Korean Journal of Pain最新文献

{"title":"Comparison of modified thoracoabdominal nerve block through perichondral approach and subcostal transversus abdominis plane block for pain management in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized-controlled trial.","authors":"Hye-Yeon Cho,&nbsp;In Eob Hwang,&nbsp;Mirang Lee,&nbsp;Wooil Kwon,&nbsp;Won Ho Kim,&nbsp;Ho-Jin Lee","doi":"10.3344/kjp.23114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3344/kjp.23114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The modified thoracoabdominal nerve block through the perichondral approach (M-TAPA) is a novel regional analgesic technique that can provide analgesia for both the lateral and anterior abdominal walls. This study aimed to compare the analgesic effect of M-TAPA with that of the subcostal transversus abdominis plane block (TAPB) in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sixty patients scheduled to undergo elective LC were randomly assigned to receive either M-TAPA or subcostal TAPB during anesthesia induction. The primary outcome was the maximum pain intensity during movement within the first 12 hours postoperatively, measured using an 11-point numeric rating scale (NRS). Secondary outcomes included changes in NRS scores during rest, coughing, and movement, which were assessed at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 12 hours postoperatively and immediately before discharge. Additionally, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and patient satisfaction were recorded as secondary outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data from 56 patients were analyzed, and no significant difference was observed in the primary outcome between the two groups (M-TAPA: 5.5 [interquartile range (IQR): 5-7] vs . subcostal TAPB: 5 [IQR: 4-7], median difference: 0, 95% confidence interval: -1 to 1, <i>P</i> = 0.580). Furthermore, no significant differences in secondary outcomes were observed between the two groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>No significant difference was observed in the analgesic effect between the two techniques. Consequently, further research is necessary to compare the efficacy of M-TAPA with other well-established regional analgesic techniques.</p>","PeriodicalId":56252,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pain","volume":"36 3","pages":"382-391"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/7e/d8/kjp-36-3-382.PMC10322655.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9763369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial therapies for chronic pain (part 1): analgesic mechanisms.","authors":"Eric J Wang,&nbsp;Jay Karri,&nbsp;Nuj Tontisirin,&nbsp;Steven P Cohen","doi":"10.3344/kjp.23129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3344/kjp.23129","url":null,"abstract":"There is increasing evidence that the relationship between chronic pain and infections is complex and intertwined. Bacterial and viral infections can cause pain through numerous mechanisms such as direct tissue damage and inflammation, the induction of excessive immunologic activity, and the development of peripheral or central sensitization. Treating infections might relieve pain by attenuating these processes, but a growing body of literature suggests that some antimicrobial therapies confer analgesic effects, including for nociceptive and neuropathic pain symptoms, and affective components of pain. The analgesic mechanisms of antimicrobials are indirect, but might be conceptualized into two broad categories: 1) the reduction of the infectious burden and associated pro-inflammatory processes; and 2) the inhibition of signaling processes (e.g., enzymatic and cytokine activity) necessary for nociception and maladaptive neuroplastic changes via off-target effects (unintended binding sites). For the former, there is evidence that symptoms of chronic low back pain (when associated with Modic type 1 changes), irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic pelvic pain, and functional dyspepsia might be improved after antibiotic treatment, though significant questions remain regarding specific regimens and dose, and which subpopulations are most likely to benefit. For the latter, there is evidence that several antimicrobial classes and medications exert analgesic effects independent of their reduction of infectious burden, and these include cephalosporins, ribavirin, chloroquine derivatives, rapalogues, minocycline, dapsone, and piscidin-1. This article aims to comprehensively review the existing literature for antimicrobial agents that have demonstrated analgesic efficacy in preclinical or clinical studies.","PeriodicalId":56252,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pain","volume":"36 3","pages":"281-298"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/0e/2a/kjp-36-3-281.PMC10322662.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10119125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial therapies for chronic pain (part 2): the prevention and treatment of chronic pain.","authors":"Eric J Wang,&nbsp;Edward Dolomisiewicz,&nbsp;Jay Karri,&nbsp;Nuj Tontisirin,&nbsp;Steven P Cohen","doi":"10.3344/kjp.23130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3344/kjp.23130","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The discovery and development of antimicrobial therapies represents one of the most significant advancements in modern medicine. Although the primary therapeutic intent of antimicrobials is to eliminate their target pathogens, several antimicrobials have been shown to provide analgesia as a secondary benefit. Antimicrobials have demonstrated analgesic effects in conditions that involve dysbiosis or potential subclinical infection (<i>e.g .