Brain Impairment最新文献_第2页

The effect of cranioplasty on outcomes and complications of unresponsive wakefulness syndrome and minimally responsive state. 颅骨成形术对无反应清醒综合征和微反应状态的疗效和并发症的影响。

IF 1.1 4区医学

Brain Impairment Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1071/IB23124

Elena Aidinoff, Hiela Lehrer, Ilana Gelernter, Ilil Dayan, Adi Kfir, Lilach Front, Ana Oksamitny, Amiram Catz

{"title":"The effect of cranioplasty on outcomes and complications of unresponsive wakefulness syndrome and minimally responsive state.","authors":"Elena Aidinoff, Hiela Lehrer, Ilana Gelernter, Ilil Dayan, Adi Kfir, Lilach Front, Ana Oksamitny, Amiram Catz","doi":"10.1071/IB23124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/IB23124","url":null,"abstract":"Background Studies that have shown neurological improvement following cranioplasty (CP) after decompressive craniectomy (DC) in patients with unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS) and minimally conscious state (MCS) did not include control groups. The aim of this study was to assess the justification of CP for these patients. Methods Data were collected from medical records of inpatients with UWS and MCS admitted between 2002 and 2018. Results Of the 144 participants (mean age 40 years, 76% males, 75% in UWS), 37% had CP following DC. The Loewenstein Communication Scale (LCS) gain was 12±17 and 16±17 for the control and study patients, respectively. The corresponding consciousness recovery rate (based on Coma Recovery Scale-Revised scores) was 51% and 53%, respectively. One-year survival rates were 0.80 and 0.93, and 5-year survival rates were 0.67 and 0.73, respectively. Mean outcome values were higher for the study group, but the differences between the groups did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions The study did not demonstrate that CP increases brain recovery or survival. Nevertheless, it showed that CP did not decrease them either, and it did not increase complications rate. The findings, therefore, support offering CP to patients with UWS and MCS as CP does not increase risks and can achieve additional goals for these patients.","PeriodicalId":56329,"journal":{"name":"Brain Impairment","volume":"25 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142302033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Spanish translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Box and Block Test: a pilot study in adults with chronic acquired brain injury. 盒块测验的西班牙文翻译和跨文化改编：一项针对慢性后天性脑损伤成人的试点研究。

IF 1.1 4区医学

Brain Impairment Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1071/IB24014

María-Paula Noce, Desirée Valera-Gran, Miriam Hurtado-Pomares, Encarni Serrano-Reina, Carlos Soler-Pons, Eva-María Navarrete-Muñoz

{"title":"Spanish translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Box and Block Test: a pilot study in adults with chronic acquired brain injury.","authors":"María-Paula Noce, Desirée Valera-Gran, Miriam Hurtado-Pomares, Encarni Serrano-Reina, Carlos Soler-Pons, Eva-María Navarrete-Muñoz","doi":"10.1071/IB24014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/IB24014","url":null,"abstract":"Background The Box and Block Test (BBT) is a highly recommended outcome measure to assess unilateral gross motor activity of the upper limbs. The BBT has not previously been available in a version adapted to the Spanish context. Thus, this study aimed to cross-culturally adapt and translate the BBT's instructions and pilot test the Spanish version of BBT in adults with acquired brain injury (ABI). Methods The BBT was translated and cross-culturally adapted following standard procedures. An expert committee approved the final Spanish version of BBT and it was conceptually validated by four therapists with expertise in ABI. The tool was tested on 14 adults with ABI. Results The Spanish version of BBT included a new section of materials for the test and a record to count the number of blocks transferred from one compartment of the box to the other. Following the pilot study, a modification in terminology was implemented for referring to the dominant and non-dominant hands. Conclusions Our results suggest that the Spanish version of BBT is suitable for assessing manual dexterity in Spanish-speaking adults with ABI.","PeriodicalId":56329,"journal":{"name":"Brain Impairment","volume":"25 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142333444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The development of a cognitive screening protocol for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander peoples: the Guddi Way screen. 为土著居民和/或托雷斯海峡岛民制定认知筛查方案：Guddi Way 筛查。

IF 1.1 4区医学

Brain Impairment Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1071/IB23058

Michelle McIntyre, Jennifer Cullen, Caoilfionn Turner, India Bohanna, Ali Lakhini, Kylie Rixon

