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A Method for Evaluating the Generation Power of Orotrons with a Two-Row Periodic Structure in the Frequency Range of 180–400 GHz 180 - 400ghz频率范围内双排周期结构的正交频管发电功率评估方法
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术
Instruments and Experimental Techniques Pub Date : 2023-05-12 DOI: 10.1134/S0020441223020070
E. A. Myasin, V. V. Evdokimov, A. Yu. Il’in
{"title":"A Method for Evaluating the Generation Power of Orotrons with a Two-Row Periodic Structure in the Frequency Range of 180–400 GHz","authors":"E. A. Myasin,&nbsp;V. V. Evdokimov,&nbsp;A. Yu. Il’in","doi":"10.1134/S0020441223020070","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0020441223020070","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A method for evaluating the generation power of orotron experimental models with a two-row periodic structure (TRPS), which operate with 2 × 10<sup>–6</sup>-s duration pulses and a 0.02-s repetition period in the frequency range of 180–400 GHz, is described. To realize this method, a setup has been created for measuring the attenuation of the microwave path in a wide frequency interval (180–400 GHz) based on ОV-66 (180–260 GHz) and ОV-65 (260–360 GHz) backward-wave tubes (BWOs), which are not packed in a magnet focusing system, and the possibility of their operation in a pulse power-supply regime with a high off-duty factor is shown.</p>","PeriodicalId":587,"journal":{"name":"Instruments and Experimental Techniques","volume":"66 2","pages":"243 - 248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4508759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Test Arbitrary Waveform Generator 测试任意波形发生器
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术
Instruments and Experimental Techniques Pub Date : 2023-05-12 DOI: 10.1134/S0020441223020082
V. M. Piksaev, D. I. Zaichikov, D. V. Pyanzin
{"title":"A Test Arbitrary Waveform Generator","authors":"V. M. Piksaev,&nbsp;D. I. Zaichikov,&nbsp;D. V. Pyanzin","doi":"10.1134/S0020441223020082","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0020441223020082","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The results from the development of a three-channel arbitrary waveform generator with the function of a programmable power supply for setting up and debugging automatic control system boards for converter devices that require synchronization with the network are presented. The features of the device are the ability to simulate a three-phase distorted network to check and adjust the synchronization of control boards and the presence of galvanic isolation between three channels, which allows for using the generator as a power source for three-phase circuits. The generator provides the formation of output signals for each of the channels in the voltage range ±25 V with a maximum current of up to 2 A. The frequency range of alternating signals of the generator is 0.01–10 kHz. Currently, the generator is used at PAO Elektrovypryamitel to simulate dips, network distortions, and phase imbalances and to tune phase-locked loop systems and analog and digital filters.</p>","PeriodicalId":587,"journal":{"name":"Instruments and Experimental Techniques","volume":"66 2","pages":"249 - 256"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4508919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Large-Bandwidth High-Gain Low-Noise Transimpedance Amplifier for Scanning Tunneling Microscope 用于扫描隧道显微镜的大带宽高增益低噪声跨阻放大器
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术
Instruments and Experimental Techniques Pub Date : 2023-05-12 DOI: 10.1134/S0020441223020264
Ying-Xin Liang
{"title":"Large-Bandwidth High-Gain Low-Noise Transimpedance Amplifier for Scanning Tunneling Microscope","authors":"Ying-Xin Liang","doi":"10.1134/S0020441223020264","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0020441223020264","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this work, a design of large-bandwidth high-gain low-noise transimpedance amplifier (TIA) for scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is proposed. The simulations show that the proposed TIA has the bandwidth higher than 200 kHz, two orders of magnitude higher than those of conventional commercial TIAs for STM. At low frequencies, the noises of the proposed TIA are almost the same as the conventional commercial ones with the same transimpedance gain. At high frequencies, its calculated input equivalent noise voltage power spectral density (PSD) is 40 nV<sup>2</sup>/Hz and its input equivalent noise current PSD is 3.2 fA<sup>2</sup>/Hz at 10 kHz. The corresponding values are 23 nV<sup>2</sup>/Hz and 88 fA<sup>2</sup>/Hz at 100 kHz. The STM with the proposed TIA can meet the needs of fast high-quaility STM imaging measurements and fast high-energy-resolution scanning tunneling spectra measurements for the low-conducting materials, such as complex organic systems and wide bandgap semiconductors.