</i>, chronic low back pain with Modic type 1 changes; chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain; irritable bowel syndrome; inflammatory bowel disease; functional gastrointestinal disorders/dyspepsia; myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome), and might even prevent the chronification of pain after acute infections that are associated with excessive systemic inflammation (<i>e.g .</i>, post COVID-19 condition/long Covid, rheumatic fever). Clinical studies often assess the analgesic effects of antimicrobial therapies in an observational manner, without the ability to identify causative relationships, and significant gaps in the understanding remain regarding the analgesic potential of antimicrobials. Numerous interrelated patient-specific, antimicrobial-specific, and disease-specific factors altogether contribute to the perception and experience of pain, and each of these requires further study. Given worldwide concerns regarding antimicrobial resistance, antimicrobials must continue to be used judiciously and are unlikely to be repurposed as primary analgesic medications. However, when equipoise exists among several antimicrobial treatment options, the potential analgesic benefits of certain antimicrobial agents might be a valuable aspect to consider in clinical decision-making. This article (the second in a two-part series) aims to comprehensively review the evidence on the prevention and treatment of chronic pain using antimicrobial therapies and suggest a framework for future studies on this topic.</p>","PeriodicalId":56252,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pain","volume":"36 3","pages":"299-315"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/56/57/kjp-36-3-299.PMC10322666.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10119126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perampanel ameliorates nitroglycerin-induced migraine through inhibition of the cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway in the trigeminal ganglion in rats.","authors":"QingLing Zhai,&nbsp;KaiXin Wang,&nbsp;Defu Zhang,&nbsp;Jinbo Chen,&nbsp;XiaoMeng Dong,&nbsp;Yonghui Pan","doi":"10.3344/kjp.23039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3344/kjp.23039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Perampanel, a highly selective glutamate AMPA receptor antagonist, is widely used to treat epilepsy. Since the existence of common pathophysiological features between epilepsy and migraine, the aim of this study was to investigate whether perampanel could exert an antimigraine effect.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Nitroglycerin (NTG) was used to induce a migraine model in rats, and the model animals were pretreatment with 50 μg/kg and 100 μg/kg perampanel. The expression of pituitary adenylate-cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) was quantified by western blot and quantitative real-time PCR in the trigeminal ganglion, and rat-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in serum. Western blot was also conducted to explore the effects of perampanel treatment on the phospholipase C (PLC)/protein kinase C (PKC) and protein kinase A (PKA)/cAMP-responsive-element-binding protein (CREB) signaling pathways. Moreover, the cAMP/PKA/CREB-dependent mechanism was evaluated <i>via</i> <i>in vitro</i> stimulation of hippocampal neurons. The cells were treated with perampanel, antagonists and agonists for 24 hours and cell lysates were prepared for western blot analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Perampanel treatment notably increased the mechanical withdrawal threshold and decreased head grooming and light-aversive behaviors in NTG-treated rats. It also decreased PACAP expression and affected cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway. However, PLC/PKC signaling pathway may not be involved in this treatment. In <i>in vitro</i> studies, perampanel notably decreased PACAP expression by inhibiting cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study shows that perampanel inhibits the migraine-like pain response and that this beneficial effect might be attributable to regulation of the cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":56252,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pain","volume":"36 3","pages":"335-346"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d3/f8/kjp-36-3-335.PMC10322658.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10119123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of graded motor imagery training on pain, functional performance, motor imagery skills, and kinesiophobia after total knee arthroplasty: randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Busra Candiri,&nbsp;Burcu Talu,&nbsp;Emre Guner,&nbsp;Metehan Ozen","doi":"10.3344/kjp.23020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3344/kjp.23020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The aim was to investigate the effect of graded motor imagery (GMI) added to rehabilitation on pain, functional performance, motor imagery ability, and kinesiophobia in individuals with total knee arthroplasty (TKA).