Cancer Epidemiology最新文献

{"title":"Spatiotemporal analysis of lung cancer mortality in Spain","authors":"Pablo Medín ,&nbsp;Carlos M. Leveau ,&nbsp;Javier Riancho ,&nbsp;Ana Santurtún","doi":"10.1016/j.canep.2025.102770","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.canep.2025.102770","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in Spain. This study aims to analyze the spatiotemporal pattern of lung cancer mortality in Spain and to discuss the role of potential risk factors.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A spatiotemporal study of lung cancer mortality was conducted in Spain. Moran’s I index and Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) were utilized to identify spatial clustering. Bivariate spatial associations and multivariate regression models were applied to examine the association between lung cancer mortality, population density, mining activity, and average income per capita.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 81.8 % of lung cancer deaths occurred in males, though there is a rising trend in deaths among females. There are low-mortality clusters mainly concentrated in inland areas of the peninsula and in the northern half of the country, while high-mortality clusters are distributed heterogeneously and, in some regions, follow the course of the rivers. Municipal-level association analysis shows a direct relationship with population density and, among individuals aged 65 and older, with mining activity; however, it reveals an inverse relationship with average income per capita.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>A better understanding of the spatiotemporal behavior of lung cancer mortality and its associated risk factors could be useful for primary prevention efforts and healthcare planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56322,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 102770"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143421575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Addressing the cervical cancer burden in the Rio Grande Valley of Texas through a multi-component program to improve screening and diagnostic follow-up: A retrospective cohort study","authors":"Melissa Lopez Varon ,&nbsp;Mila Pontremoli Salcedo ,&nbsp;Bryan Fellman ,&nbsp;Catherine Troisi ,&nbsp;Rose Gowen ,&nbsp;Maria Daheri ,&nbsp;Ana Rodriguez ,&nbsp;Paul Toscano ,&nbsp;Laura Guerra ,&nbsp;Monica Gasca ,&nbsp;Blanca Cavazos ,&nbsp;Elena Marin ,&nbsp;Susan Fisher-Hoch ,&nbsp;Maria E. Fernandez ,&nbsp;Belinda Reininger ,&nbsp;Li Ruosha ,&nbsp;Ellen Baker ,&nbsp;Kathleen Schmeler","doi":"10.1016/j.canep.2025.102772","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.canep.2025.102772","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Cervical cancer is preventable by following guidelines for vaccination, screening, diagnosis and treatment of preinvasive cervical lesions. We implemented a multicomponent intervention to increase rates of colposcopy after abnormal screening results in three clinic systems in the Rio Grande Valley, along the Texas-Mexico border. The goal of this study was to assess the outcomes of this program including participation in colposcopy within 90 days of screening for women with abnormal screening results, and the time between screening and colposcopy appointments during the first year (Year 1/baseline) and subsequent years (Years 2 through 4) of program implementation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of medical records of clinics participating in the program. We utilized multiple logistic regression and linear regression to assess the colposcopic outcomes of women with indication for colposcopy.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 1556 of the 14,846 (10.5 %) women who had undergone cervical cancer screening had abnormal results and met the criteria to be referred for colposcopy. There was a significant increase in the proportion of women who underwent colposcopy (within 90 days of screening) from Year 1/baseline (82.7 %) to Year 2 (90.6 %), OR= 1.65, p-value&lt; 0.05. Similarly, the mean interval from screening to colposcopy decreased significantly from baseline (79 days) to Year 2 (49 days), to Years 3 and 4 (40 and 41 days, respectively), p &lt; 0.001.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our results suggest that multicomponent interventions can improve and sustain appropriate and timely colposcopy among women in medically underserved regions, improving cervical cancer prevention efforts in resource-limited settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56322,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 102772"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143421574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations of dietary fat types (MUFA, PUFA, SFA) and sources (animal, plant) with colorectal cancer risk: A comprehensive systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","authors":"Mohammadmatin Mahjourian ,&nbsp;Javad Anjom-Shoae ,&nbsp;Mohammad Amin Mohammadi ,&nbsp;Christine Feinle-Bisset ,&nbsp;Omid Sadeghi","doi":"10.1016/j.canep.2025.102768","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.canep.2025.102768","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><div>While dietary fat intake has long been implicated as a risk factor for colorectal cancer, evidence from prospective cohort studies remains inconsistent. Moreover, previous meta-analyses examining the link between dietary fat intake and risk of colorectal cancer have not explored the dose-response relationships. Therefore, the current systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to assess the dose-response associations of intakes of specific types (MUFA, PUFA and SFA) and sources (animal, plant) of dietary fat with the risk of colorectal, colon or rectal cancer.