Human Factors最新文献

{"title":"Virtual Reality Adaptive Training for Personalized Stress Inoculation.","authors":"Tor Finseth, Michael C Dorneich, Nir Keren, Warren D Franke, Stephen Vardeman","doi":"10.1177/00187208241241968","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241241968","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate a personalized adaptive training program designed for stress prevention using graduated stress exposure.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Astronauts in the high-risk space mission environment are prone to performance-impairing stress responses, making preemptive stress inoculation essential for their training.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This work developed an adaptive virtual reality-based system that adjusts environmental stressors based on real-time stress indicators to optimize training stress levels. Sixty-five healthy subjects underwent task training in one of three groups: <i>skill-only</i> (no stressors), <i>fixed-graduated</i> (prescheduled stressor changes), and <i>adaptive</i>. Psychological (subjective stress, task engagement, distress, worry, anxiety, and workload) and physiological (heart rate, heart rate variability, blood pressure, and electrodermal activity) responses were measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The <i>adaptive</i> condition showed a significant decrease in heart rate and a decreasing trend in heart rate variability ratio, with no changes in the other training conditions. Distress showed a decreasing trend for the <i>graduated</i> and <i>adaptive</i> conditions. Task engagement showed a significant increase for <i>adaptive</i> and a significant decrease for the <i>graduated</i> condition. All training conditions showed a significant decrease in worry and anxiety and a significant increase in the other heart rate variability metrics.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although all training conditions mitigated some stress, the preponderance of trial effects for the <i>adaptive</i> condition supports that it is more successful at decreasing stress.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>The integration of real-time personalized stress exposure within a VR-based training program not only prepares individuals for high-stress situations by preemptively mitigating stress but also customizes stressor levels to the crew member's current state, potentially enhancing resilience to future stressors.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"5-20"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140308108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of In-Vehicle Touchscreen Location on Driver Task Performance, Eye Gaze Behavior, and Workload During Conditionally Automated Driving: Nondriving-Related Task and Take-Over.","authors":"Gayoung Ban, Woojin Park","doi":"10.1177/00187208241226838","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241226838","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study investigated the effects of nondriving-related task (NDRT) touchscreen location and NDRT difficulty level on the driver task performance, eye gaze behavior, and workload during SAE Level 3 conditionally automated driving. Two driver tasks were considered: a visuomanual NDRT and a take-over task.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Touchscreens are expected to play important roles inside automated vehicles. However, few studies have investigated the driver-touchscreen interaction during automated driving.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A driving simulator experiment was conducted. The experimental task consisted of two successive subtasks: an NDRT followed by a take-over task. NDRT touchscreen location (Upper Left, Upper Right, and Lower Right) and NDRT difficulty level (Easy and Hard) were the independent variables. A set of driver task performance, eye gaze behavior, and perceived workload measures were employed for each subtask as the dependent variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>NDRT touchscreen location significantly affected both the NDRT and the take-over task performance. Lower Right was superior to Upper Right in the NDRT performance but was inferior in the take-over task performance. NDRT touchscreen location affected the perceived physical workload of the NDRT. NDRT difficulty level affected the perceived workload of the take-over task.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The research findings enhance our understanding of how NDRT touchscreen location and NDRT difficulty level impact the driver task performance during conditionally automated driving, and, further provide useful design implications and knowledge.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>The study results would inform the NDRT touchscreen interface design and the NDRT design for conditionally automated vehicles.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"2651-2668"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139492818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trust with increasing and decreasing reliability.","authors":"Benjamin S P Rittenberg, Christopher W Holland, Grace E Barnhart, Sierra M Gaudreau, Heather F Neyedli","doi":"10.1177/00187208241228636","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241228636","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The primary purpose was to determine how trust changes over time when automation reliability increases or decreases. A secondary purpose was to determine how task-specific self-confidence is associated with trust and reliability level.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Both overtrust and undertrust can be detrimental to system performance; therefore, the temporal dynamics of trust with changing reliability level need to be explored.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Two experiments used a dominant-color identification task, where automation provided a recommendation to users, with the reliability of the recommendation changing over 300 trials. In Experiment 1, two groups of participants interacted with the system: one group started with a 50% reliable system which increased to 100%, while the other used a system that decreased from 100% to 50%. Experiment 2 included a group where automation reliability increased from 70% to 100%.