{"title":"The development of a cognitive screening protocol for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander peoples: the Guddi Way screen.","authors":"Michelle McIntyre, Jennifer Cullen, Caoilfionn Turner, India Bohanna, Ali Lakhini, Kylie Rixon","doi":"10.1071/IB23058","DOIUrl":"10.1071/IB23058","url":null,"abstract":"Background Many Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander peoples are exposed to risk factors for cognitive impairment. However, culturally appropriate methods for identifying potential cognitive impairment are lacking. This paper reports on the development of a screen and interview protocol designed to flag possible cognitive impairments and psychosocial disability in Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander adults over the age of 16years. Methods The Guddi Way screen includes items relating to cognition and mental functions across multiple cognitive domains. The screen is straightforward, brief, and able to be administered by non-clinicians with training. Results Early results suggest the Guddi Way screen is reliable and culturally acceptable, and correctly flags cognitive dysfunction among Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander adults. Conclusions The screen shows promise as a culturally appropriate and culturally developed method to identify the possibility of cognitive impairments and psychosocial disability in Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander adults. A flag on the Guddi Way screen indicates the need for referral to an experienced neuropsychologist or neuropsychiatrist for further assessment and can also assist in guiding support services.","PeriodicalId":56329,"journal":{"name":"Brain Impairment","volume":"25 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142121154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Using the Knowledge to Action framework to improve housing and support for people with Multiple Sclerosis. 利用 "从知识到行动 "框架改善多发性硬化症患者的住房和支持。

IF 1.1 4区医学

Brain Impairment Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1071/IB23102

Lee Cubis, Sharyn McDonald, Pamela Dean, Robin Ramme, Kate D'Cruz, Megan Topping, Fiona Fisher, Di Winkler, Jacinta Douglas

{"title":"Using the Knowledge to Action framework to improve housing and support for people with Multiple Sclerosis.","authors":"Lee Cubis, Sharyn McDonald, Pamela Dean, Robin Ramme, Kate D'Cruz, Megan Topping, Fiona Fisher, Di Winkler, Jacinta Douglas","doi":"10.1071/IB23102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/IB23102","url":null,"abstract":"Background People with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) have unique housing and support needs that are essential for maintaining independence at home; however, there is limited research to guide the design of community living options for this population. The aim of this study was to examine housing and support needs and preferences of people with MS with the intention to inform the planning of a co-designed intervention based on the study's findings. Methods Using the Knowledge to Action (KTA) framework, quantitative (n =79) and qualitative (n =6) data from people with MS were extracted and integrated from projects completed by the research team that explored the housing and support needs and preferences of people with disability. Results were synthesised and presented to a reference group for validation, contextualisation, and adaptation to the Australian context. Results High physical support needs were common across participants. People most commonly required home modifications to improve accessibility, such as ramps, equipment such as heating and cooling, and assistive technology. Many people required more than 8 hours per day of paid support. Moving into individualised housing facilitated independence and community reintegration. People reported gaps between what they wanted from support workers and what they received, citing individual and systemic barriers. Conclusion People with MS have support needs that require proactive and responsive funding arrangements, housing design and support provision. In line with KTA principles, findings will inform the planning of a co-designed intervention that involves people with lived experience of MS and other stakeholders to influence policy and improve home and living outcomes for this population.","PeriodicalId":56329,"journal":{"name":"Brain Impairment","volume":"25 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141879922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Applying implementation science theories to support practice change in the assessment of cognition by occupational therapists. 应用实施科学理论支持职业治疗师在认知评估方面的实践变革。

IF 1.1 4区医学

Brain Impairment Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1071/IB23105

Jacqueline Wheatcroft, Rebecca J Nicks, Laura Jolliffe, Danielle Sansonetti, Carolyn Unsworth, Natasha A Lannin

{"title":"Applying implementation science theories to support practice change in the assessment of cognition by occupational therapists.","authors":"Jacqueline Wheatcroft, Rebecca J Nicks, Laura Jolliffe, Danielle Sansonetti, Carolyn Unsworth, Natasha A Lannin","doi":"10.1071/IB23105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/IB23105","url":null,"abstract":"Background Understanding cognitive impairments is essential for effective rehabilitation and discharge planning for adults with neurological conditions. The aim of this study was to identify barriers to completing standardised cognitive assessments and evaluate the implementation of an intervention to support practice change. Methods A mixed-methods approach was applied to translate cognitive assessment recommendations into clinical practice using the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) and the Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation Behaviour model (COM-B) theories. Occupational therapists at one metropolitan health service in Australia were invited to participate. Pre- and post-implementation file audits and surveys were conducted, along with focus groups that collected qualitative data analysed using the TDF and COM-B. Results Survey 1 (n =40) and focus group data (n =24) identified barriers in the TDF domains of knowledge (selection of assessments), environment and resources (equipment and time constraints), and social influences (pressure from other disciplines). To address barriers to implementing a cognitive assessment framework, scripts, cue cards, video-recorded training, and posters were developed as guided by the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW). Survey 2 showed increased capability to physically administer cognitive assessments (53-74%) and improved clinician understanding of relevant clinical practice guideline (CPG) recommendations (22-50%). File audit data indicated a 30% increase in the number of standardised assessments completed. Conclusions The application of two implementation theories led to the development of an intervention that increased occupational therapists' confidence and their adherence to CPG recommendations. This study serves as a potential model for using the TDF and COM-B to create implementation interventions in various clinical practice areas.","PeriodicalId":56329,"journal":{"name":"Brain Impairment","volume":"25 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142115509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Life after lockdown: loneliness, exclusion and the impact of hidden disability. 封锁后的生活：孤独、排斥和隐性残疾的影响。

