounding areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":611,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry","volume":"75 3","pages":"305 - 318"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10874-018-9379-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4274503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Size-resolved characteristics of inorganic ionic species in atmospheric aerosols at a regional background site on the South African Highveld","authors":"Andrew D. Venter,&nbsp;Pieter G. van Zyl,&nbsp;Johan P. Beukes,&nbsp;Jan-Stefan Swartz,&nbsp;Miroslav Josipovic,&nbsp;Ville Vakkari,&nbsp;Lauri Laakso,&nbsp;Markku Kulmala","doi":"10.1007/s10874-018-9378-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-018-9378-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Aerosols consist of organic and inorganic species, and the composition and concentration of these species depends on their sources, chemical transformation and sinks. In this study an assessment of major inorganic ions determined in three aerosol particle size ranges collected for 1?year at Welgegund in South Africa was conducted. SO₄^2? and ammonium (NH₄⁺) dominated the PM₁ size fraction, while SO₄^2? and nitrate (NO₃) dominated the PM_1–2.5 and PM_2.5–10 size fractions. SO₄^2? had the highest contribution in the two smaller size fractions, while NO₃^? had the highest contribution in the PM_2.5–10 size fraction. SO₄^2? and NO₃^? levels were attributed to the impacts of aged air masses passing over major anthropogenic source regions. Comparison of inorganic ion concentrations to levels thereof within a source region influencing Welgegund, indicated higher levels of most species within the source region. However, the comparative ratio of SO₄^2? was significantly lower due to SO₄^2? being formed distant from SO₂ emissions and submicron SO₄^2? having longer atmospheric residencies. The PM at Welgegund was determined to be acidic, mainly due to high concentrations of SO₄^2?. PM₁ and PM_1–2.5 fractions revealed a seasonal pattern, with higher inorganic ion concentrations measured from May to September. Higher concentrations were attributed to decreased wet removal, more pronounced inversion layers trapping pollutants, and increases in household combustion and wild fires during winter. Back trajectory analysis also revealed higher concentrations of inorganic ionic species corresponding to air mass movements over anthropogenic source regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":611,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry","volume":"75 3","pages":"285 - 304"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10874-018-9378-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4953856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trace ambient levels of particulate mercury and its sources at a rural site near Delhi","authors":"Anita Kumari,&nbsp;Umesh Kulshrestha","doi":"10.1007/s10874-018-9377-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-018-9377-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Atmospheric particle-bound mercury levels were measured in PM₁₀ aerosols (HgP) at a rural site (Mahasar, Haryana) during winter 2014–15 and summer 2015. The PM₁₀ HgP was determined by?using Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry through standard addition methods while the trace metals were determined by using an Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The mass concentrations of HgP varied from 591 to 1533?pg/m³ with an average of 1009?±?306?pg/m³ during the winter, while the mass concentrations of HgP varied from 43 to 826?pg/m³ with an average of 320?±?228?pg/m³ during the summer. However, it is difficult to assess whether these levels are harmful or not because there is no standard value available as National Ambient Air Quality Standard. The higher concentrations of HgP during winters were possibly due to favourable local meteorological conditions for the stagnation of particulate matter in the lower atmosphere and the increased emissions from existing natural or anthropogenic sources, regional sources and long-range transportation. Relatively low concentrations of HgP during summer might be due to increased mixing heights as well as scavenging effect because some light to heavy rain events were observed during summer time sampling. However, among other metals determined, the concentration of HgP was the lowest during both the seasons. The study may be useful in assessing the health impacts of PM₁₀ HgP and other metals.</p>","PeriodicalId":611,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry","volume":"75 4","pages":"335 - 355"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10874-018-9377-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4937306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive study on the surface chemistry of particulate matter collected from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","authors":"Asim Jilani,&nbsp;Syed Zajif Hussain,&nbsp;Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman,&nbsp;Usama Zulfiqar,&nbsp;Muhammad Bilal Shakoor,&nbsp;Imran Ullah Khan,&nbsp;Javed Iqbal,&nbsp;Attieh A. Al-Ghamdi,&nbsp;Ahmed Alshahrie","doi":"10.1007/s10874-018-9376-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-018-9376-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this work, the X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) technique is utilized to analyze the surface chemical composition of particulate matter (PM) which was collected from various locations at Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The main elements found on the surface of PM are carbon (C), oxygen (O) and silicon (Si) with combined percentage of 89.4–94.9 while traces of nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), aluminum (Al), sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl), manganese (Mg), and sulfur (S) were also present. The analyzed XPS chemical state of C, O and Si was further used to determine their bonding with other elements occurring over the surface of PM. Carbon was found in the form of carbides (18.86%), fluorides (2.39%) and carbonates (78.75%); oxygen was observed as oxides (21.05%) and hydroxides (73.42%) of other metals; and silicon was detected as silicones (12.16%), nitrides (82.53%) and silicates (5.25%). The particle size of a PM is also of great concern for health issues, and thus has been investigated by the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). The Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) was employed for cross verification of detected elements by XPS.</p>","PeriodicalId":611,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry","volume":"75 3","pages":"271 - 283"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10874-018-9376-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4253641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}