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A comprehensive literature search of relevant online databases was performed to detect eligible studies until May 2023, identifying 21 prospective cohort studies with a total sample size of 2311,737 participants. The follow-up periods ranged from 7 to 19.4 years, during which 21,125 cases of colorectal, colon or rectal cancer were recorded.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Comparing extreme intake levels of total fat revealed the summary relative risk (RR) of 1.05 (95 % CI: 0.96–1.15) for colorectal cancer, 0.99 (95 % CI: 0.87–1.11) for colon cancer, and 1.09 (0.95 % CI: 0.93–1.13) for rectal cancer, indicating no significant association. Neither animal nor plant fat intake was associated with the risk of cancers. While no significant findings were also observed for MUFA or PUFA, the highest versus lowest comparison showed that a high intake of SFA was associated with a reduced risk of both colorectal 0.91 (95 % CI: 0.85–0.99) and colon cancer 0.86 (95 % CI: 0.75–0.98). However, in the non-linear dose-response analysis, the inverse association was seen within a certain range (&lt;40 g/day).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These findings suggest that dietary SFA intake, less than 40 g/day, may have a protective effect against colorectal cancer. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56322,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 102768"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143402889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment switching between Enzalutamide and Abiraterone Acetate and time to oral opioid initiation in castration-resistant prostate cancer patients","authors":"Ibrahim M. Asiri ,&nbsp;Ronald C. Chen ,&nbsp;Viraj Master ,&nbsp;Lanyu Mi ,&nbsp;Sarah E. James ,&nbsp;Folakemi T. Odedina ,&nbsp;Alan H. Bryce ,&nbsp;Jon C. Tilburt ,&nbsp;Irbaz B. Riaz ,&nbsp;Syed Arsalan Ahmed Naqvi ,&nbsp;Veronica Abraham ,&nbsp;Steven R.H. Beach ,&nbsp;Ewan K. Cobran","doi":"10.1016/j.canep.2025.102769","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.canep.2025.102769","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and aims</h3><div>Enzalutamide (ENZ) and Abiraterone Acetate (AA) are both first-line treatments for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). CRPC patients may switch from ENZ to AA or from AA to ENZ, if they do not respond well to the treatment, or experience intolerable side effects. This study examine treatment switching from ENZ to AA or from AA to ENZ, while investigating death as a competing risk. Whether ENZ compared to AA was associated with a longer time to starting oral opioids was also investigated.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>An active comparator new-user design was used to identify 1406 men diagnosed with CRPC who received ENZ and AA using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare Linked Database from 2012 to 2016. Inverse probability treatment weights (IPTW)-adjusted Fine-Gray competing risk models were used to compare the switching drugs and time-to-first use of oral opioids after initiating ENZ and AA.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Most patients (61 %) received AA, while 39 % received ENZ. Overall, ENZ demonstrated a significant reduction in the Sub-distribution Hazard Ratio (SHR) for switching treatment (IPTW-adjusted SHR 0.63; 95 % CI, 0.54–0.73; P &lt; 0.001), indicating a decrease in treatment switching compared to AA. Cumulative incidence curves revealed substantial differences in switching patterns over time (Gray's test, p &lt; 0.001). For time-to-first oral opioid use, the IPTW-adjusted SHR when comparing ENZ to AA was 0.95 (95 % CI, 0.83–1.09; P = 0.48), showing no significant difference between the two groups.