IF 0.8 4区医学

Brain Impairment Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1071/IB23111

Chloe Bradbury, Abbey Fletcher, Stephen Dunne

{"title":"Life after lockdown: loneliness, exclusion and the impact of hidden disability.","authors":"Chloe Bradbury, Abbey Fletcher, Stephen Dunne","doi":"10.1071/IB23111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/IB23111","url":null,"abstract":"Background Stroke survivors are a population at increased risk of experiencing loneliness, thus exploring the effect of lockdown measures on stroke survivors is of paramount importance. We explored the personal experiences of loneliness among stroke survivors during lockdown in the COVID-19 pandemic and the lessons that can be learned from these experiences. Methods Seventeen stroke survivors from across the United Kingdom (10 females, 7 males; 45-83years old; M age =63.47) participated in semi-structured interviews. Reflexive thematic analysis was employed in the interpretation of the data. Results Three overarching themes were constructed: (1) hidden struggles, isolated lives; (2) divergent experiences and adaptations; and (3) rebuilding after lockdown. These themes explore survivors' experiences of loneliness generally after stroke and how this loneliness was assuaged with online video conferencing and other technological solutions. They also chronicle how these feelings changed during lockdown and survivors' feelings regarding society returning to 'normal' and the associated apprehension and anxiety this brings. Conclusions We recommend a focus on improving understanding of the challenges faced after stroke to reduce stigma, increase empathy and promote inclusive attitudes within society, alongside better pandemic preparedness through engagement with hybrid support solutions.","PeriodicalId":56329,"journal":{"name":"Brain Impairment","volume":"25 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141322137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Characterisation of young stroke presentations, pathways of care, and support for 'invisible' difficulties: a retrospective clinical audit study. 年轻卒中患者的特征、护理路径以及对 "隐形 "困难的支持：一项回顾性临床审计研究。

IF 1.1 4区医学

Brain Impairment Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1071/IB23059

Michaela Grech, Toni Withiel, Marlena Klaic, Caroline A Fisher, Leonie Simpson, Dana Wong

{"title":"Characterisation of young stroke presentations, pathways of care, and support for 'invisible' difficulties: a retrospective clinical audit study.","authors":"Michaela Grech, Toni Withiel, Marlena Klaic, Caroline A Fisher, Leonie Simpson, Dana Wong","doi":"10.1071/IB23059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/IB23059","url":null,"abstract":"Background Young stroke survivors are likely to be discharged home from acute hospital care without rehabilitation more quickly than older survivors, but it is not clear why. File-audit studies capturing real-world clinical practice are lacking for this cohort. We aimed to compare characteristics and care pathways of young and older survivors and describe stroke presentations and predictors of pathways of care in young survivors (≤45years), including a focus on care received for 'invisible' (cognitive, psychological) difficulties. Methods A retrospective audit of 847 medical records (67 young stroke survivors, mean age=36years; 780 older patients, mean age=70years) was completed for stroke survivors admitted to an Australian tertiary hospital. Stroke characteristics and presence of cognitive difficulties (identified through clinician opinion or cognitive screening) were used to predict length of stay and discharge destination in young stroke survivors. Results There were no differences in length of stay between young and older survivors, however, young stroke survivors were more likely to be discharged home without rehabilitation (though this may be due to milder strokes observed in young stroke survivors). For young stroke survivors, stroke severity and age predicted discharge destination, while cognitive difficulties predicted longer length of stay. While almost all young survivors were offered occupational therapy and physiotherapy, none received psychological input (clinical, health or neuropsychology). Conclusions Cognitive and psychological needs of young stroke survivors may remain largely unmet by a service model designed for older people. Findings can inform service development or models of care, such as the new Australian Young Stroke Service designed to better meet the needs of young survivors.","PeriodicalId":56329,"journal":{"name":"Brain Impairment","volume":"25 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141473069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A systematic review of remotely delivered interventions to support wellbeing amongst caregivers of adults with acquired brain injuries. 对支持后天性脑损伤成人护理人员健康的远程干预措施进行系统性审查。

