Foundations of Chemistry最新文献

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The problem of chemical laws 化学定律问题
IF 1.8 3区 化学
Foundations of Chemistry Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-024-09518-w
Hernan Lucas Accorinti
{"title":"The problem of chemical laws","authors":"Hernan Lucas Accorinti","doi":"10.1007/s10698-024-09518-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10698-024-09518-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, we will address a recurring problem in the field of the general philosophy of science but one that takes on particular relevance in the context of chemistry: the problem surrounding scientific laws. The main challenge is that the laws of chemistry are not universal; moreover, in practice, they are stated alongside numerous exceptions. Given that there are exceptions, we could argue that what the laws assert is neither universally true nor necessary. But if that's the case, are they genuine scientific laws? And if so, what is the reason for such lawfulness?</p></div>","PeriodicalId":568,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Chemistry","volume":"26 3","pages":"343 - 353"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141882265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The equilibrium box 平衡箱
IF 0.9 3区 化学
Foundations of Chemistry Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-024-09514-0
G. M. Anderson
{"title":"The equilibrium box","authors":"G. M. Anderson","doi":"10.1007/s10698-024-09514-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10698-024-09514-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The meaning of the once widely used term the <i>Gibbs Free Energy</i> in terms of available work energy is perfectly illustrated for chemical reactions by the Van’t Hoff Equilibrium Box. Combining this with DeDonder’s extent of reaction variable and using the reaction of <span>(hbox {NH}_3)</span> to <span>(hbox {H}_2)</span> and <span>(hbox {N}_2)</span> at <span>(200^{circ }hbox {C})</span> as an example shows the difference between total work energy and available work energy, and in addition allows calculation of the equilibrium composition, demonstration of the minimum in the Gibbs energy curve, and the standard relationship between <span>(Delta _textrm{r}G^{circ })</span> and <span>(ln {K})</span></p>","PeriodicalId":568,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Chemistry","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141785358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The periodic spiral of elements 元素周期螺旋
IF 1.8 3区 化学
Foundations of Chemistry Pub Date : 2024-07-20 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-024-09510-4
Mario Rodríguez Peña, José Ángel García Guerra
{"title":"The periodic spiral of elements","authors":"Mario Rodríguez Peña,&nbsp;José Ángel García Guerra","doi":"10.1007/s10698-024-09510-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10698-024-09510-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There are 2 main problems with the current periodic table: artificial breaks from a given noble gas to the next alkali metal (along with the common protrusion of the “f” block) and hydrogen placed in the alkali group, although this gas also exhibits halogen properties. This paper proposes arranging chemical elements in a square spiral with hydrogen at the centre. This element is also above lithium but passes above fluorine to connect with helium, representing its dual alkali and halogen nature effectively. Then the spiral moves outwards in a counter-clockwise direction, avoiding artificial breaks and following the natural direction of reading for the “s” and “p” blocks elements placed at the bottom of the spiral. Furthermore, this proposed square spiral improves upon previous Janet´s and Benfey´s representations with a more regular shape to draw, an effective depiction of the dual nature of hydrogen, and easily identifiable orbital blocks without the need for protrusions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":568,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Chemistry","volume":"26 2","pages":"315 - 321"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141740415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Relational quantum mechanics, causal composition, and molecular structure 关系量子力学、因果构成和分子结构
IF 1.8 3区 化学
Foundations of Chemistry Pub Date : 2024-06-20 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-024-09513-1
Stephen Esser
{"title":"Relational quantum mechanics, causal composition, and molecular structure","authors":"Stephen Esser","doi":"10.1007/s10698-024-09513-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10698-024-09513-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Franklin and Seifert (2021) argue that solving the measurement problem of quantum mechanics (QM) also answers a question central to the philosophy of chemistry: that of how to reconcile QM with the existence of definite molecular structures. This conclusion may appear premature, however, because interactions play a crucial role in shaping molecules, but we generally lack detailed models of how this is accomplished. Given this explanatory gap, simply choosing an interpretation of QM is insufficient, unless the interpretation also has relevant conceptual resources that address how spatially organized molecules are composed. This article seeks to close the gap, using the interpretation provided by relational quantum mechanics (RQM), along with a posited causal ontology. This framework, which entails the co-existence of multiple perspectives on systems within a single world, offers a path toward reconciling the quantum mechanical view of molecules with another conception more congenial to chemistry: that of molecules shaped by patterns of localizing interactions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":568,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Chemistry","volume":"26 3","pages":"429 - 446"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141507614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Periodic law, chemical elements and scientific discoveries: considerations from Norwood Hanson and Thomas Kuhn 周期律、化学元素和科学发现:诺伍德-汉森和托马斯-库恩的思考
IF 1.8 3区 化学
