Minsoo Kim, Sun Kyung Park, Woong Mo Kim, Eunsoo Kim, Hyuckgoo Kim, Jun-Mo Park, Seong-Soo Choi, Eun Joo Choi
{"title":"Updated guidelines for prescribing opioids to treat patients with chronic non-cancer pain in Korea: developed by committee on hospice and palliative care of the Korean Pain Society.","authors":"Minsoo Kim, Sun Kyung Park, Woong Mo Kim, Eunsoo Kim, Hyuckgoo Kim, Jun-Mo Park, Seong-Soo Choi, Eun Joo Choi","doi":"10.3344/kjp.24022","DOIUrl":"10.3344/kjp.24022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There are growing concerns regarding the safety of long-term treatment with opioids of patients with chronic non-cancer pain. In 2017, the Korean Pain Society (KPS) developed guidelines for opioid prescriptions for chronic non-cancer pain to guide physicians to prescribe opioids effectively and safely. Since then, investigations have provided updated data regarding opioid therapy for chronic non-cancer pain and have focused on initial dosing schedules, reassessment follow-ups, recommended dosage thresholds considering the risk-benefit ratio, dose-reducing schedules for tapering and discontinuation, adverse effects, and inadvertent problems resulting from inappropriate application of the previous guidelines. Herein, we have updated the previous KPS guidelines based on a comprehensive literature review and consensus development following discussions among experts affiliated with the Committee on Hospice and Palliative Care in the KPS. These guidelines may assist physicians in prescribing opioids for chronic non-cancer pain in adult outpatient settings, but should not to be regarded as an inflexible standard. Clinical judgements by the attending physician and patient-centered decisions should always be prioritized.</p>","PeriodicalId":56252,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pain","volume":"37 2","pages":"119-131"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10985489/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140337843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Addressing the opioid crisis in the Philippines: recognizing the severity and calling for proactive action.","authors":"Dalmacito A Cordero","doi":"10.3344/kjp.24020","DOIUrl":"10.3344/kjp.24020","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56252,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pain","volume":" ","pages":"182-184"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10985488/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140177896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Current understanding of nociplastic pain.","authors":"Yeong-Min Yoo, Kyung-Hoon Kim","doi":"10.3344/kjp.23326","DOIUrl":"10.3344/kjp.23326","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nociplastic pain by the \"International Association for the Study of Pain\" is defined as pain that arises from altered nociception despite no clear evidence of nociceptive or neuropathic pain. Augmented central nervous system pain and sensory processing with altered pain modulation are suggested to be the mechanism of nociplastic pain. Clinical criteria for possible nociplastic pain affecting somatic structures include chronic regional pain and evoked pain hypersensitivity including allodynia with after-sensation. In addition to possible nociplastic pain, clinical criteria for probable nociplastic pain are pain hypersensitivity in the region of pain to non-noxious stimuli and presence of comorbidity such as generalized symptoms with sleep disturbance, fatigue, or cognitive problems with hypersensitivity of special senses. Criteria for definitive nociplastic pain is not determined yet. Eight specific disorders related to central sensitization are suggested to be restless leg syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, temporomandibular disorder, migraine or tension headache, irritable bowel syndrome, multiple chemical sensitivities, and whiplash injury; non-specific emotional disorders related to central sensitization include anxiety or panic attack and depression. These central sensitization pain syndromes are overlapped to previous functional pain syndromes which are unlike organic pain syndromes and have emotional components. Therefore, nociplastic pain can be understood as chronic altered nociception related to central sensitization including both sensory components with nociceptive and/or neuropathic pain and emotional components. Nociplastic pain may be developed to explain unexplained chronic pain beyond tissue damage or pathology regardless of its origin from nociceptive, neuropathic, emotional, or mixed pain components.</p>","PeriodicalId":56252,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pain","volume":" ","pages":"107-118"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10985487/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140177897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yanguk Heo, Miyoung Yang, Sung Min Nam, Hyun Seung Lee, Yeon-Dong Kim, Hyung-Sun Won
{"title":"New insight into the vasto-adductor membrane for safer adductor canal blockade.","authors":"Yanguk Heo, Miyoung Yang, Sung Min Nam, Hyun Seung Lee, Yeon-Dong Kim, Hyung-Sun Won","doi":"10.3344/kjp.23292","DOIUrl":"10.3344/kjp.23292","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>: This study aimed to identify exact anatomical landmarks and ideal injection volumes for safe adductor canal blocks (ACB).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>: Fifty thighs from 25 embalmed adult Korean cadavers were used. The measurement baseline was the line connecting the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the midpoint of the patellar base. All target points were measured perpendicular to the baseline. The relevant cadaveric structures were observed using ultrasound (US) and confirmed in living individuals. US-guided dye injection was performed to determine the ideal volume.