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Patients who began their treatment with ENZ exhibited a substantially lower hazard of switching to AA when compared to those who started with AA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56322,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 102769"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143387475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survival rate of colorectal cancer and its relation to the individual and geographical variations in Malaysia, 2013–2018","authors":"Siti Ramizah Ramli ,&nbsp;Zahir Izuan Azhar ,&nbsp;Sukumaran Raman ,&nbsp;Siti Norbayah Yusof ,&nbsp;Mariam Mohamad","doi":"10.1016/j.canep.2025.102756","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.canep.2025.102756","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as the second most deadly cancer globally, accounting for nearly 10 % of all cancer-related deaths in 2021. Despite advancements in CRC management, significant disparities in survival rates persist, even in highly developed countries. These lower survival rates are particularly evident in socioeconomically deprived areas and regions with limited healthcare accessibility. Our objective was to assess the impact of individual and geographical variations on CRC survival outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This retrospective cohort study utilised secondary data from the National Cancer Registry. Adult CRC patients diagnosed between 1st January 2013 to 31st December 2018 (6 years), with documented cause of deaths were included. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was conducted to determine the 5-year survival rate and median survival time, while multilevel Cox proportional hazard analysis was carried out to identify factors that contribute to the overall CRC survival.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 18,513 CRC patients were diagnosed between 2013 and 2018, with 10,819 deaths occurred during follow-up. The 5-year CRC survival rate was 42 % with median survival time of 36 months (95 %CI: 34.46–37.54). After adjusting for covariates in multilevel Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, the study found that older age, male gender, Malay and other ethnicities, living in Peninsular Malaysia, rectal, rectosigmoid and anal cancers, advanced disease stage, receiving other, none or delayed treatments, and living in less densely populated areas were significantly associated with a higher risk of mortality (p &lt; 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study identified several sociodemographic, clinical and population density factors that can influence CRC survivals in Malaysia. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers to focus on high-risk populations with poor survival, in providing cancer control services and enhancing existing cancer prevention programmes to improve survival outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56322,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 102756"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143387474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"High incidence of abnormal pap smears and low awareness of cervical cancer among women in Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India: Implications for screening and education\"","authors":"Amaresh Nigudgi ,&nbsp;Prakash Tiwari ,&nbsp;Himanshu Singh Chandel,&nbsp;Priyanka Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.canep.2025.102767","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.canep.2025.102767","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The objectives of the study were to determine the incidence of abnormal Pap smears and assess the awareness of cervical cancer and its associated socio-demographic factors among women in Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This cross-sectional study combined screening for cervical abnormalities using cytopathology archives from two government-aided tertiary care hospitals with a community-based survey. The survey included 666 women aged 21–75 years from rural and urban areas of Rewa, covering questions about socio-demographic factors, awareness of cervical cancer risk factors, symptoms, and screening tests.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The cytological analysis revealed 207 abnormal Pap smears, translating to a high abnormality rate of 26.4 % ASC-US+ (207/785), including 2.5 % HSIL+ (20/785). Awareness of cervical cancer was notably low, with only 46.6 % of participants having heard of the disease. Moreover, recall awareness of key risk factors such as HPV infection, smoking, and weakened immune systems was exceptionally low, at 2.7 %, 2.4 %, and 2.0 % respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The findings highlight a high rate of abnormal Pap smears and a critical lack of awareness about cervical cancer in Rewa. Given the low awareness levels and high rate of abnormal cytologies, particularly among older women, there is an urgent need for targeted screening and educational interventions. These efforts are essential, particularly for underprivileged women, to reduce both the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56322,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 102767"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143378965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial and temporal dynamic of colorectal cancer mortality in Brazil: A nationwide population-based study of four decades (1980–2021)","authors":"Luís Ricardo Santos de Melo ,&nbsp;Júlio dos Santos Pereira ,&nbsp;Matheus Santos Melo ,&nbsp;Lucas Almeida Andrade ,&nbsp;Márcio Bezerra-Santos ,&nbsp;Carlos Anselmo Lima ,&nbsp;Allan Dantas dos Santos","doi":"10.1016/j.canep.2025.102766","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.canep.2025.102766","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Regardless of being preventable through screening strategies and prompt diagnosis, deaths from colorectal cancer (CRC) still represent a serious public health concern in Brazil, with more than 20 thousand deaths annually. Herein, we aimed to assess the temporal trends and spatiotemporal patterns of CRC mortality in all Brazilian states.