{"title":"Self-Transformation of 2D SnSe Nanosheets into SnO2/Se Nanocomposites for Efficient Photodetection.","authors":"Feng Li,Yule Zhang,Xiaoqing Cai,Qifang Yin,Zuoqi Zhang,Bing Wang,Han Zhang,Wenwen Chen","doi":"10.1021/acsami.5c05620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c05620","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid development of liquid exfoliation technology has boosted fundamental research and applications of ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) materials. However, the small-sized exfoliated 2D materials with a high specific surface area may exhibit poor chemical stability. Understanding the stability of 2D crystals will be significant for their preservation and service and for the development of new stable phases via the spontaneous transition from unstable structures. Here, we synthesized SnSe/SnO2/Se and SnO2/Se nanocomposites (NCPs) via an ingenious self-transformation process of 2D SnSe slowly reacting with OH- ions in water. The structure, carrier dynamics, and photodetection performances of the SnSe/SnO2/Se and SnO2/Se NCPs were thoroughly investigated. Owing to the favorable band alignment, fast recombination time, and excellent electron-transport layer of SnO2, the SnO2/Se NCPs exhibited superior photoresponse performance (400 times that of pure SnSe nanosheets). Our findings provide a new basis for the study of the stability of low-dimensional materials in water and will allow the development of water-based applications such as high-performance photoelectrochemical photodetectors, catalysts, and energy-storage devices.","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145008763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Natchapat Kearwan,Nadtinan Promphet,Nadnudda Rodthongkum,Voravee P Hoven,Benjaporn Narupai
{"title":"3D-Printed Flexible Conductive Hydrogel as a Wearable Platform for Dual Functions of Strain and Colorimetric Lactate Sensors.","authors":"Natchapat Kearwan,Nadtinan Promphet,Nadnudda Rodthongkum,Voravee P Hoven,Benjaporn Narupai","doi":"10.1021/acsami.5c10251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c10251","url":null,"abstract":"Strain sensors have received considerable attention in personal healthcare due to their ability to monitor real-time human movement. However, the lack of chemical sensing capabilities in existing strain sensors limits their utility for continuous biometric monitoring. Although the development of dual wearable sensors capable of simultaneously monitoring human motion and biometric data presents significant challenges, the ability to fabricate these sensors with geometries tailored to individual users is highly desirable. Herein, we report three-dimensional (3D)-printed flexible conductive hydrogels designed to serve dual functions as both strain and colorimetric sensors for sweat lactate detection. Poly(ethylene glycol)-bisurethane methacrylate with varying molecular weights was synthesized and utilized as a cross-linker in photopolymerizable resins. These resins were employed to fabricate various 3D complex architectures via a liquid crystal display 3D printer, resulting in hydrogels with remarkable mechanical properties, including excellent stretchability, toughness, elastic recovery, and fatigue resistance. Postfabrication treatment with NaOH enhances the ionic conductivity of the hydrogel, enabling its use as a strain sensor capable of detecting compression, bending, and stretching through real-time resistance changes. In addition, a lactate assay was immobilized onto the hydrogel, allowing it to function as a colorimetric sensor for sweat lactate with a detection range of 0 to 25 mM, encompassing the physiological threshold associated with muscle fatigue. These dual-function sensors facilitate comprehensive, real-time monitoring of both human physiological activities and lactate levels within a single device, highlighting their potential for the on-demand fabrication of customizable smart health-monitoring systems.","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145008921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Progress and Future Challenges in Bionic Drag Reduction Research Inspired by Fish Skin Properties.","authors":"Jinming Kou,Yunqing Gu,Yun Ren,Denghao Wu,Zhenxing Wu,Jiegang Mou","doi":"10.1021/acsami.5c12308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c12308","url":null,"abstract":"During the long course of evolution, fish have developed complex skin structures to adapt to the dynamic aquatic environment. These skin features not only reflect optimal adaptation to the aquatic environment but also play a key role in effectively reducing fluid drag and improving swimming efficiency, to reveal the intrinsic connection between the complex skin structure of fish and drag reduction performance and to provide new design ideas for the drag reduction surface of underwater vehicles. Based on the different drag reduction characteristics of fish skin structures, this paper divides existing biomimetic drag reduction technologies into three categories: riblet drag reduction, flexible drag reduction, and composite drag reduction. In terms of biomimetic riblet drag reduction, the drag reduction characteristics of shark skin and its biomimetic application were analyzed and the drag reduction mechanism of riblet structures affecting flow characteristics was