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>: The apex of the femoral triangle was 25.3 ± 2.2 cm distal to the ASIS on the baseline and 5.3 ± 1.0 cm perpendicular to that point. The midpoint of the superior border of the vasto-adductor membrane (VAM) was 27.4 ± 2.0 cm distal to the ASIS on the baseline and 5.0 ± 1.1 cm perpendicular to that point. The VAM had a trapezoidal shape and was connected as an aponeurosis between the medial edge of the vastus medialis muscle and lateral edge of the adductor magnus muscle. The nerve to the vastus medialis penetrated the muscle proximal to the superior border of the VAM in 70% of specimens. The VAM appeared on US as a hyperechoic area connecting the vastus medialis and adductor magnus muscles between the sartorius muscle and femoral artery.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>: Confirming the crucial landmark, the VAM, is beneficial when performing ACB. It is advisable to insert the needle obliquely below the superior VAM border, and a 5 mL injection is considered sufficient.</p>","PeriodicalId":56252,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pain","volume":" ","pages":"132-140"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10985484/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140023427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of pain on cranio-cervico-mandibular function and postural stability in people with temporomandibular joint disorders.","authors":"Mehmet Miçooğulları, İnci Yüksel, Salih Angın","doi":"10.3344/kjp.23301","DOIUrl":"10.3344/kjp.23301","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Neck and jaw pain is common and is associated with jaw functional limitations, postural stability, muscular endurance, and proprioception. This study aimed to investigate the effect of jaw and neck pain on craniocervico- mandibular functions and postural stability in patients with temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJDs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifty-two patients with TMJDs were included and assessed using Fonseca's Questionnaire and the Helkimo Clinical Dysfunction Index. An isometric strength test was performed for the TMJ depressor and cervical muscles. The TMJ position sense (TMJPS) test and cervical joint position error test (CJPET) were employed for proprioception. Total sway degree was obtained for the assessment of postural stability. Deep neck flexor endurance (DNFE) was assessed using the craniocervical flexion test. The mandibular function impairment questionnaire (MFIQ) was employed to assess mandibular function, and the craniovertebral angle (CVA) was measured for forward head posture.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Jaw and neck pain negatively affected CVA (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.130), TMJPS (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.286), DNFE (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.355), TMJ depressor (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.145), cervical flexor (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.144), and extensor (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.148) muscle strength. Jaw and neck pain also positively affected CJPET for flexion (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.116) and extension (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.146), as well as total sway degree (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.128) and MFIQ (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.230).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Patients with painful TMJDs, could have impaired muscle strength and proprioception of the TMJ and cervical region. The jaw and neck pain could also affect postural stability, and the endurance of deep neck flexors as well as mandibular functions in TMJDs.</p>","PeriodicalId":56252,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pain","volume":" ","pages":"164-177"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10985482/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140186421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of galangin: a potential pathway to inhibit transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptor activation.","authors":"Kaiwen Lin, Datian Fu, Zhongtao Wang, Xueer Zhang, Canyang Zhu","doi":"10.3344/kjp.23363","DOIUrl":"10.3344/kjp.23363","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Galangin, commonly employed in traditional Chinese medicine for its diverse medicinal properties, exhibits potential in treating inflammatory pain. Nevertheless, its mechanism of action remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Mice were randomly divided into 4 groups for 7 days: a normal control group, a galangin-treated (25 and 50 mg/kg), and a positive control celecoxib (20 mg/kg). Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated using a hot plate test, acetic acid-induced writhing test, acetic acid-induced vascular permeability test, formalininduced paw licking test, and carrageenan-induced paw swelling test. The interplay between galangin, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), NF-κB, COX-2, and TNF-α proteins was evaluated via molecular docking. COX- 2, PGE2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in serum were measured using ELISA after capsaicin administration (200 nmol/L). TRPV1 expression in the dorsal root ganglion was analyzed by Western blot. The quantities of substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were assessed using qPCR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Galangin reduced hot plate-induced licking latency, acetic acid-induced contortions, carrageenantriggered foot inflammation, and capillary permeability in mice. It exhibited favorable affinity towards TRPV1, NF- κB, COX-2, and TNF-α, resulting in decreased levels of COX-2, PGE2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in serum following capsaicin stimulation. Galangin effectively suppressed the upregulation of TRPV1 protein and associated receptor neuropeptides CGRP and SP mRNA, while concurrently inhibiting the expression of NF-κB, TNF-α, COX-2, and PGE2 mRNA.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Galangin exerts its anti-inflammatory pain effects by inhibiting TRPV1 activation and regulating COX-2, NF-κB/TNF-α expression, providing evidence for the use of galangin in the management of inflammatory pain.</p>","PeriodicalId":56252,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pain","volume":"37 2","pages":"151-163"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10985483/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140337774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nurul Alina Muhamad Suhaini, Mohd Faeiz Pauzi, Siti Norazlina Juhari, Noor Azlina Abu Bakar, Jee Youn Moon