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>An ecological study using temporal and spatial analysis techniques on deaths due to CRC as the underlying cause in Brazil from 1980 to 2021 was conducted. Death certificate and population data were provided by the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (DATASUS) and by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 395,782 deaths from CRC were recorded in this period and most of them were in female (205,479; 51.92 %), ≥ 65 years old (233,059; 58.89 %), diagnosed with malignant neoplasm of the colon (212,277; 53.63 %), with 1–7 years of education (157.564; 39.81 %), married (192.276; 48.58 %), hospital as place of death (331.393; 83.73 %) and white (212.666; 65.07 %). Moreover, there was an increasing temporal trend in the Northeast region (APC: 2.6; p &lt; 0.05), men (APC: 1.5; p &lt; 0.05) and 45–64 years old (APC: 1.2; p &lt; 0.05). Also, the spatial analysis showed positive spatial autocorrelation in all periods, with the South and Southeast regions presenting the highest concentration of high-risk clusters CRC deaths. Nevertheless, high-risk clusters were also observed in capitals and municipalities in metropolitan regions in the Northeast region.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In general, a temporal and spatial expansion of CRC mortality has been observed in Brazil over the last few decades.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56322,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 102766"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143372674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The incidence of venous thromboembolism by type of solid cancer worldwide: A systematic review","authors":"Jordan Harry ,&nbsp;Regan Bucciol ,&nbsp;Deirdre Finnigan ,&nbsp;Hussein Hashem ,&nbsp;Ahmad Araki ,&nbsp;Maha Othman","doi":"10.1016/j.canep.2025.102764","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.canep.2025.102764","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is a well-established relationship between cancer and venous thromboembolism (VTE). Thrombosis in cancer is of major concern as it is a leading cause of mortality, impairs quality of life, and can adversely impact treatment protocols. Despite the role of thrombosis in cancer, no singular source consolidates data on VTE incidence by cancer type worldwide. This systematic review aims to report the incidence of VTE by type of solid cancer worldwide. The current analysis used three databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library) to identify relevant articles. All articles were written in English, assessed solid cancers in adults (≥18; males, females), and reported the incidence of VTE, or information that could be used to calculate incidence. After completing the search and removing duplicates, 3077 articles were assessed. All articles were screened by title and abstract, followed by a full-text review. A total of 124 articles were included in the final evaluation. The cumulative reported incidence of VTE across all types of solid cancer was 9.74 %. The highest reported incidence of VTE was in gastroesophageal cancer (15.43 %), whereas the lowest incidence was in prostate cancer (1.58 %). The two most reported cancers by country within our study cohort were colorectal (n = 23) and lung cancer (n = 23). The reported incidence of VTE in colorectal cancer was highest in Mexico (22.10 %), and lung cancer was highest in Canada (32.91 %). In conclusion, gathering data on global VTE rates in solid cancer identified high-risk cancers and highlighted under-investigated areas that require attention to reduce VTE occurrence in cancer patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56322,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 102764"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143277470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating factors affecting the effectiveness of Gardasil 4, Cervarix, and Gardasil 9 vaccines considering the WHO regions in females: A systematic review","authors":"Tahereh Zadeh Mehrizi ,&nbsp;Angila Ataei-Pirkooh ,&nbsp;Babak Eshrati ,&nbsp;Hasan Ebrahimi Shahmabadi","doi":"10.1016/j.canep.2025.102759","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.canep.2025.102759","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Currently, the best method for preventing Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection is vaccination. The present systematic review aims to review the latest findings on the factors affecting the efficacy of Gardasil 4, Cervarix, and Gardasil-9 vaccines on reducing pregenital lesions and reducing high-risk genotypes of cervical cancer in females aged 9–45 years and to examine the distribution of studies conducted in this regard in regions. In this study only the names of the vaccines were used and the vaccines were examined only according to the name. The name of WHO is only used to imply the distribution and access to health services in the world and not in terms of the vaccine approval in different organizations.