revealed. Focusing on the flexible skin of dolphins, which differs from the rigid riblet structure of sharks, we further analyzed the role of flexible skin in reducing drag and maintaining high-speed movement. The different effects of flexible skin and riblet skin on flow characteristics were compared, and the mechanism and effect of flexible drag reduction were revealed. In addition, the mechanism of the synergistic effect of composite factors on flow characteristics and drag reduction effects was analyzed for the skins of other fish species. Finally, the challenges faced by bionic drag reduction technologies prototyped from fish species are summarized and future research directions and priorities are outlined.","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145008925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhiyin Li,Bingbing Yu,Yuting Wang,Bin Yan,Jiaying Liu,Yanan Liu,Runkai Wang,Pinhua Rao,Yang Liu
{"title":"Reliable Strategy for the Covalent Bonding of MOFs to SiC Membranes for Ultrastable Noble Metal Capture in Harsh Environments.","authors":"Zhiyin Li,Bingbing Yu,Yuting Wang,Bin Yan,Jiaying Liu,Yanan Liu,Runkai Wang,Pinhua Rao,Yang Liu","doi":"10.1021/acsami.5c14584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c14584","url":null,"abstract":"Silicon carbide (SiC) membranes combine exceptional chemical, thermal, and mechanical stability but suffer from surface inertness that precludes functionalization. Conversely, MOFs offer unmatched molecular selectivity but are typically powders, severely limiting their practical use. To address this, we develop a generalizable route to fabricate ultrastable MOF@SiC membranes via sequential oxidation and acidification, creating abundant Si-OH sites on SiC surfaces that covalently bond with Zr-MOF crystals; the bonding mechanism between MOFs and substrates has been extensively studied. Comparing modulators, acetic acid yields higher MOF crystallinity while hydrochloric acid produces uniform, defect-rich coatings with loadings up to 89.8 g m-2. These composites endure prolonged ultrasonication and concentrated acid exposure with negligible MOF loss and exhibit wear resistance comparable to that of commercial SiC membranes. As a proof of concept for noble metal recovery, Pd(II) uptake from strongly acidic media follows rapid pseudo-second-order kinetics, achieves high adsorption capacity, and shows strong selectivity against competing ions. Thermodynamic analysis confirms a spontaneous, exothermic, and ordering adsorption process. By clarifying interfacial bonding and growth control via acid modulators, this work establishes a foundation for functionalizing inert ceramic membranes with MOFs, enabling scalable applications in separation, catalysis, and resource recovery under extreme conditions.","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145008923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hsin-Chiao Wu,Chia-Chen Lin,Yu-Jen Chou,Shu-Yu Lee,Shih-Han Wang,Tsan-Yao Chen,Ta-Chung Liu
{"title":"Ultrathin Hybridized ZnOHF Nanowires with Enriched Oxygen Vacancies for High Selective CO2-to-CO Electrocatalytic Conversion.","authors":"Hsin-Chiao Wu,Chia-Chen Lin,Yu-Jen Chou,Shu-Yu Lee,Shih-Han Wang,Tsan-Yao Chen,Ta-Chung Liu","doi":"10.1021/acsami.5c10915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c10915","url":null,"abstract":"Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) has emerged as a key negative-emission technology, yet its industrial adoption hinges on cathode catalysts that deliver high selectivity and production rates at low cost. Herein, we reported a facile hydrothermal route to synthesize different scales of ZnOHF ultrathin nanowires with hybridized ZnO/ZnOHF heterointerfaces, where the 40 nm variant (NW40-ZnOHF) showed a high FE of 93 % and a jCO of -17.2 mA/cm2 at -1.0 V vs RHE. The excellent intrinsic electrocatalytic properties of NW40-ZnOHF were verified, presumably owing to its high-level surface concentration of oxygen vacancies preexisted in the pristine structure and formed during CO2RR. This work highlights the significance of the synergistic effect of heterointerface and fluorine incorporation engineering for guiding the optimized design of low-cost electrocatalysts for CO2RR technology.","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145008924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Langchen Yan, Shuai Qiu, Yan Wang, Jian Zhao, Yumei Gong, Jing Guo, Wei Zhai, Kun Dai, Shengfa Wang
{"title":"Additive Manufactured Programmable Scaffold Sensor Based on Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces for Broad-Spectrum Pressure Detection","authors":"Langchen Yan, Shuai Qiu, Yan Wang, Jian Zhao, Yumei Gong, Jing Guo, Wei Zhai, Kun Dai, Shengfa Wang","doi":"10.1021/acsami.5c11880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c11880","url":null,"abstract":"Achieving both high sensitivity and a wide detection range in flexible pressure sensors poses a challenge due to their inherent trade-off. Although porous structures offer promising solutions, conventional methods (templating, foaming, and freeze-drying) fail to precisely control cavity dimensions, spatial arrangement, and 3D morphology, which are crucial for sensing performance. Here, we propose a scalable fabrication strategy that integrates triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) geometries─precisely