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Individuals scheduled for unilateral TKA were randomized to one of two groups: control (traditional rehabilitation, n = 9) and GMI (traditional rehabilitation + GMI, n = 9) groups. The primary outcome measures were the visual analogue scale and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Secondary outcome measures were knee range of motion, muscle strength, the timed up and go test, mental chronometer, Movement Imagery Questionnaire-3, lateralization performance, Central Sensitization Inventory, Pain Catastrophizing Scale, and Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale. Evaluations were made before and 6 weeks after surgery.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Activity and resting pain were significantly reduced in the GMI group compared to the control group (<i>P</i> < 0.001 and <i>P</i> = 0.004, respectively). Movement Imagery Questionnaire-3 scores and accuracy of lateralization performance also showed significant improvement (<i>P</i> = 0.037 and <i>P</i> = 0.015, respectively). The Pain Catastrophizing Scale and Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale scores were also significantly decreased in the GMI group compared to the control group (<i>P</i> = 0.039 and <i>P</i> = 0.009, respectively). However, GMI did not differ significantly in WOMAC scores, range of motion, muscle strength, timed up and go test and Central Sensitization Inventory scores compared to the control group (<i>P</i> > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>GMI improved pain, motor imagery ability, pain catastrophizing, and kinesiophobia in the acute period after TKA.</p>","PeriodicalId":56252,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pain","volume":"36 3","pages":"369-381"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a3/15/kjp-36-3-369.PMC10322664.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9760335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coccydynia: anatomic origin and considerations regarding the effectiveness of injections for pain management.","authors":"Shin-Hyo Lee,&nbsp;Miyoung Yang,&nbsp;Hyung-Sun Won,&nbsp;Yeon-Dong Kim","doi":"10.3344/kjp.23175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3344/kjp.23175","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coccydynia is a debilitating pain disorder. However, its pathophysiology is not well understood. When approaching coccydynia, the exact underlying cause of pain must be identified to develop an appropriate treatment plan. The specific approach to coccydynia can vary depending on an individual's condition and the underlying cause. Thorough evaluation by a pain physician is essential to determine the most appropriate course of treatment. The purpose of this review is to examine the various causes contributing to coccygeal pain and specifically focus on the exact anatomical neurostructures, such as the anococcygeal nerve, perforating cutaneous nerve, and ganglion impar. We also reviewed the relevant clinical outcomes and suggested recommendations for each anatomical structure.</p>","PeriodicalId":56252,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pain","volume":"36 3","pages":"272-280"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/da/67/kjp-36-3-272.PMC10322656.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10119124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides against dynamin-related protein 1 reduce remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia by modulating spinal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor expression in rats.","authors":"Songyi Zhou,&nbsp;Yizhao Pan,&nbsp;Yan Zhang,&nbsp;Lijun Gu,&nbsp;Leikai Ma,&nbsp;Qingqing Xu,&nbsp;Weijian Wang,&nbsp;Jiehao Sun","doi":"10.3344/kjp.22398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3344/kjp.22398","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Spinal N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation is attributed to remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia (RIH). However, the specific mechanism and subsequent treatment is still unknown. Previous studies have shown that the dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1)-mitochondria-reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathway plays an important role in neuropathic pain. This study examined whether antisense oligodeoxynucleotides against DRP1 (AS-DRP1) could reverse RIH.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The authors first measured changes in paw withdrawal mechanical threshold (PWMT) and paw withdrawal thermal latency (PWTL) at 24 hours before remifentanil infusion and 4, 8, 24, and 48 hours after infusion. The expression levels of DRP1 and NR₂B were measured after behavioral testing using Western blotting. In addition, DRP1 expression was knocked down by intrathecal administration of AS-DRP1 to investigate the effects of DRP1 on RIH. The behavioral testing, the expression levels of spinal DRP1 and NR₂B, and dorsal mitochondrial superoxide were measured. Changes in mitochondrial morphology were assessed using electron microscopy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After remifentanil exposure, upregulation of spinal DRP1 and NR₂B was observed along with a reduction in PWMT and PWTL. In addition, AS-DRP1 improved RIH-induced PWTL and PWMT (<i>P</i> < 0.001 and <i>P</i> < 0.001) and reduced remifentanil-mediated enhancement of spinal DRP1 and NR₂B expression (<i>P</i> = 0.020 and <i>P</i> = 0.022). More importantly, AS-DRP1 reversed RIH-induced mitochondrial fission (<i>P</i> = 0.020) and mitochondrial superoxide upregulation (<i>P</i> = 0.031).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results indicate that AS-DRP1 could modulate NMDA receptor expression to prevent RIH through the DRP1-mitochondria-ROS pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":56252,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pain","volume":"36 3","pages":"316-327"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/0e/38/kjp-36-3-316.PMC10322665.