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;A search for each vaccine was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Five hundred and forty, 257, and 191 unique studies were obtained from the aforementioned databases for Gardasil 4, Cervarix, and Gardasil 9 vaccines, respectively. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 17 studies on Gardasil 4, seven studies on Cervarix, and two studies on Gardasil 9 were reviewed.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;This study indicated that within various regions of the WHO, comprehensive effectiveness studies have not been conducted, and specifically within the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) and South-East Asia Region (SEAR), no effectiveness studies have been recorded. Consequently, these regions necessitate the execution of effectiveness studies. Therefore, it is advisable to undertake investigations regarding the effectiveness of papillomavirus vaccination in the EMR and SEAR regions as delineated by the WHO.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Moreover, it was demonstrated that in diverse nations, an array of factors such as age, gender, prevalent genotypes within the population, culture, the age at sexual activity initiation, the healthcare infrastructure, and timely screening can significantly impact the effectiveness of the vaccine.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Furthermore, in nations with suboptimal vaccination coverage, a robust healthcare system coupled with the implementation of specialized testing and prompt follow-up can substantially aid in cancer prevention. The outcomes of this investigation confirm the administration of at least one dose of the vaccination. It reveals that in the absence of vaccination, a stringent healthcare system may contribute to the reduction of cervical cancer incidence.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Additionally, in these nations, enhancements in healthcare systems, screening protocols, and public awareness play a crucial role in augmenting vaccination effectiveness. Collectively, a lower age at the time of vaccination (9–15 years), reduced sexual exposure prior to vaccination, vaccination prior to the onset of precancerous lesions, and adherence to the recommended vaccination schedule are associated with heightened vaccine effectiveness. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the vac","PeriodicalId":56322,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 102759"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143165467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in lung cancer death rates by rural vs. urban status in comparison to all-cancer death rates — United States, 1999–2020","authors":"Christine M. Kava ,&nbsp;David A. Siegel ,&nbsp;Susan A. Sabatino ,&nbsp;Jin Qin ,&nbsp;S. Jane Henley","doi":"10.1016/j.canep.2025.102763","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.canep.2025.102763","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Differences in all-cancer mortality by rural vs. urban status exist; limited information exists regarding how lung cancer contributes to these differences. We describe the contribution of lung cancer to rural-urban differences in all-cancer death rates.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We used National Vital Statistics System data to calculate age-adjusted lung cancer death rates by rural vs. urban status, overall and by multiple subgroups. We calculated the average annual percent change in cancer death rates by rural vs. urban status between 1999–2020, and percentage contribution of lung cancer to excess all-cancer mortality in rural counties in 2020.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In 2020, lung cancer death rates were higher in rural counties among females (33.5 vs. 25.7) and males (49.0 vs. 35.9). Between 1999–2020, larger declines in lung cancer death rates were generally observed in urban counties. In 2020, lung cancer contributed 44.4 % to the excess all-cancer mortality in rural counties.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Lung cancer death rates were generally higher in rural counties, and differences in death rates increased over time. In 2020, lung cancer contributed a large percentage to excess all-cancer mortality in rural counties. Implementation of interventions to improve lung cancer prevention, screening, and treatment might reduce rural-urban differences in cancer deaths.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56322,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 102763"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143165398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}