ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces最新文献

{"title":"The Role of Polycrystalline MoS2 as Diffusion Barrier in Ru Interconnects: Thermal Stability and Electrical Performances","authors":"Dun-Jie Jhan, Kai-Yuan Hsiao, Ranjini Sarkar, Jin-Wei Lu, Yu-Lin Chen, Hsin-Yi Tiffany Chen, Pei Yuin Keng, Shou-Yi Chang, Ming-Yen Lu","doi":"10.1021/acsami.5c01917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c01917","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the potential of polycrystalline MoS₂ as a diffusion barrier for Ru interconnects using in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to assess its performance. By examining TEM diffraction and imaging, we evaluate the effectiveness of MoS₂ in suppressing interdiffusion, particularly focusing on the interactions and phase transformations between Ru and Si. When subjected to elevated temperatures, MoS₂ gradually loses its ability to block the interdiffusion, allowing Si to diffuse through the MoS₂ layer and form Ru₂Si₃ within the Ru layer. Notably, plasma-treated polycrystalline MoS₂ (defective MoS₂) exhibits a slightly lower diffusion-blocking temperature of 700 °C, likely due to dangling bonds that improve interfacial adhesion. To complement our experimental observations, we performed density functional theory (DFT) calculations to compare Si diffusion in pristine and defective MoS₂. Additionally, we assessed the electrical properties of Ru interconnects by measuring the resistivity and adhesion strength. These results underscore the considerable potential of polycrystalline MoS₂ even with defects as an effective diffusion barrier for Ru interconnects in semiconductor devices.","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143736677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blueberry-Inspired Structurally Colored PLA Granules Induced by Mie Scattering for Hot-Melt Extrusion of 3D Printing Filaments","authors":"Rou Meng, Tianyi Liu, Suli Wu","doi":"10.1021/acsami.5c02472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c02472","url":null,"abstract":"The successful development of fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing has stimulated significant market demand for colored poly(lactic acid) (PLA) filaments. However, dye- or pigment-based PLA filaments were susceptible to fading and toxicity risks. Hence, structurally colored PLA filaments urgently need to be developed for their ecofriendliness and sustainability. Herein, we draw inspiration from the disordered structure of the fruit wax, which exhibits selective light scattering on the surface of blueberries. We utilize ZnS spheres supporting Mie scattering covered PLA granules, thereby endowing them with structural color. Structurally colored PLA granules were transformed into PLA filaments with a uniform wire diameter and homogeneous structural color through the hot-melt extrusion method, which were used as materials for FDM printing. The fabricated 3D printed object exhibits an adjustable and vivid structural color, demonstrating excellent resistance to acids, alkalis, and impacts, as well as recyclability, which significantly enhances its potential applications.","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143736678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Various Surface Functionalizations of Core–Shell Nanoactuators on Magnetoelectrically Driven Cell Growth","authors":"Polina V. Chernozem, Alexander V. Romashchenko, Olga I. Solovieva, Azhar Zh. Ibraeva, Georgy Nosov, Danila A. Koptsev, Sergey A. Lisitsyn, Maria A. Surmeneva, Dmitry V. Wagner, Evgeny Yu. Gerasimov, Sergey O. Kazantsev, Aleksandr S. Lozhkomoev, Gleb B. Sukhorukov, Roman A. Surmenev, Roman V. Chernozem","doi":"10.1021/acsami.4c21337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.4c21337","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetoelectric (ME) nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit strong coupling between magnetic and electric properties, enabling wireless control of biological processes through electromagnetic stimulation, which paves the way for diverse biomedical applications. However, the surface functionalization of ME NPs and its impact on their structure, physical properties, and biological response remain largely unexplored. In this study, biocompatible citric acid (CA) and pectin (PEC) were employed to functionalize quasi-spherical ME core–shell NPs comprising a magnetic spinel MnFe₂O₄ core (∼23 nm) and a ferroelectric perovskite Ba_0.85Ca_0.15Zr_0.1Ti_0.9O₃ (BCZT) shell (∼5 nm), synthesized using microwave-assisted hydrothermal processing. The surface functionalization led to the formation of covalent bonds between CA and metal ions of NPs via chelation. The surface functionalization with PEC increased ζ-potential values of ME NPs up to −46.2 ± 0.6 mV compared to CA (25.3 ± 1.0 mV). Both MFO@BCZT NPs with CA and PEC exhibited low coercivity values (69 ± 5 and 29 ± 2 Oe, respectively) with a pronounced specific saturation magnetization (6.1 ± 0.2 and 5.2 ± 0.2 emu/g, respectively). No effect of the BCZT shell with subsequent CA (746 ± 22 Oe) and PEC (754 ± 23 Oe) surface functionalizations on the anisotropy field of ME NPs was observed