engineered via FDM 3D printing─with ultrasonic impregnation of carbon black (CB) into TPU scaffolds. The TPMS framework, featuring an optimized curvature and uniform pore distribution, ensures exceptional durability (2.2 MPa at 70% strain) and stress homogenization, outperforming traditional honeycomb and lattice structures. Ultrasonication-driven zero-dimensional nanofiller embedding creates interpenetrating conductive networks, enabling ultrawide pressure detection (0.1–2.2 MPa) with tunable, stage-dependent sensitivities (gauge factors of 8.41, −0.43, and 1.71). Finite element simulations elucidate the mechanisms underlying stress mitigation and stage-dependent gauge factors, while experimental validation highlights a rapid response (100 ms), exceptional durability (1000 cycles), and precise real-time monitoring of plantar pressure, gestures, and gait anomalies. This work overcomes the sensitivity-range trade-off and provides a scalable and versatile platform for next-generation flexible sensors, with applications in personalized health diagnostics, smart rehabilitation, and advanced human-machine interfaces.","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145009113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaowei Mu, Chengbin Yu, Guang-Lin Zhao, Guoqiang Li
{"title":"A Multifunctional Closed-Cell Composite Foam: Temperature-Independent Dimensional Stability, Multi-Shape Memory, and Robust Electromagnetic Wave Absorption","authors":"Xiaowei Mu, Chengbin Yu, Guang-Lin Zhao, Guoqiang Li","doi":"10.1021/acsami.5c11813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c11813","url":null,"abstract":"With the rapid advancement in autonomous vehicles, 5G and future 6G communications, medical imaging, spacecraft, and stealth fighter jets, the frequency range of electromagnetic waves continues to expand, making electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding a critical challenge for ensuring the safe operation of equipment. Although some existing EMI shielding materials offer lightweight construction, high strength, and effective shielding, they struggle to efficiently absorb broadband electromagnetic waves and mitigate dimensional instability and thermal stress caused by temperature fluctuations. These limitations significantly reduce their service life and restrict their practical applications. To address these challenges, this study introduces a novel cis-polybutadiene (PBD)/carbon black (CB)/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> closed-cell foam utilizing expandable microspheres (EMs) as the foaming agent. The PBD matrix exhibits a two-way shape-memory effect (2W-SME), which counteracts conventional thermal expansion and imparts temperature-independent dimensional stability to the material. The excellent compatibility of PBD with CB and Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, combined with the closed-cell foam structure, ensures that the composite remains lightweight while delivering high specific mechanical properties. Additionally, the three-dimensional conductive network within the foam provides exceptional broadband EMI shielding and superior electromagnetic wave absorption capabilities. This work offers an innovative approach to designing foams that combine lightweight construction, high specific strength, stiffness, and toughness with temperature-independent dimensional stability, broadband EMI shielding, and robust electromagnetic wave absorption, paving the way for advanced material applications.","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"163 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145009114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tailoring Active Sites in Amorphous NiFe-MOFs through Pyridine Ligand Coordination for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Performance","authors":"Jiali Wu, Ran Chong, Zhichun Li, Shiyou Xu, Yinuo Liu, Xiaobo He, Junfeng Qian, Jiye Zhang, Liang Wang, Zhi-Hui Zhang","doi":"10.1021/acsami.5c14277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c14277","url":null,"abstract":"The development of high-performance, cost-effective non-noble metal catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is critical to advancing sustainable hydrogen production via water electrolysis. Herein, we report a facile and mild strategy for synthesizing amorphous bimetallic organic framework materials (NiFe-MOFs) using pyridine-modified threonine (l-PyThr) as an organic ligand. The optimized NiFe-PyThr-4:1 catalyst exhibits remarkable OER activity, requiring low overpotentials of only 162 and 222 mV to achieve current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm<sup>–2</sup>, respectively, along with a small Tafel slope of 34.1 mV dec<sup>–1</sup>. Compared to monometallic Ni-PyThr and unmodified NiFe-Thr-4:1 controls, NiFe-PyThr-4:1 shows significantly enhanced electrocatalytic activity and long-term stability. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations reveal that Fe serves as the principal active site, while the l-PyThr ligand modulates the electronic structure and adsorption behavior of key intermediates, effectively lowering the energy barrier of the rate-determining step. This performance enhancement arises from the synergistic effect of Fe doping and pyridine coordination, which increases the accessible active site density and promotes charge transfer. This work offers mechanistic insights into the structure–function relationship in amorphous MOFs and presents a scalable, low-temperature synthesis route for the rational design of efficient electrocatalysts toward practical water-splitting applications.","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145009103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pengtao Zu, Jianxun Luo, Jialu Shen, Jin Zhou, Haibin Gu