Foundations of Chemistry Pub Date : 2024-06-17 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-024-09512-2
Cristina Spolti Lorenzetti, Anabel Cardoso Raicik, Luiz O. Q. Peduzzi
{"title":"Periodic law, chemical elements and scientific discoveries: considerations from Norwood Hanson and Thomas Kuhn","authors":"Cristina Spolti Lorenzetti,&nbsp;Anabel Cardoso Raicik,&nbsp;Luiz O. Q. Peduzzi","doi":"10.1007/s10698-024-09512-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10698-024-09512-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The theme surrounding scientific discoveries is quite neglected in and about the sciences, especially in terms of historical and epistemological understanding. Discoveries are often treated as simple information about dates, places, and people. This work presents discussions centered on historical episodes related to chemical elements and the Periodic Law, based on reflections by Thomas Kuhn and Norwood Hanson, aiming to highlight and contextualize specific scientific discoveries' conceptual and epistemological structure. With that in mind, issues related to the inseparability of the contexts of discovery and justification are recovered, along with the complex intrinsic structures of the genesis of scientific knowledge and distinct types and categories of scientific discoveries.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":568,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Chemistry","volume":"26 3","pages":"447 - 465"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141507616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Research status of the periodic table: a bibliometric analysis 元素周期表的研究现状:文献计量分析
IF 1.8 3区 化学
Foundations of Chemistry Pub Date : 2024-05-29 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-024-09509-x
Kamna Sharma, Deepak Kumar Das, Saibal Ray
{"title":"Research status of the periodic table: a bibliometric analysis","authors":"Kamna Sharma,&nbsp;Deepak Kumar Das,&nbsp;Saibal Ray","doi":"10.1007/s10698-024-09509-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10698-024-09509-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, we present a bibliometric analysis of the Periodic Table. We have conducted a comprehensive analysis of Scopus based database using the keyword “Mendeleev Periodic Table\". Our findings suggest that the Periodic Table is an influential topic in the field of Inorganic as well as Organic Chemistry. Areas for future research could include on expanding our analysis to include other bibliometric indicators to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of the Periodic Table in the chemistry-based scientific investigations and even in the field of astrochemistry, which explores chemical processes in space, is intricately linked to fundamental chemistry. In this context, the quote of Carl Sagan is relevant where he eloquently expressed an inherent connection between chemistry and astrophysics: “The nitrogen in our DNA, the calcium in our teeth, the iron in our blood, the carbon in our apple pies were made in the interiors of collapsing stars.” In the ongoing study we have presented a ground level investigation of the conjecture of Sagan via Periodic Table based on bibliometric analysis whereas in the next level our aim is to present the stellar connection of it through Hertzsprung-Russel diagram as well as cluster of stars. The Periodic Table holistically serves as a foundational platform for understanding chemical elements both on the Earth and in celestial bodies. The present investigation fundamentally identifies the main working field of research and lays the groundwork for potential connections to astrochemical studies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":568,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Chemistry","volume":"26 2","pages":"301 - 314"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141194068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Clashing perspectives: Kantian epistemology and quantum chemistry theory 冲突的观点:康德认识论与量子化学理论
IF 1.8 3区 化学
Foundations of Chemistry Pub Date : 2024-05-14 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-024-09508-y
Ricardo Vivas-Reyes
{"title":"Clashing perspectives: Kantian epistemology and quantum chemistry theory","authors":"Ricardo Vivas-Reyes","doi":"10.1007/s10698-024-09508-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10698-024-09508-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this contribution, the role of epistemology in understanding quantum chemistry is discussed. Quantum chemistry is the study of the behavior of atoms and molecules using the principles of quantum mechanics. Epistemology helps us evaluate claims to knowledge, distinguish between justified and unjustified beliefs, and assess the reliability of scientific methods. In quantum chemistry, the epistemology of knowledge is heavily influenced by the mathematical nature of quantum mechanics, and models can be tested, proven, and validated through experimentation. This paper also discusses key concepts used in quantum chemistry, such as the wave-particle duality of matter and the uncertainty principle. This work utilizes Kant’s philosophy of science to frame debates and discussions in quantum chemistry, particularly with regard to the interplay between empirical observation and theory. Additionally, the text explores how Kant’s ideas about the role of the mind in constructing our understanding of the world can help us comprehend the counterintuitive phenomena of quantum mechanics and its applications in quantum chemistry theory.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":568,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Chemistry","volume":"26 2","pages":"291 - 300"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10698-024-09508-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140941567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
An interactive approach to the notion of chemical substance and the case of water 化学物质概念的互动方法和水的案例
IF 0.9 3区 化学
Foundations of Chemistry Pub Date : 2024-05-11 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-024-09504-2
Marabel Riesmeier