compared to the pristine MFO cores (754 ± 23 Oe). Both CA-/PEC-functionalized MFO@BCZT NPs exhibited ferroelectric behavior with robust piezoresponse (9.95 ± 1.36 and 10.24 ± 2.03 pm/V, respectively) and high ME response (81 × 10⁴ and 80 × 10⁴ mV·cm^–1·Oe^–1, respectively), comparable to the most frequently studied Co-based analogs. <i>In vitro</i> assays demonstrated the ability of the developed ME NPs to control calcium flux, which enables bidirectional regulation of cell proliferation. This work advances the development of efficient and biocompatible ME NPs with promising applications in the noninvasive and targeted stimulation of cell behavior.","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143736675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stretchable Laminates with Tunable Structural Colors from Layered Stacks of Elastomeric, Ionic, and Natural Polymers","authors":"Yiming Zhang, Paraskevi Flouda, Valeriia Poliukhova, Alexandr V. Stryutsky, Valery V. Shevchenko, Vladimir V. Tsukruk","doi":"10.1021/acsami.5c01880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c01880","url":null,"abstract":"Natural polymers such as plant-derived cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are renowned for color iridescence due to their internal helical organization, but they show modest stretchability and bending abilities, because of the brittle nature of highly crystalline needlelike nanocrystals. Herein, we report the highly stretchable composite materials built from these nanocrystals and branched ionic polymers (bIPs) with terminal amine-terminated poly(<i>N</i>-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) stacked between elastomeric layers. These layered elastomeric composites preserve the high mechanical stretchability of polyurethane outer layers up to 150%. Furthermore, the toughness increased manyfold, due to the sequential initiation and arresting of concurrent transversal cracks within the reinforcing central nanocomposite layer. Moreover, vivid structural colors of CNC helical organization preserved within these laminated composites show the ability to respond to humidity and temperature. We suggest that these elastomeric composite laminates with preserved structural colors of helical nanocellulose organization can be considered to be promising candidates for demanding applications such as robust wearable sensors, flexible optical labels, and photonic devices.","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143744720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amino-Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Film as a Spatiotemporally Matched Degradable Nanotopography to Enhance Early Bioactivity and Osteogenesis on Titania Nanotube Surfaces","authors":"Shimin Du, Liangzhi Du, Huan Liu, Yunxian Liu, Bowen Qin, Lixing He, Xiaofeng Chang, Wen Song, Zhe Li","doi":"10.1021/acsami.5c01981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c01981","url":null,"abstract":"Nanotopographic fabrication has been proven to enhance the osteoinductivity of titanium implant surfaces; however, it is difficult for static nanostructures to regulate multiple osteoblast behaviors. Herein, we proposed a novel strategy for further modifying the nanostructured titanium surfaces using degradable nanotopography that was beneficial for specific cellular processes and spatiotemporally matched. In this work, a titania nanotube (TNT) array, known for its strong capability to promote osteogenic differentiation, was employed as the substrate. An oil–water biphase system containing 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) was utilized to achieve the in situ deposition of amino-functionalized mesoporous silica films on the TNT surface (TNT@AHMS). The numerous mesopores (∼4 nm) and amino groups on AHMS significantly improved the protein adsorption and attachment of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs). By culturing in an AHMS-conditioned medium, the effects of AHMS in enhancing early cell behavior were observed and initially attributed to the potential synergism of the mesoporous topography and silicon element release (∼18 ppm). Impressively, this effect was maintained even when cells were reseeded on normal cell culture substrates. After 24 h, AHMS was degraded completely, and the degradation products further facilitated the subsequent osteogenic processes on re-exposed TNT, which accounted for robust osteogenesis both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. This study demonstrated that AHMS can serve as a degradable nanotopography (like a buffer layer) to accelerate protein adsorption and cell adhesion in a spatiotemporally matched manner, resulting in enhanced early bioactivity and osteogenesis for a well-designed underlying nanotopography without influencing its physicochemical properties.","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143744721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitizer-Passivated Magnetic Ferrite/Eu3+-Doped Oxide Nanocomposite: A Novel Luminescent Probe for Facile Bioimaging with Superior Magnetic Hyperthermia Performance","authors":"Anindita Das, Ravindra Meena, Ravi Kumar, Bijoy