{"title":"High-Strength, High-Stability and Multifunctional Sheepskin-Based Organogel e-Skin for the Construction of Multimodal Flexible Sensors and Self-Powered Triboelectric Nanogenerators","authors":"Pengtao Zu, Jianxun Luo, Jialu Shen, Jin Zhou, Haibin Gu","doi":"10.1021/acsami.5c14142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c14142","url":null,"abstract":"Gel-based electronic skin (e-skin) has recently emerged as one of the most promising interfaces for human-machine interaction and wearable devices, owing to its exceptional flexibility, extensibility, transparency, biocompatibility, high-quality physiological signal monitoring, and system integration suitability. However, conventional hydrogel-based e-skins may exhibit limitations in mechanical strength and stretchability compatibility, as well as poor environmental stability. To address these challenges, following a top-down fabrication strategy, this study innovatively integrates poly(methacrylic acid), titanium sulfate, and ethylene glycol (EG) into the three-dimensional collagen fiber network structure of zeolite-tanned sheepskin to successfully develop an organogel (SMEMT) e-skin, which exhibits superior high toughness, environmental stability, high transparency (74% light transmittance at 550 nm), antibacterial properties and ecological compatibility. The organogel e-skin demonstrates remarkable tensile properties with a fracture stress of 5.71 MPa and a breaking elongation of 67%. The incorporation of conductive media Ti<sup>4+</sup> ions within SMEMT established efficient electrical signal transmission pathways, enabling rapid detection of human motions and physiological signals (gauge factor = 1.02), as well as external pressure-induced changes in the conductive pathways of the organogel. Consequently, we successfully fabricated a trimodal sensor capable of strain sensing, bioelectrical sensing, and pressure sensing. Furthermore, the organogel can support the development of single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator systems (S-TENG). This work presents a paradigm for the high added-value utilization of animal skin biomass resources, and the proposed multifunctional integration strategy opens new avenues for the design of next-generation sustainable electronic skins.","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145009104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuang Zhang, Ryan Davis, Saptarshi Biswas, Sarah E. Miller, Syed Raza Ur Rehman, Gene T. Felix, Akhilesh K. Gaharwar
{"title":"Multiscale Engineered Heterogeneous Hydrogel Composites for Digital Light Processing 3D Printing","authors":"Yuang Zhang, Ryan Davis, Saptarshi Biswas, Sarah E. Miller, Syed Raza Ur Rehman, Gene T. Felix, Akhilesh K. Gaharwar","doi":"10.1021/acsami.5c09635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c09635","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogel-based bioinks are widely adopted in digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing. Modulating their mechanical properties is especially beneficial in biomedical applications, such as directing cell activity toward tissue regeneration and healing. However, in both monolithic and granular hydrogels, the tunability of mechanical properties is limited to parameters such as cross-linking or packing density. Herein, we present a bioink platform with multiscale heterogeneity for DLP printing, fabricated by incorporating microgels within a cross-linked polymer matrix to form a mechanically tunable heterogeneous hydrogel composite. The properties of the separate components as well as their interactions can be efficiently tailored from both chemical and physical perspectives, enabling control across both nano and micro scales. Monodisperse, spherical gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) microgels with a stiffness that can be tuned through polymer concentration or cross-link density are fabricated by a high-throughput microfluidic device. Microgels that have been precross-linked through chemical or physical methods are then embedded in a continuous GelMA matrix, where they influence the biomechanical and biochemical characteristics of composites through particle density and encapsulation of cells. Modulation of microgel volume and selecting different printing parameters enables tailoring of the composite compressive modulus across a range of 29 to 244 kPa. Using this composite hydrogel platform as a DLP ink allows for the fabrication of complex 3D structures with macroscale heterogeneity, providing the potential to mimic tissue- and organ-level complexity. This study presents a unique approach to designing heterogeneous hydrogel composites with tunable properties at the nano-, micro-, and macro-scales, and introduces a highly modular hydrogel platform for DLP 3D printing.","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145009121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}