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Trust was initially high in the decreasing group and then declined as reliability level decreased; however, trust also declined in the 50% increasing reliability group. Furthermore, when user self-confidence increased, automation reliability had a greater influence on trust. In Experiment 2, the 70% increasing reliability group showed increased trust in the system.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Trust does not always track the reliability of automated systems; in particular, it is difficult for trust to recover once the user has interacted with a low reliability system.</p><p><strong>Applications: </strong>This study provides initial evidence into the dynamics of trust for automation that gets better over time suggesting that users should only start interacting with automation when it is sufficiently reliable.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"2569-2589"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11487872/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140041049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Aimed Movement Models Fit Distal Pointing With Varying Depth?","authors":"Yuqian Wang, Ravindra S Goonetilleke, Ray F Lin","doi":"10.1177/00187208231222329","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208231222329","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>With the rapid improvements in drone technology, there is an increasing interest in distal pointing to diffuse drones. This study investigated the effect of depth on distal pointing when the hand does not traverse the entire distance from start to target so that the most suitable mathematical model can be assessed.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Starting from the Fitts paradigm, researchers have proposed different models to predict movement time when the distance to the target is variable. They do consider distance, but they are based on statistical modeling rather than the underlying control mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-four participants volunteered for an experiment in a full-factorial Fitts' paradigm task (3 levels of movement amplitude *7 levels of target width *3 levels of distance from participant to screen). Movement time and the number of errors were the dependent variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Depth has a significant effect when the target width is small, but depth has no effect when the target width is large. The angular version of the two-part model is superior to the one-part Fitts' model at larger distances. Besides, Index of difficulty for distal pointing, <math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>I</mi><mi>D</mi></mrow><mtext>DP</mtext></msub></mrow></math> with adjustable <i>k</i> achieves the best fit even though the model is very sensitive to the value of <i>k</i> and the complexity of the model could be resulting in an overfitting. The result implies that the effects of movement amplitude and target width are not comparable and grouping them to form a dependent index of difficulty can be misleading especially when distance is an added variable.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The angular version of the two-part model is a viable and meaningful description for distal pointing. Even though the <math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>I</mi><mi>D</mi></mrow><mtext>DP</mtext></msub></mrow></math> with adjustable <i>k</i> is the best predictor for movement time when depth is an added variable, there is no physical interpretation for it.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>A reasonable predictive model for performance assessments and predictions in distal pointing.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"2636-2650"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139081132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Affecting Workers' Mental Stress in Handover Activities During Human-Robot Collaboration.","authors":"Lu Lu, Ziyang Xie, Hanwen Wang, Bingyi Su, Sehee Jung, Xu Xu","doi":"10.1177/00187208241226823","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241226823","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study investigated the effects of different approach directions, movement speeds, and trajectories of a co-robot's end-effector on workers' mental stress during handover tasks.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Human-robot collaboration (HRC) is gaining attention in industry and academia. Understanding robot-related factors causing mental stress is crucial for designing collaborative tasks that minimize workers' stress.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Mental stress in HRC tasks was measured subjectively through self-reports and objectively through galvanic skin response (GSR) and electromyography (EMG). Robot-related factors including approach direction, movement speed, and trajectory were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Movement speed and approach direction had significant effects on subjective ratings, EMG, and GSR. High-speed and approaching from one side consistently resulted in higher fear, lower comfort, and predictability, as well as increased EMG and GSR signals, indicating higher mental stress. Movement trajectory affected GSR, with the sudden stop condition eliciting a stronger response compared to the constrained trajectory. Interaction effects between speed and approach direction were observed for \"surprise\" and \"predictability\" subjective ratings. At high speed, approach direction did not significantly differ, but at low speeds, approaching from the side was found to be more surprising and unpredictable compared to approaching from the front.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The mental stress of workers during HRC is lower when the robot's end effector (1) approaches a worker within the worker's field of view, (2) approaches at a lower speed, or (3) follows a constrained trajectory.