K. Kuanr","doi":"10.1021/acsami.5c00587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c00587","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we design a magneto-luminescent nanocomposite system comprised of magnetic ferrite nanoparticles and a Ln³⁺-based luminophore, with an excellent balance of lanthanide emission and induction heating capacity, which remains a challenge. At first, we encapsulate Zn-doped ferrite nanoparticles (Zn_<i>x</i>Fe_3–<i>x</i>O₄; <i>x</i> ≈ 0.3) of size ∼20 nm within thin layers of silica and amorphous Gd₂O₃ doped with Eu³⁺ (5 atom %), respectively. Then, we activate the Eu³⁺ luminescence in Zn_<i>x</i>Fe_3–<i>x</i>O₄@SiO₂@Gd₂O₃:Eu³⁺ (Eu-ZFO) nanocomposites using the organic ligand 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTA)-mediated surface passivation approach. We find that the resulting nanocomposites (Eu-ZFO-TTA NCs) display bright red Eu³⁺-emission (quantum yield 9.3%) under near-UV excitation with a long emission lifetime (0.181 ms) and high stability against photoluminescence leakage. Moreover, we witness a significant magnetization (39.3 emu/g) and, thereby, a remarkably high induction heating capacity of Eu-ZFO-TTA NCs than the reported magneto-luminescent nanocomposites. This is depicted by the intrinsic loss power of Eu-ZFO-TTA NCs as high as 11 nH m²/kg in an aqueous dispersion under an AC magnetic field (AMF) of 12 kA/m, 335 kHz. Finally, we examine the bioimaging and AMF-induced hyperthermia performance of the nanocomposites in vitro on human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells using a live cell confocal fluorescence microscopy study and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. We find the Eu-ZFO-TTA NCs highly biocompatible (IC₅₀ = approximately 800 μg/mL), and their intense red emission is very effective for monitoring their cellular internalization. Moreover, only 200 μg/mL dose of NCs is sufficient to induce significant cell death (&gt;75%) under AMF. Besides, we perform a hemolysis test and observe that our NCs exhibit a high hemocompatibility at the 200 μg/mL dose (&lt;5% hemolysis). These outcomes imply an immense prospect for Eu-ZFO-TTA NCs to replace the reported magneto-luminescent nanomaterials for future in vivo optical image-guided low-field magnetic hyperthermia therapy of cancer.","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143744908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revealing the Intrinsic Oxygen Evolution Reaction Activity of Perovskite Oxides across Conductivity Ranges Using Thin Film Model Systems","authors":"Lisa Heymann, Iris C. G. van den Bosch, Daan H. Wielens, Ole Kurbjeweit, Emma van der Minne, Ellen M. Kiens, Anton Kaus, Daniel Schön, Stephan Menzel, Bernard Boukamp, Felix Gunkel, Christoph Baeumer","doi":"10.1021/acsami.4c20141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.4c20141","url":null,"abstract":"The development of efficient electrocatalysts in water electrolysis is essential to decrease the high overpotentials, especially at the anode where the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) takes place. However, establishing catalyst design rules to find the optimal electrocatalysts is a substantial challenge. Complex oxides, which are often considered as suitable OER catalysts, can exhibit vastly different conductivity values, making it challenging to separate intrinsic catalytic activities from internal transport limitations. Here, we systematically decouple the limitations arising from electrical bulk resistivity, contact resistances to the catalyst support, and intrinsic OER catalytic properties using a systematic epitaxial thin film model catalyst approach. We investigate the influence of the resistivity of the three perovskite oxides LaNiO_3-δ (3.7 × 10^–4 Ω cm), La_0.67Sr_0.33MnO_3-δ (2.7 × 10^–3 Ω cm), and La_0.6Ca_0.4FeO_3-δ (0.57 Ω·cm) on the observed catalytic activity. We tuned the electron pathway through the catalyst bulk by comparing insulating and conductive substrates. The conducting substrate reduces the electron pathway through the catalyst bulk from the millimeter to nanometer length scale. As we show, for the large electron pathways, the observed catalytic activity scales with resistivity because of a highly inhomogeneous lateral current density distribution. At the same time, even on the conducting substrate (Nb-doped SrTiO₃), large contact resistances occur that limit the determination of intrinsic catalytic properties. By inserting interfacial dipole layers (in this case, LaAlO₃) we lifted these interface resistances, allowing us to reveal the intrinsic catalytic properties of all examined catalysts. We find that La_0.6Ca_0.4FeO_3-δ and LaNiO_3-δ exhibit a similar intrinsic overpotential of 0.36 V at 0.1 mA/cm², while their resistivities differ by 3 orders of magnitude. This finding shows that optimizing the electron pathway of the OER catalyst can lead the way to find new structure–activity relationships and to identify high-activity catalysts even if the electronic resistance is high.","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"216 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143736723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to “Sustained and Prolonged