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10137183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial therapies for chronic pain (part 2): the prevention and treatment of chronic pain","authors":"E. Wang, Edward Dolomisiewicz, Jay Karri, Nuj Tontisirin, S. Cohen","doi":"10.1101/2022.11.03.22281783v1.abstract","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.11.03.22281783v1.abstract","url":null,"abstract":"The discovery and development of antimicrobial therapies represents one of the most significant advancements in modern medicine. Although the primary therapeutic intent of antimicrobials is to eliminate their target pathogens, several antimicrobials have been shown to provide analgesia as a secondary benefit. Antimicrobials have demonstrated analgesic effects in conditions that involve dysbiosis or potential subclinical infection (e.g., chronic low back pain with Modic type 1 changes; chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain; irritable bowel syndrome; inflammatory bowel disease; functional gastrointestinal disorders/dyspepsia; myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome), and might even prevent the chronification of pain after acute infections that are associated with excessive systemic inflammation (e.g., post COVID-19 condition/long Covid, rheumatic fever). Clinical studies often assess the analgesic effects of antimicrobial therapies in an observational manner, without the ability to identify causative relationships, and significant gaps in the understanding remain regarding the analgesic potential of antimicrobials. Numerous interrelated patient-specific, antimicrobial-specific, and disease-specific factors altogether contribute to the perception and experience of pain, and each of these requires further study. Given worldwide concerns regarding antimicrobial resistance, antimicrobials must continue to be used judiciously and are unlikely to be repurposed as primary analgesic medications. However, when equipoise exists among several antimicrobial treatment options, the potential analgesic benefits of certain antimicrobial agents might be a valuable aspect to consider in clinical decision-making. This article (the second in a two-part series) aims to comprehensively review the evidence on the prevention and treatment of chronic pain using antimicrobial therapies and suggest a framework for future studies on this topic.","PeriodicalId":56252,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pain","volume":"36 1","pages":"299 - 315"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48475885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>P</i> value, it is just not enough.","authors":"Boohwi Hong","doi":"10.3344/kjp.23173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3344/kjp.23173","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56252,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pain","volume":"36 3","pages":"269-271"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/67/7c/kjp-36-3-269.PMC10322659.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9763376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and interferential current therapies in central sensitization in patients with knee osteoarthritis.","authors":"Şahide Eda Artuç,&nbsp;Aslı Çalışkan Uçkun,&nbsp;Filiz Acar Sivas,&nbsp;Fatma Gül Yurdakul,&nbsp;Hatice Bodur","doi":"10.3344/kjp.23118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3344/kjp.23118","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study is primarily aimed to determine whether transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and interferential current (IFC) treatments have any effect on central sensitization (CS) in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) and to investigate which treatment is more effective.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this randomized controlled trial, 80 patients were randomized into four treatment groups: TENS, Plasebo-TENS, IFC, and Plasebo-IFC. All interventions were applied 5 times a week for 2 weeks. Primary outcome was pressure pain threshold (PPT), which is accepted as the objective indicator of CS, at the painful knee and at the shoulder as a painless distant point. Other outcome measures were the visual analog scale (VAS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, Timed Up and Go Test, pain catastrophizing scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All assessment parameters were improved, without a significant difference among the groups except PPT. PPT scores were significantly improved in TENS and IFC groups when compared with the sham groups at 2 weeks and 3 months. In addition, this improvement was even more pronounced in the TENS group. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the patient's inclusion in the TENS group, an initial high PPT, and an initial low VAS score were independent risk factors for improvement in the PPT.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study shows that TENS and IFC reduced pain sensitivity as compared to placebo groups in patients with knee OA. This effect was more pronounced in the TENS group.</p>","PeriodicalId":56252,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pain","volume":"36 3","pages":"392-403"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/0f/00/kjp-36-3-392.PMC10322660.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10119577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}