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A Fiber Phase-Sensitive Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer for Engineering Geology Application 工程地质用光纤相敏光时域反射计
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术
Instruments and Experimental Techniques Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1134/S0020441223050020
A. E. Alekseev, B. G. Gorshkov, V. T. Potapov, M. A. Taranov, D. E. Simikin
{"title":"A Fiber Phase-Sensitive Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer for Engineering Geology Application","authors":"A. E. Alekseev,&nbsp;B. G. Gorshkov,&nbsp;V. T. Potapov,&nbsp;M. A. Taranov,&nbsp;D. E. Simikin","doi":"10.1134/S0020441223050020","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0020441223050020","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A new architecture of a fiber phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometer (φ-OTDR, i.e., a distributed acoustic sensor) suitable for engineering geology application is proposed. The sensor is based on a double-pulse scheme in which a pair of pulses is formed using an unbalanced Michelson interferometer. A symmetrical 3 × 3 coupler built into the Michelson interferometer is used to obtain the phase delay needed for the demodulation of the backscattered light. Using the unbalanced Michelson interferometer in the circuit for dual-pulse probe signal generation, it is possible to reduce the requirements for the degree of coherence of the light source, since the delay line introduced between the dual-pulse parts is compensated in the φ‑OTDR fiber under test. As a result, it is possible to use a laser with a wide spectral line (~1 GHz) and generate short (7-ns-wide) laser pulses by directly modulating the laser-diode injection current. In order to reduce the signal fading in the φ-OTDR and to improve the linearity of its response, responses are averaged over 16 optical frequencies. The efficiency of the proposed distributed acoustic sensor has been demonstrated by detecting a strong impact on a cable that was horizontally buried in the ground as well as by detecting seismic waves using a cable inserted in a well at the sea bottom.</p>","PeriodicalId":587,"journal":{"name":"Instruments and Experimental Techniques","volume":"66 5","pages":"843 - 848"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6713739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Refinement Method of Frequency Shift Definition of Spectrum Obtained at Low Resolution of Analyzer 分析仪低分辨率频谱频移清晰度的改进方法
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术
Instruments and Experimental Techniques Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1134/S0020441223050159
B. I. Valeev, T. A. Agliullin, A. Zh. Sakhabutdinov
{"title":"Refinement Method of Frequency Shift Definition of Spectrum Obtained at Low Resolution of Analyzer","authors":"B. I. Valeev,&nbsp;T. A. Agliullin,&nbsp;A. Zh. Sakhabutdinov","doi":"10.1134/S0020441223050159","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0020441223050159","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The paper proposes a new method for the frequency shift determination of the spectrum obtained under conditions of low resolution of the analyzer, which allows, due to mathematical processing of the signal describing the spectrum, to determine its frequency shift with a resolution two orders of magnitude greater than the instrumental one. The method is based on representing a signal describing a frequency-shifted spectrum as a continuous function differentiable everywhere, expanding it into a Taylor series, approximating its derivatives by finite differences of a given order, and determining the frequency shift by the least squares method. The mathematical substantiation of the method as well as the results of numerical experiments are given. The prospects for the application of the proposed method are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":587,"journal":{"name":"Instruments and Experimental Techniques","volume":"66 5","pages":"782 - 787"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6713753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Modeling the Optical Scheme of a Position-Sensitive Luminescent Spark Sensor with a Spectral Radiation Converter 基于光谱辐射变换器的位置敏感发光火花传感器光学方案建模
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术
Instruments and Experimental Techniques Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1134/S0020441223050214
I. M. Pleshanov, A. O. Belorus
{"title":"Modeling the Optical Scheme of a Position-Sensitive Luminescent Spark Sensor with a Spectral Radiation Converter","authors":"I. M. Pleshanov,&nbsp;A. O. Belorus","doi":"10.1134/S0020441223050214","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0020441223050214","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A schematic diagram of position-sensitive luminescent spark sensors with a spectral radiation converter is considered. By using the sensor, it is possible to detect an electric spark by one or two spatial coordinates depending on the location of the ends of optical fibers. Numerical simulation and optimization of optical systems of position-sensitive luminescent spark sensors has been carried out. The efficiency and resolution of the optical system have been calculated.</p>","PeriodicalId":587,"journal":{"name":"Instruments and Experimental Techniques","volume":"66 5","pages":"860 - 867"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6713754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Manufacturing Quartz Hollow Fibers: Solution to the Problem of Stability in the Drawing of Capillaries 石英中空纤维的制造:毛细管拉拔稳定性问题的解决
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术
Instruments and Experimental Techniques Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1134/S0020441223050135
V. P. Pervadchuk, D. B. Vladimirova, A. L. Derevyankina