</p>","PeriodicalId":587,"journal":{"name":"Instruments and Experimental Techniques","volume":"66 2","pages":"350 - 357"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4504928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Forward Detectors of the BM@N Facility and Response Study at a Carbon Ion Beam in the SRC Experiment BM@N装置的正向探测器及SRC实验中碳离子束响应研究
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术
Instruments and Experimental Techniques Pub Date : 2023-05-12 DOI: 10.1134/S0020441223010232
V. V. Volkov, M. B. Golubeva, F. F. Guber, A. A. Zubankov, A. P. Ivashkin, A. V. Izvestnyy, N. M. Karpushkin, A. I. Makhnev, S. V. Morozov, O. A. Petukhov
{"title":"Forward Detectors of the BM@N Facility and Response Study at a Carbon Ion Beam in the SRC Experiment","authors":"V. V. Volkov,&nbsp;M. B. Golubeva,&nbsp;F. F. Guber,&nbsp;A. A. Zubankov,&nbsp;A. P. Ivashkin,&nbsp;A. V. Izvestnyy,&nbsp;N. M. Karpushkin,&nbsp;A. I. Makhnev,&nbsp;S. V. Morozov,&nbsp;O. A. Petukhov","doi":"10.1134/S0020441223010232","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0020441223010232","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A number of forward detectors were created when upgrading the BM@N experiment: a forward hadron calorimeter (FHCal) for measuring the energy of spectator fragments as well as a beam quartz hodoscope (FQH) and a scintillation wall (ScWall) for identifying such fragments. These detectors are intended to determine the centrality and orientation of the reaction plane as well as to study the charge distributions of spectator fragments produced in nucleus−nucleus interactions. The response of the forward detectors has been measured in the SRC experiment on the study of the short-range correlations in interactions of carbon ions with a momentum of 3.5 <i>A</i>GeV/<i>c</i> in a liquid hydrogen target.</p>","PeriodicalId":587,"journal":{"name":"Instruments and Experimental Techniques","volume":"66 2","pages":"218 - 227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4509760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Equipment for Studying Pulsed Microplasma Processes in Aqueous Solutions 用于研究水溶液中脉冲微等离子体过程的设备
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术
Instruments and Experimental Techniques Pub Date : 2023-05-12 DOI: 10.1134/S0020441223010177
A. I. Mamaev, V. A. Mamaeva, Yu. N. Bespalova, P. F. Baranov
{"title":"Equipment for Studying Pulsed Microplasma Processes in Aqueous Solutions","authors":"A. I. Mamaev,&nbsp;V. A. Mamaeva,&nbsp;Yu. N. Bespalova,&nbsp;P. F. Baranov","doi":"10.1134/S0020441223010177","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0020441223010177","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Equipment and software have been developed for carrying out potentiometric, amperometric, and volt-amperometric measurements during pulsed microplasma oxidation in aqueous electrolyte solutions. The complex setup makes it possible to determine the rates of plasma and electrochemical processes in electrolyte solutions, the potentials for ignition and quenching of plasma discharges, the value of the time constant of the transient process, and also to investigate the effect of hydrodynamic factors on microplasma processes to determine the coating thickness and alloy type.</p>","PeriodicalId":587,"journal":{"name":"Instruments and Experimental Techniques","volume":"66 2","pages":"271 - 278"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4508399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Measurement of Low Polarization Losses of a Semiconductor Material in Finished Diodes 成品二极管中半导体材料低极化损耗的测量
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术
Instruments and Experimental Techniques Pub Date : 2023-05-12 DOI: 10.1134/S0020441223010207