IF 0.8 4区医学

Brain Impairment Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1071/IB23099

Nils Rickardsson, Daniel Jon Stopforth, David Gillanders

{"title":"A systematic review of remotely delivered interventions to support wellbeing amongst caregivers of adults with acquired brain injuries.","authors":"Nils Rickardsson, Daniel Jon Stopforth, David Gillanders","doi":"10.1071/IB23099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/IB23099","url":null,"abstract":"Background There is a need for improved access to evidence-based interventions supporting the wellbeing of caregivers of adults with acquired brain injury (ABI). Remotely delivered interventions could address this need. The present systematic review sought to collate studies evaluating remotely delivered interventions designed to improve the wellbeing of caregivers of adults with an ABI, to summarise findings and to comment on the quality of this research. Methods Systematic searches were conducted up until December 2023. Study characteristics, populations, interventions and outcomes were outlined, and papers were appraised on methodological quality. The review was pre-registered (PROSPERO: CRD42020189235). Results Eleven studies meeting inclusion criteria were identified. Methodological quality was generally low to adequate. Most studies evaluated an intervention for caregivers of people with stroke, with a variety of types of interventions trialled. The majority of studies reported non-significant findings on wellbeing outcomes when compared to control conditions. Conclusions There is limited evidence supporting a remotely delivered intervention to improve wellbeing outcomes for ABI caregivers. Specific recommendations are provided, including the development of a core set of outcomes and replication of findings over time, which can improve research into the development and evaluation of remote interventions for this population.","PeriodicalId":56329,"journal":{"name":"Brain Impairment","volume":"25 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140961280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Heads Together Online Peer Education (HOPE): co-design of a family-led, video-based resource for families affected by paediatric acquired brain injury. 齐心协力在线同伴教育（HOPE）：为受小儿后天性脑损伤影响的家庭共同设计以家庭为主导的视频资源。

IF 0.8 4区医学

Brain Impairment Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1071/IB23101

Marnie Drake, Taylor Jenkin, Kate Heine, Penelope Analytis, Michael Kendall, Adam Scheinberg, Sarah Knight

{"title":"Heads Together Online Peer Education (HOPE): co-design of a family-led, video-based resource for families affected by paediatric acquired brain injury.","authors":"Marnie Drake, Taylor Jenkin, Kate Heine, Penelope Analytis, Michael Kendall, Adam Scheinberg, Sarah Knight","doi":"10.1071/IB23101","DOIUrl":"10.1071/IB23101","url":null,"abstract":"Background Many families of children with acquired brain injuries (ABI) desire opportunities to connect with peers who have shared similar experiences, but such opportunities are often unavailable. Heads Together Online Peer Education (HOPE) is a co-designed online video-based resource that provides information and early support to families following paediatric ABI. This study is part of a larger co-creation project using a community-based participatory research approach to develop and implement HOPE for families impacted by paediatric ABI in Australia. This study aimed to explore parents' and clinicians' perspectives regarding HOPE's usability, acceptability, and future implementation. Methods Parents and clinicians were recruited from a state-wide, interdisciplinary rehabilitation service. Parents were eligible to participate if their child had sustained an ABI within 2 years of recruitment. Participants accessed HOPE, completed the System Usability Scale (SUS), and participated in a semi-structured interview. Transcripts were analysed using inductive content analysis. Results Ten parents and 13 rehabilitation clinicians participated. Average SUS scores were 80.5/100 and 81.73/100, respectively. Participants were satisfied with HOPE's family-centred content and delivery. They expressed having benefited from using HOPE and offered suggestions for its optimisation. Finally, participants reflected on how HOPE could be introduced to and used by families, and its potential usefulness in educating others about paediatric ABI. Conclusions HOPE was developed through a family-led co-design process and aims to provide information and support to families in the early stages following paediatric ABI. This study's findings demonstrate HOPE's usability and acceptability from end-users' perspectives and will guide implementation.","PeriodicalId":56329,"journal":{"name":"Brain Impairment","volume":"25 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140878036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to: Healing Right Way randomised control trial enhancing rehabilitation services for Aboriginal people with brain injury in Western Australia: translation principles and activities. 更正：Healing Right Way 随机对照试验：加强西澳大利亚州原住民脑损伤患者的康复服务：翻译原则和活动。

IF 1.1 4区医学

Brain Impairment Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1071/IB23109_CO

Neil Drew, Meaghan McAllister, Juli Coffin, Melanie Robinson, Judith Katzenellenbogen, Elizabeth Armstrong

引用次数: 0