{"title":"Manufacturing Quartz Hollow Fibers: Solution to the Problem of Stability in the Drawing of Capillaries","authors":"V. P. Pervadchuk,&nbsp;D. B. Vladimirova,&nbsp;A. L. Derevyankina","doi":"10.1134/S0020441223050135","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0020441223050135","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Solving the problem of the stability of the manufacturing process (“drawing”) of microstructured optical fibers (“holey fibers”) is of paramount importance for determining effective technological modes of production. In this study, the modified capillary drawing model proposed by the authors, which takes into account inertial, viscous, and surface tension forces, as well as all types of heat transfer, was used. Based on the linear theory of stability, the regions of stability of the capillary drawing process were determined. During the study, the influence of the drawing ratio and inertia forces (Reynolds number) on the stability of the process under consideration was evaluated. The existence of optimal parameters of the heating element is shown: temperature distribution over the furnace surface and furnace radius at which the stability of the process of drawing quartz tubes increases significantly (several times).</p>","PeriodicalId":587,"journal":{"name":"Instruments and Experimental Techniques","volume":"66 5","pages":"881 - 890"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6713783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Investigation of the Optimal Parameters of the Distributed Fiber Microphone Circuit Based on φ-OTDR for Speech Recognition 基于φ-OTDR的分布式光纤麦克风电路语音识别参数优化研究
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术
Instruments and Experimental Techniques Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1134/S0020441223050202
M. V. Orlova, T. V. Gritsenko, A. A. Zhirnov, Yu. A. Konstantinov, A. T. Turov, A. B. Pnev, V. E. Karasik
{"title":"Investigation of the Optimal Parameters of the Distributed Fiber Microphone Circuit Based on φ-OTDR for Speech Recognition","authors":"M. V. Orlova,&nbsp;T. V. Gritsenko,&nbsp;A. A. Zhirnov,&nbsp;Yu. A. Konstantinov,&nbsp;A. T. Turov,&nbsp;A. B. Pnev,&nbsp;V. E. Karasik","doi":"10.1134/S0020441223050202","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0020441223050202","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A study of the optimal parameters of a distributed fiber microphone circuit based on a laboratory setup of a phase-sensitive optical reflectometer (φ-OTDR), which reproduces the work of φ-OTDR at one point, has been carried out. Various schemes for constructing a microphone based on φ-OTDR and various sampling rates of the analog-to-digital converter are investigated. The optimal configuration of the φ-OTDR circuit is substantiated, which made it possible to ensure high quality of human speech recognition during voice recording by the proposed method with a sampling frequency of 40 kHz. In a standard phrase based on Harvard sentences containing 80 words, 71 words were recognized, i.e., 88.75% of their total number.</p>","PeriodicalId":587,"journal":{"name":"Instruments and Experimental Techniques","volume":"66 5","pages":"832 - 836"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6713710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Active Thermostatting of the Reference Optical Fiber Section Method in a Distributed Fiber-Optical Temperature Sensor 分布式光纤温度传感器中参考光纤段法的主动恒温
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术
Instruments and Experimental Techniques Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1134/S002044122305007X
A. O. Chernutsky, R. I. Khan, T. V. Gritsenko, K. I. Koshelev, A. A. Zhirnov, A. B. Pnev
{"title":"Active Thermostatting of the Reference Optical Fiber Section Method in a Distributed Fiber-Optical Temperature Sensor","authors":"A. O. Chernutsky,&nbsp;R. I. Khan,&nbsp;T. V. Gritsenko,&nbsp;K. I. Koshelev,&nbsp;A. A. Zhirnov,&nbsp;A. B. Pnev","doi":"10.1134/S002044122305007X","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S002044122305007X","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The influence of temperature fluctuations of the reference section of an optical fiber as part of the instrumental part on the absolute measurement error of a distributed fiber-optical temperature sensor was performed. The design of the reference section with active temperature control with high stability as part of the instrumental part of the sensor is proposed and experimentally investigated. The efficiency of using active temperature control to improve the repeatability of measurements and reduce the measurement error has been experimentally demonstrated.</p>","PeriodicalId":587,"journal":{"name":"Instruments and Experimental Techniques","volume":"66 5","pages":"824 - 831"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6713732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Low-Noise Fiber Phase-Sensitive Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer for Seismology Application 一种用于地震学的低噪声光纤相敏光学时域反射计
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术
Instruments and Experimental Techniques Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1134/S0020441223050019
A. E. Alekseev, B. G. Gorshkov, D. A. Il’inskii, V. T. Potapov, D. E. Simikin, M. A. Taranov
{"title":"A Low-Noise Fiber Phase-Sensitive Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer for Seismology Application","authors":"A. E. Alekseev,&nbsp;B. G. Gorshkov,&nbsp;D. A. Il’inskii,&nbsp;V. T. Potapov,&nbsp;D. E. Simikin,&nbsp;M. A. Taranov","doi":"10.1134/S0020441223050019","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0020441223050019","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A fiber phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometer (a distributed acoustic sensor) with a low-noise output signal in the frequency range of 0.01−1 Hz is proposed for seismology applications. The sensor architecture is based on an unbalanced Mach−Zehnder interferometer, which is used to form a dual-pulse probe signal with required phases of its components and to stabilize the frequency of the laser source in the feedback circuit. The low noise level of the output signal is achieved in the proposed circuit by compensating for the difference in the optical paths of the dual-pulse probe signal fields scattered by different fiber sections. The applicability of the proposed circuit has been experimentally demonstrated by detecting a remote earthquake using a fiber-optic cable located at the bottom of the Black Sea.</p>","PeriodicalId":587,"journal":{"name":"Instruments and Experimental Techniques","volume":"66 5","pages":"837 - 842"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6713737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Distributed Acoustic Sensor with a 120-km Sensing Range Based on a Phase-Sensitive Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer and a Remotely Pumped Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier 基于相敏光时域反射计和远端泵浦掺铒光纤放大器的120公里探测距离分布式声传感器