Delivery of Protein Therapeutics from Two-Dimensional Nanosilicates”","authors":"Lauren M. Cross, James K. Carrow, Xicheng Ding, Kanwar Abhay Singh, Akhilesh K. Gaharwar","doi":"10.1021/acsami.5c05840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c05840","url":null,"abstract":"We would like to clarify that the image of one of the control samples in Figure 3(a) [Nanosilicates (No rhBMP2) Day 14] in our original paper was previously published in Figure 4C of our earlier publication (Carrow et al., <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</i> <b>2018</b>, <i>115</i>, E3905– E3913, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1716164115). The same control condition was utilized across experiments conducted in parallel, and we regret that this reuse was not explicitly stated at the time of publication. In Figure 6(d), the correct scale bars are ∼150 μm for the Nanosilicates sample and ∼250 μm for the TGF-β3 sample. The results and conclusions remain unaffected by this correction. μ This article has not yet been cited by other publications.","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143744722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategic Secondary Ligand Selection for Enhanced Pore-Type Construction and Water Purification Capacity in Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks","authors":"Zheao Huang, Shaghayegh Naghdi, Adrian Ertl, Sabine Schwarz, Dominik Eder","doi":"10.1021/acsami.4c21221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.4c21221","url":null,"abstract":"Selective ligand removal (SeLiRe) is a powerful strategy for constructing novel pore-type and ligand-defective structures in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), but few studies have focused on the effect of secondary ligands with different functional groups on this process. We synthesized versions of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 with six different secondary ligands and comprehensively investigated their pore-type structures after SeLiRe treatment. Their pore volume, size, and distribution are closely related to the respective organic functional groups on the secondary ligands. NH₂-functionalized ligands tend to form larger domains and have weaker Zn–N_β covalent bonds, which facilitate the removal process and the construction of larger cavities. Among the six secondary ligands, 5-bromo-1<i>H</i>-benzo[<i>d</i>]imidazol-2-amine exhibits the composite pore-type structure with hierarchical micro- and mesopores, achieving the highest methylene blue adsorption capacity of 28.1 mg g^–1. Compared to traditional sodalite-type ZIFs, this results in a 53-fold increase in water pollutant adsorption. This work highlights the crucial role of the secondary ligand in the SeLiRe strategy and provides valuable insights for designing other hierarchical porous hybrid structures.","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143736349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Direction Regulates Ion Transport Across Layer-by-Layer One-Side-Coated Ion-Exchange Membranes in Electrodialysis","authors":"Alaaeldin A. E. Elozeiri, Jouke E. Dykstra, Rob G. H. Lammertink, Huub H. M. Rijnaarts","doi":"10.1021/acsami.5c00155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c00155","url":null,"abstract":"Polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) modified membranes can attain selective ion separations in electrodialysis with several potential applications, such as sustainable brine management. To understand the ion transport across PEM-coated membranes, we coated six different commercial cation-exchange membranes (CEMs) with PEM via the layer-by-layer technique. Coating one side of the membrane with a PEM leads to an asymmetric current–voltage response in case of solutions containing Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ ions. When the coating faces the counterion transport direction (FT), the coated membrane reaches a limiting current density which does not occur if the applied current is reversed. We investigated these phenomena via several electrochemical techniques. After coating, the total membrane resistance increases significantly at solutions of Mg²⁺ or Ca²⁺ (relative to the bare membrane resistance). Furthermore, the transport characteristics of the PEM coating are highly influenced by the base membrane resistance and fixed-charge density. Regarding the counterion type, the resistance of the coated membrane increases in the same order as the bare membrane: K⁺ &lt; Na⁺&lt; Ca²⁺ &lt; Mg²⁺. The higher the bare membrane resistance is, the higher the PEM resistance is. The co-ion valency (i.e., monovalent Cl^– or divalent SO₄^2–) had limited to insignificant effects on the current–voltage response of the coated membranes. Therefore, dielectric exclusion is insignificant for these coated membranes at the tested concentrations, i.e., 0.25 M SO₄^2–. Lastly, we employed an ion transport model to explain the observed effect of the current direction on the current–voltage response and analyze the effective properties of the PEM coating.","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143736480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}