E. V. Semyonov, O. Yu. Malakhovskiy
{"title":"Measurement of Low Polarization Losses of a Semiconductor Material in Finished Diodes","authors":"E. V. Semyonov,&nbsp;O. Yu. Malakhovskiy","doi":"10.1134/S0020441223010207","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0020441223010207","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A method for the measurement of semiconductor polarization losses in the depletion region of a finished diode is considered. It is shown that the measurement can be performed by comparing with a low-loss capacitor using general-purpose impedance meters in laboratories without stabilizing the microclimate and shielding the electromagnetic fields. To exclude the drift error under these conditions, multiple regular switching of the measurement object and low-loss capacitor is proposed. As a result, the polarization loss tangent of 1.9 × 10<sup>−4</sup> was measured with an error of ±16%.</p>","PeriodicalId":587,"journal":{"name":"Instruments and Experimental Techniques","volume":"66 2","pages":"324 - 329"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4509733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Automated Multifunction Stand for Mass Measurement of Pin Photodiodes’ Characteristics 引脚光电二极管特性自动多功能质量测量台
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术
Instruments and Experimental Techniques Pub Date : 2023-04-26 DOI: 10.1134/S0020441223010013
S. S. Afanasenko, E. R. Gnatovsky, D. N. Grigoriev, A. A. Talyshev, A. V. Timofeev, R. I. Shcherbakov
{"title":"Automated Multifunction Stand for Mass Measurement of Pin Photodiodes’ Characteristics","authors":"S. S. Afanasenko,&nbsp;E. R. Gnatovsky,&nbsp;D. N. Grigoriev,&nbsp;A. A. Talyshev,&nbsp;A. V. Timofeev,&nbsp;R. I. Shcherbakov","doi":"10.1134/S0020441223010013","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0020441223010013","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To control the parameters of PIN photodiodes during their mass production, a high-performance automated multifunctional stand has been developed. The stand provides measurement of dark current, capacitance at operating voltage, and response to a light signal with simultaneous connection of up to 16 photodiodes and successive verification of their characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":587,"journal":{"name":"Instruments and Experimental Techniques","volume":"66 1","pages":"56 - 59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4991019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Mobile Full-Revolving Radiometric Complex for Astronomical and Atmospheric Research 用于天文和大气研究的可移动全旋转辐射测量装置
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术
Instruments and Experimental Techniques Pub Date : 2023-04-26 DOI: 10.1134/S0020441222060094
O. S. Bolshakov, G. M. Bubnov, A. V. Vdovin, V. F. Vdovin, V. O. Gladishev, A. A. Gunbina, V. K. Dubrovich, P. M. Zemlyanukha, V. L. Kauc, A. M. Krasilnikov, I. V. Lesnov, M. A. Mansfeld, K. V. Mineev, E. A. Sharandin
{"title":"A Mobile Full-Revolving Radiometric Complex for Astronomical and Atmospheric Research","authors":"O. S. Bolshakov,&nbsp;G. M. Bubnov,&nbsp;A. V. Vdovin,&nbsp;V. F. Vdovin,&nbsp;V. O. Gladishev,&nbsp;A. A. Gunbina,&nbsp;V. K. Dubrovich,&nbsp;P. M. Zemlyanukha,&nbsp;V. L. Kauc,&nbsp;A. M. Krasilnikov,&nbsp;I. V. Lesnov,&nbsp;M. A. Mansfeld,&nbsp;K. V. Mineev,&nbsp;E. A. Sharandin","doi":"10.1134/S0020441222060094","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0020441222060094","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A radiometric complex for astronomical and atmospheric research in the 3-mm wavelength range has been developed. The radiometer is assembled according to the modulation scheme with a mechanical obturator based on oversized quasi-optical waveguides. A Cassegrain antenna with 1° far-field pattern at a −3 dB level is used as the antenna system. Calibration is carried out using a built-in noise generator. The receiving system of the radiometer, together with the antenna, is placed on a two-coordinate turntable for observations in a selected region of the celestial sphere. Control, as well as capture and processing of experimental data, are performed remotely using the developed software.</p>","PeriodicalId":587,"journal":{"name":"Instruments and Experimental Techniques","volume":"66 1","pages":"119 - 126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4991026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Application of a Capacitive Charge-Sharing Circuit for Reducing the Number of Readout Channels of Multichannel Semiconductor Detectors with p–n Junctions 电容式电荷共享电路在减少带pn结的多道半导体探测器读出通道数中的应用