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>The outcome of this study can serve as a guide to design HRC tasks with a low level of workers' mental stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"2621-2635"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139433182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"More Is Not Always Better: Impacts of AI-Generated Confidence and Explanations in Human-Automation Interaction.","authors":"Shihong Ling, Yutong Zhang, Na Du","doi":"10.1177/00187208241234810","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241234810","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The study aimed to enhance transparency in autonomous systems by automatically generating and visualizing confidence and explanations and assessing their impacts on performance, trust, preference, and eye-tracking behaviors in human-automation interaction.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>System transparency is vital to maintaining appropriate levels of trust and mission success. Previous studies presented mixed results regarding the impact of displaying likelihood information and explanations, and often relied on hand-created information, limiting scalability and failing to address real-world dynamics.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We conducted a dual-task experiment involving 42 university students who operated a simulated surveillance testbed with assistance from intelligent detectors. The study used a 2 (confidence visualization: yes vs. no) × 3 (visual explanations: none, bounding boxes, bounding boxes and keypoints) mixed design. Task performance, human trust, preference for intelligent detectors, and eye-tracking behaviors were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Visual explanations using bounding boxes and keypoints improved detection task performance when confidence was not displayed. Meanwhile, visual explanations enhanced trust and preference for the intelligent detector, regardless of the explanation type. Confidence visualization did not influence human trust in and preference for the intelligent detector. Moreover, both visual information slowed saccade velocities.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study demonstrated that visual explanations could improve performance, trust, and preference in human-automation interaction without confidence visualization partially by changing the search strategies. However, excessive information might cause adverse effects.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>These findings provide guidance for the design of transparent automation, emphasizing the importance of context-appropriate and user-centered explanations to foster effective human-machine collaboration.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"2606-2620"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140029664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Timing of Disengagement From Nondriving Related Tasks in Scheduled Takeovers With Pre-Alerts: An Analysis of Takeover-Related Measures.","authors":"Jiming Bai, Xu Sun, Shi Cao, Qingfeng Wang, Jiang Wu","doi":"10.1177/00187208231226052","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208231226052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to investigate drivers' disengagement from nondriving related tasks (NDRT) during scheduled takeovers and to evaluate its impact on takeover performance.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>During scheduled takeovers, drivers typically have sufficient time to prepare. However, inadequate disengagement from NDRTs can introduce safety risks.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Participants experienced scheduled takeovers using a driving simulator, undergoing two conditions, with and without an NDRT. We assessed their takeover performance and monitored their NDRT disengagement from visual, cognitive, and physical perspectives.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study examined three NDRT disengagement timings (DTs): DT1 (disengaged before the takeover request), DT2 (disengaged after the request but before taking over), and DT3 (not disengaged). The impact of NDRT on takeover performance varied depending on DTs. Specifically, DT1 demonstrated no adverse effects; DT2 impaired takeover time, while DT3 impaired both takeover time and quality. Additionally, participants who displayed DT1 exhibited longer eye-off-NDRT duration and a higher eye-off-NDRT count during the prewarning stage compared to those with DT2 and DT3.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Drivers can benefit from earlier disengagement from NDRTs, demonstrating resilience to the adverse effects of NDRTs on takeover performance. The disengagement of cognition is often delayed compared to that of eyes and hands, potentially leading to DT3. Moreover, visual disengagement from NDRTs during the prewarning stage could distinguish DT1 from the other two.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>Our study emphasizes considering NDRT disengagement in designing systems for scheduled takeovers. Measures should be taken to promote early disengagement, facilitate cognitive disengagement, and employ visual disengagement during the prewarning period as predictive indicators of DTs.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"2669-2690"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11487985/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139426185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Contextual and Theoretical Expertise on Generic and Occupation-Specific Lifting Strategy.","authors":"Daniel P Armstrong, Tyson A C Beach, Steven L Fischer","doi":"10.1177/00187208231223429","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208231223429","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine whether (i) low back loads and/or (ii) kinematic coordination patterns differed across theoretical expert, contextual expert and novice groups when completing both generic and occupation-specific lifts.