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术
Instruments and Experimental Techniques Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1134/S0020441223050184
A. S. Dudin, D. R. Kharasov, E. A. Fomiryakov, S. P. Nikitin, O. E. Nanii, V. N. Treshchikov
{"title":"A Distributed Acoustic Sensor with a 120-km Sensing Range Based on a Phase-Sensitive Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer and a Remotely Pumped Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier","authors":"A. S. Dudin,&nbsp;D. R. Kharasov,&nbsp;E. A. Fomiryakov,&nbsp;S. P. Nikitin,&nbsp;O. E. Nanii,&nbsp;V. N. Treshchikov","doi":"10.1134/S0020441223050184","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0020441223050184","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The operating range of a distributed acoustic sensor based on a phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometer has been increased using an erbium-doped fiber amplifier with remote forward pumping. It is shown that by incorporating a single segment of erbium-doped fiber at a distance of 70 km and pumping it from the front end by a 500-mW laser at a wavelength of 1480 nm over the sensing fiber, it is possible to increase the operating range of the reflectometer by 45 km and, thereby, obtain the total operating range as large as 120 km along a standard single-mode fiber.</p>","PeriodicalId":587,"journal":{"name":"Instruments and Experimental Techniques","volume":"66 5","pages":"795 - 801"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6713709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Modification of the Backward Correlation Method for the Brillouin Frequency Shift Accurate Extraction 一种改进的后向相关法精确提取布里渊频移
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术
Instruments and Experimental Techniques Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1134/S0020441223050044
F. L. Barkov, Yu. A. Konstantinov
{"title":"A Modification of the Backward Correlation Method for the Brillouin Frequency Shift Accurate Extraction","authors":"F. L. Barkov,&nbsp;Yu. A. Konstantinov","doi":"10.1134/S0020441223050044","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0020441223050044","url":null,"abstract":"<p>An improved method for extracting the Brillouin frequency shift in postprocessing of a given Brillouin gain spectrum is presented. Modification of the method made it possible to expand the boundaries of its applicability to the region of noisy spectra with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) below 0 dB. The modified method can be successfully used in distributed fiber-optic sensors operating on the Brillouin scattering principle, especially in long-distance sensing lines.</p>","PeriodicalId":587,"journal":{"name":"Instruments and Experimental Techniques","volume":"66 5","pages":"753 - 760"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6713755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Tin (IV) Oxide Coatings with Different Morphologies on the Surface of a Thinned Quartz Fiber for Sensor Application 传感器用薄石英纤维表面不同形貌的氧化锡涂层
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术
Instruments and Experimental Techniques Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1134/S0020441223050226
D. P. Sudas, P. I. Kuznetsov
{"title":"Tin (IV) Oxide Coatings with Different Morphologies on the Surface of a Thinned Quartz Fiber for Sensor Application","authors":"D. P. Sudas,&nbsp;P. I. Kuznetsov","doi":"10.1134/S0020441223050226","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0020441223050226","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Thin-film coatings of tin oxide on the surface of a chemically thinned section of a single-mode quartz fiber have been obtained and experimentally characterized. The materials were synthesized on the fiber surface by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). To change the surface morphology, we used different amounts of tetramethyltin (SnMe<sub>4</sub>) supplied by a carrier gas (dried air) to the deposition zone by varying the temperature of the bubbler with the reagent. During deposition, the transmission spectrum of the optical path was recorded in real time, and the temperature of the bubbler in the experiments varied from –20 to +20°С. After studying the surface on a scanning electron microscope, the deposited films were tested for chemical resistance to an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid and the sensitivity of the lossy mode resonance (LMR) to changes in the refractive index of the environment in the range from 1.35 to 1.41 was evaluated. Samples produced at higher reagent flow rates exhibited a greater resonance sensitivity of 3800 nm/refractive index unit (RIU) for the first-order TM component of the resonance, but such coatings dissolve noticeably in concentrated sulfuric acid solutions, in contrast to coatings obtained with low reagent consumption.</p>","PeriodicalId":587,"journal":{"name":"Instruments and Experimental Techniques","volume":"66 5","pages":"875 - 880"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6713757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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