{"title":"An interactive approach to the notion of chemical substance and the case of water","authors":"Marabel Riesmeier","doi":"10.1007/s10698-024-09504-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10698-024-09504-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>From organic synthesis to quantum chemical calculation, chemists interact with chemical substances in a wide variety of ways. But what even is a chemical substance? My aim is to propose a notion of chemical substance that is consistent with the way in which chemical substances are individuated in chemistry, addressing gaps in previous conceptions of chemical substance. Water is employed as a case study to develop the account, not only because it is a familiar example of a chemical substance, but also because its structural peculiarities make it an ideal test case for drawing out potential issues and limitations. Examining four distinct views of chemical substance—the microstructural, thermodynamic, purification, and a functional/relational account—I conclude that each has considerable drawbacks when used as a standalone concept. However, these accounts are not rendered obsolete, but are combined into a semi-pluralist conceptual patchwork. My interactive account of chemical substance is consistent with existing substance descriptions and chemical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":568,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Chemistry","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140941592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Deciphering the physical meaning of Gibbs’s maximum work equation 解读吉布斯最大功方程的物理意义
IF 1.8 3区 化学
Foundations of Chemistry Pub Date : 2024-04-30 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-024-09503-3
Robert T. Hanlon
{"title":"Deciphering the physical meaning of Gibbs’s maximum work equation","authors":"Robert T. Hanlon","doi":"10.1007/s10698-024-09503-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10698-024-09503-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>J. Willard Gibbs derived the following equation to quantify the maximum work possible for a chemical reaction</p><p><span>({text{Maximum work }} = , - Delta {text{G}}_{{{text{rxn}}}} = , - left( {Delta {text{H}}_{{{text{rxn}}}} {-}{text{ T}}Delta {text{S}}_{{{text{rxn}}}} } right) {text{ constant T}},{text{P}})</span></p><p>∆H<sub>rxn</sub> is the enthalpy change of reaction as measured in a reaction calorimeter and ∆G<sub>rxn</sub> the change in Gibbs energy as measured, if feasible, in an electrochemical cell by the voltage across the two half-cells. To Gibbs, reaction spontaneity corresponds to negative values of ∆G<sub>rxn</sub>. But what is T∆S<sub>rxn</sub>, absolute temperature times the change in entropy? Gibbs stated that this term quantifies the heating/cooling required to maintain constant temperature in an electrochemical cell. Seeking a deeper explanation than this, one involving the behaviors of atoms and molecules that cause these thermodynamic phenomena, I employed an “atoms first” approach to decipher the physical underpinning of T∆S<sub>rxn</sub> and, in so doing, developed the hypothesis that this term quantifies the change in “structural energy” of the system during a chemical reaction. This hypothesis now challenges me to similarly explain the physical underpinning of the Gibbs–Helmholtz equation</p><p><span>({text{d}}left( {Delta {text{G}}_{{{text{rxn}}}} } right)/{text{dT}} = - Delta {text{S}}_{{{text{rxn}}}} left( {text{constant P}} right))</span></p><p>While this equation illustrates a relationship between ∆G<sub>rxn</sub> and ∆S<sub>rxn</sub>, I don’t understand how this is so, especially since orbital electron energies that I hypothesize are responsible for ∆G<sub>rxn</sub> are not directly involved in the entropy determination of atoms and molecules that are responsible for ∆S<sub>rxn</sub>. I write this paper to both share my progress and also to seek help from any who can clarify this for me.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":568,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Chemistry","volume":"26 1","pages":"179 - 189"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10698-024-09503-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140834829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Connecting De Donder’s equation with the differential changes of thermodynamic potentials: understanding thermodynamic potentials 将德东德方程与热力学势的微分变化联系起来:理解热力学势
IF 1.8 3区 化学
Foundations of Chemistry Pub Date : 2024-04-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-024-09507-z
Mihalj Poša
{"title":"Connecting De Donder’s equation with the differential changes of thermodynamic potentials: understanding thermodynamic potentials","authors":"Mihalj Poša","doi":"10.1007/s10698-024-09507-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10698-024-09507-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The new mathematical connection of De Donder’s differential entropy production with the differential changes of thermodynamic potentials (Helmholtz free energy, enthalpy, and Gibbs free energy) was obtained through the linear sequence of equations (direct, straightforward path), in which we use rigorous thermodynamic definitions of the partial molar thermodynamic properties. This new connection uses a global approach to the problem of reversibility and irreversibility, which is vital to global learners’ view and standardizes the linking procedure for thermodynamic potentials (Helmholtz free energy, enthalpy, and and Gibbs free energy)—preferably to the sensing learners. It is shown that De Donder’s differential entropy production in an isolated composite system is equal to the differential change in total entropy and that De Donder’s equation agrees with Clausius’ inequality. The useful work of the irreversible process is discussed, which with the decrease of irreversibility tends towards the hypothetical maximum useful work of the reversible process.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":568,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Chemistry","volume":"26 2","pages":"275 - 290"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140636709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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