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术
Instruments and Experimental Techniques Pub Date : 2023-04-26 DOI: 10.1134/S0020441223010141
A. V. Gorbunov, D. E. Karmanov
{"title":"Application of a Capacitive Charge-Sharing Circuit for Reducing the Number of Readout Channels of Multichannel Semiconductor Detectors with p–n Junctions","authors":"A. V. Gorbunov,&nbsp;D. E. Karmanov","doi":"10.1134/S0020441223010141","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0020441223010141","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The article considers an electronic circuit that, in some cases, makes it possible to significantly reduce the number of readout channels in a silicon coordinate detector based on a matrix of <i>p–i–n</i> structures (strip- or pad-type) without a loss in the coordinate measurement accuracy. The electronic circuit is a chain of external capacitors that connect the structures of the detector. When one of the structures is hit, a signal propagates along the chain of capacitors of the capacitive divider to the nearest readout channels and it is possible to determine the original number of the hit structure by the change in the signal value. The proposed circuit was mathematically simulated for typical parameters of the detector and readout electronics. The mathematical model allowed us to optimize the circuit parameters depending on the parameters of the detector and readout electronics. The simulation results are confirmed by experimental measurements on several prototypes of the device. It is shown that, in certain application cases, when a detector signal is high enough, e.g., when nuclei with <i>Z</i> &gt; 6 are registered, one can achieve, by using standard low-noise operational amplifiers, the accurate recovery of the number of the hit structure in the chain consisting of at least 30 structures by reading only two extreme structures.</p>","PeriodicalId":587,"journal":{"name":"Instruments and Experimental Techniques","volume":"66 1","pages":"36 - 49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4991551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Gamma-Ray Attenuation Characteristics of Various Chemical Fertilizers 各种化肥的γ射线衰减特性
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术
Instruments and Experimental Techniques Pub Date : 2023-04-26 DOI: 10.1134/S0020441223010098
Canel Eke
{"title":"Gamma-Ray Attenuation Characteristics of Various Chemical Fertilizers","authors":"Canel Eke","doi":"10.1134/S0020441223010098","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0020441223010098","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The objective of this work is to examine gamma-ray attenuation characteristics of various chemical fertilizers between 81 and 1332 keV photon energies. The chemical fertilizers were labelled from F1 to F8. The experimental and theoretical mass attenuation coefficients (MACs) of chemical fertilizers were calculated and compared. Theoretical values of MACs are higher than experimental values of the MACs. The F4 has the smallest half value layers, tenth value layers and mean free paths except for 81 keV photon energy in the studied chemical fertilizers. Excluding 81 keV photon energy, radiation protection efficiency values of F4 are the highest in the studied chemical fertilizers. It can be concluded that F4 has better radiation attenuation characteristics between 276 and 1332 keV photon energies. The transmission factors of studied chemical fertilizers ascend with enhancement of photon energy. The effective atomic numbers of F1 are higher than other samples. The effective electron densities of F1 are higher than other samples between 81 and 384 keV photon energies and those of F2 are higher than other samples between 662 and 1332 keV photon energies.</p>","PeriodicalId":587,"journal":{"name":"Instruments and Experimental Techniques","volume":"66 1","pages":"111 - 118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4997780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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