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Experience has been proposed as a factor that could reduce biomechanical exposures in lifting, but the literature reports mixed effects. The inconsistent relationship between experience and exposures may be partially attributable to the broad classification of experience and experimental lifting protocols not replicating the environment where experience was gained.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Purposive sampling was used to recruit 72 participants including theoretical experts (formal training on lifting mechanics), contextual experts (paramedics), and novices. Participants performed 10 barbell and crate (generic) lifts, as well as backboard and stretcher (occupation-specific) lifts while whole-body kinematics and ground reaction forces were collected. Peak low back compression and anteroposterior shear loads normalized to body mass, as well as kinematic coordination patterns, were calculated as dependent variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No significant differences in low back loads were observed across expertise groups. However, significant differences were seen in kinematic coordination patterns across expertise groups in occupation-specific lifts, but not in generic lifts.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Increasing expertise is unlikely to minimize low back loads in lifting. However, contextual expertise did influence lifting kinematics, but only when performing occupationally specific lifts.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>Contextual expertise may help lifters adopt lifting kinematics that enhance the tolerance of their musculoskeletal system to withstand applied loads, but does not seem to reduce the applied low back loads relative to noncontextual expert groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"2590-2605"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11475631/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139652289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adopting Stimulus Detection Tasks for Cognitive Workload Assessment: Some Considerations.","authors":"Francesco N Biondi","doi":"10.1177/00187208241228049","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241228049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This article tackles the issue of correct data interpretation when using stimulus detection tasks for determining the operator's workload.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Stimulus detection tasks are a relative simple and inexpensive means of measuring the operator's state. While stimulus detection tasks may be better geared to measure conditions of high workload, adopting this approach for the assessment of low workload may be more problematic.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This mini-review details the use of common stimulus detection tasks and their contributions to the Human Factors practice. It also borrows from the conceptual framework of the inverted-U shape model to discuss the issue of data interpretation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The evidence being discussed here highlights a clear limitation of stimulus detection task paradigms.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is an inherent risk in using a unidimensional tool like stimulus detection tasks as the primary source of information for determining the operator's psychophysiological state.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>Two recommendations are put forward to Human Factors researchers and practitioners dealing with the interpretation conundrum of dealing with stimulus detection tasks.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"2561-2568"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11475934/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139514310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability of Open Public Electric Vehicle Direct Current Fast Chargers.","authors":"David Rempel, Carleen Cullen, Mary Matteson Bryan, Gustavo Vianna Cezar","doi":"10.1177/00187208231215242","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208231215242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim was to systematically evaluate the usability of all public electric vehicles (EV) direct current fast chargers (DCFC) in the San Francisco region.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>To achieve a rapid transition to EVs, a highly reliable and easy to use charging infrastructure is critical to building confidence among consumers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The functionality and usability of all 182 open, public DCFC charging stations with CCS connectors (combined charging system) in the 9 counties of the Bay Area were tested (655 electric vehicle service equipment (EVSE) ports). An EVSE was classified as functional if it charged an EV for 2 minutes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 73.3% of the 655 EVSEs were functional. The causes of the nonfunctioning EVSEs (23.5%) were blank or unresponsive screens or error messages; payment system failures; charge initiation failures; network failures; or broken connectors. In addition, the cable was too short to reach the EV inlet for 3.2% of the EVSEs. A random sampling of 10% of the EVSEs, approximately 8 days after the first evaluation, found no overall change in functionality.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The level of functionality found with field testing conflicts with the 95-98% uptime reported by the EV service providers (EVSPs) who operate the EV charging stations. There is a need for precise and verifiable definitions of <i>uptime</i>, <i>downtime</i>, and <i>excluded time</i>, as applied to public EV chargers.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>The level of failure of the existing public EV DCFC charge infrastructure highlights the importance of improving the system design and maintenance to improve adoption of EVs.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"2528-2538"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138464687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}