{"title":"Evaluation of the antinociceptive activities of natural propolis extract derived from stingless bee <i>Trigona thoracica</i> in mice.","authors":"Nurul Alina Muhamad Suhaini, Mohd Faeiz Pauzi, Siti Norazlina Juhari, Noor Azlina Abu Bakar, Jee Youn Moon","doi":"10.3344/kjp.23318","DOIUrl":"10.3344/kjp.23318","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>: Stingless bee propolis is a popular traditional folk medicine and has been employed since ancient times. This study aimed to evaluate the antinociceptive activities of the chemical constituents of aqueous propolis extract (APE) collected by <i>Trigona thoracica</i> in a nociceptive model in mice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>: The identification of chemical constituents of APE was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Ninety-six male <i>Swiss</i> mice were administered APE (400 mg/kg, 1,000 mg/kg, and 2,000 mg/kg) before developing nociceptive pain models. Then, the antinociceptive properties of each APE dose were evaluated in acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction, hot plate test, and formalin-induced paw licking test. Administration of normal saline, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, 100 mg/kg, orally), and morphine (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) were used for the experiments.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>: HPLC revealed that the APE from <i>Trigona thoracica</i> contained p-coumaric acid (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.999) and caffeic acid (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.998). Although all APE dosages showed inhibition of acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction, only 2,000 mg/kg was comparable to the result of ASA (68.7% vs. 73.3%, respectively). In the hot plate test, only 2,000 mg/kg of APE increased the latency time significantly compared to the control. In the formalin test, the durations of paw licking were significantly reduced at early and late phases in all APE groups with a decrease from 45.1% to 53.3%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>: APE from <i>Trigona thoracica</i>, containing p-coumaric acid and caffeic acid, exhibited antinociceptive effects, which supports its potential use in targeting the prevention or reversal of central and peripheral sensitization that may produce clinical pain conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":56252,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pain","volume":"37 2","pages":"141-150"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10985486/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140337775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shanshan Tang, Wen Hu, Helin Zou, Qingyang Luo, Wenwen Deng, Song Cao
{"title":"The complement system: a potential target for the comorbidity of chronic pain and depression.","authors":"Shanshan Tang, Wen Hu, Helin Zou, Qingyang Luo, Wenwen Deng, Song Cao","doi":"10.3344/kjp.23284","DOIUrl":"10.3344/kjp.23284","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The mechanisms of the chronic pain and depression comorbidity have gained significant attention in recent years. The complement system, widely involved in central nervous system diseases and mediating non-specific immune mechanisms in the body, remains incompletely understood in its involvement in the comorbidity mechanisms of chronic pain and depression. This review aims to consolidate the findings from recent studies on the complement system in chronic pain and depression, proposing that it may serve as a promising shared therapeutic target for both conditions. Complement proteins C1q, C3, C5, as well as their cleavage products C3a and C5a, along with the associated receptors C3aR, CR3, and C5aR, are believed to have significant implications in the comorbid mechanism. The primary potential mechanisms encompass the involvement of the complement cascade C1q/C3-CR3 in the activation of microglia and synaptic pruning in the amygdala and hippocampus, the role of complement cascade C3/C3a-C3aR in the interaction between astrocytes and microglia, leading to synaptic pruning, and the C3a-C3aR axis and C5a-C5aR axis to trigger inflammation within the central nervous system. We focus on studies on the role of the complement system in the comorbid mechanisms of chronic pain and depression.</p>","PeriodicalId":56252,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pain","volume":" ","pages":"91-106"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10985490/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140023428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Efficacy of high-voltage, long-duration pulsed radiofrequency for the treatment of acute herpes zoster-related trigeminal neuralgia in a patient with permanent pacemaker.","authors":"Li-Mei Li, Xiao-Dong Liu, Yue Liu, Ting-Ting Liu, Zhi-Li Zhang","doi":"10.3344/kjp.23324","DOIUrl":"10.3344/kjp.23324","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56252,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pain","volume":" ","pages":"178-181"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10985491/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140041045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Increasing opioid prescription in Korea: a pressing public health concern and necessitating initiatives.","authors":"Francis Sahngun Nahm","doi":"10.3344/kjp.23349","DOIUrl":"10.3344/kjp.23349","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56252,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pain","volume":"37 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10764210/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139059186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}