Science Progress最新文献

{"title":"Liquid-liquid phase separation in neurodegenerative diseases: Mechanisms, pathological transitions, and therapeutic opportunities.","authors":"Jinxi Huang, Shengxi Zhang, Dan Zhang, Tianhang Yang, Can Li, Mengjia He, Jialin Wang, Tao Song, Xianyao Wang, Yanxin Lu, Qinghong Kong, Jun Tan, Jidong Zhang","doi":"10.1177/00368504261499190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00368504261499190","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) provides a biophysical framework for understanding biomolecular organization, yet its pathological relevance in neurodegeneration remains incompletely resolved. In this narrative review, we critically synthesize current evidence on LLPS in Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, focusing on mutant huntingtin, α-synuclein, amyloid-β, tau, TDP-43, and FUS. We first outline the molecular principles-including intrinsic disorder, multivalent interactions, and environmental sensitivity-that govern their phase behavior. We then examine how dynamic condensates may, under specific cellular contexts, transition toward less reversible oligomeric, gel-like, or solid assemblies, integrating evidence from in vitro, cellular, and in vivo studies. Importantly, current evidence does not support LLPS as a universal or obligatory precursor of pathological aggregation; rather, its biological consequences appear to depend on condensate composition, material properties, subcellular localization, and proteostasis capacity, while direct demonstration of disease-relevant condensates in vivo remains limited. We further discuss whether aberrant LLPS represents a cause, consequence, or context-dependent component of neurodegeneration and highlight emerging strategies that modulate condensate formation, maturation, or clearance while preserving physiological functions. Overall, this review defines both the mechanistic potential and current limitations of the LLPS framework and identifies key questions that must be addressed before pathological phase-state modulation can become a clinically actionable therapeutic strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":56061,"journal":{"name":"Science Progress","volume":"109 4","pages":"368504261499190"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149247716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical analysis of 192 cases of posttraumatic infectious endophthalmitis: A retrospective study.","authors":"Zhixia Dou, Luyong Yang, Huisu Yin, Fangyuan Zheng, Xiaoxuan Wang, Shanyu Li, Jinchen Jia","doi":"10.1177/00368504261500558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00368504261500558","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the clinical characteristics, pathogens, treatment methods, and prognostic factors of posttraumatic infectious endophthalmitis (PTIE).MethodsRetrospective data, including sex, age, occupation, ethnicity, place of residence, injured eye, cause and type of injury, injury location and zone, wound length, time to consultation, treatment method, visual acuity at admission and discharge, and pathogen results, were collected from patients with PTIE who were treated at Hebei Eye Hospital.ResultsThe study included 192 patients with PTIE (155 men, 37 women), with a mean age of 46.54 ± 18.55 years. Patients aged 19-60 years had the highest risk of PTIE. Pathogens were cultured in 109 cases (positive rate: 56.8%) with gram-positive bacteria predominating. The infection was uncontrollable in six patients and required enucleation or evisceration, resulting in an eyeball preservation rate of 96.9%. At discharge, 15 patients (7.8%) had visual acuity ≥ 0.1, while 177 (92.2%) had visual acuity < 0.1. Fisher's exact test revealed statistically significant differences in pretreatment visual acuity, treatment method, presence of cataracts and retinal detachment, microbial culture results, and microbial virulence (P < 0.05). Multivariate binary logistic regression revealed that traumatic cataract, retinal detachment, positive microbial culture, high microbial virulence, and pretreatment visual acuity grades of 4 or 5 were independent risk factors for poor visual prognosis (P < 0.05).ConclusionTraumatic cataract and retinal detachment, positive microbial results, high microbial virulence, and pretreatment visual acuity grade 4 or 5 are risk factors for poor visual prognosis in patients with PTIE.</p>","PeriodicalId":56061,"journal":{"name":"Science Progress","volume":"109 4","pages":"368504261500558"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149225292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk assessment of mine water inrush based on semi-supervised deep learning model.","authors":"Ye Zhang, Shoufeng Tang","doi":"10.1177/00368504261500748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00368504261500748","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To establish an effective coal mine floor water inrush prediction model, a semi-supervised model based on improved tri-training is presented. By using unlabeled data, the semi supervised model solves the limitation of limited labeled data in the water inrush dataset. Since water inrush characteristics have varying effects on accident occurrence, this paper proposes a mutual information dropout sparse autoencoder (MIdrop-SAE) as the fundamental classifier for the semi-supervised model. The correlation between features and targets is assessed using mutual information, and features with weak correlation have their weights reset to zero to reduce the influence of irrelevant features on prediction accuracy. By contrasting water inrush incidents and model prediction results in typical North Chinese mining areas with real mining areas in Lianghuai, the superiority of this approach was confirmed. The results obtained demonstrate that, in contrast to conventional prediction techniques, the model presented in this article has an accuracy of 91.43%, whereas SAE's accuracy is 82.86%. In comparison to models that have been proposed recently (like IWOA-SVM), this model exhibits a 3% improvement in accuracy. The research results can be used in the prediction of water inrush, combining deep learning with semi-supervised models. The results have theoretical and practical significance.</p>","PeriodicalId":56061,"journal":{"name":"Science Progress","volume":"109 4","pages":"368504261500748"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149240576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of telerehabilitation in patients with chronic low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","authors":"Jingyi Liu, Sheung Wai Law, Wing Hoi Cheung, Ronald Man Yeung Wong, Chaoran Liu","doi":"10.1177/00368504261490504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00368504261490504","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectiveLow back pain (LBP) represents a predominant cause of rehabilitation needs worldwide. Telerehabilitation has the potential to improve health systems by decentralizing clinical services and expanding healthcare accessibility. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the effectiveness of telerehabilitation compared to face-to-face (FtF) rehabilitation or minimal interventions (e.g. usual care, educational booklets, advice to stay active) in treating chronic LBP based on existing worldwide data.MethodsPubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE were searched from inception to February 2026 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing telerehabilitation to face-to-face therapy or minimal interventions in adults with chronic LBP (ID: CRD420251083396).Results21 RCTs (2148 participants) were included. Telerehabilitation showed a statistically significant reduction in pain intensity (Hedges' g = -0.37, 95% CI: -0.68 to -0.06). No statistically significant effects were observed for disability level or kinesiophobia. Quality-of-life outcomes showed favorable descriptive trends in specific domains, although no consistent significant effects were observed across instruments. Subgroup analyses for pain intensity showed that a statistically significant reduction was exclusively captured in the 8-week duration (Hedges' g = -0.50, 95% CI: -0.93 to -0.07). 2 of 3 economic evaluations suggested potential cost savings in specific contexts. The certainty of evidence was rated as \"low\" for pain intensity and \"very low\" for all other outcomes, with wide prediction intervals.ConclusionsTelerehabilitation may reduce pain intensity compared to FtF rehabilitation or minimal interventions in adults with chronic LBP, with the greatest effect observed in the 8-week subgroup. No significant improvements were observed in disability level or kinesiophobia, while quality-of-life outcomes showed inconsistent effects across instruments. Given the low to very low certainty of evidence, these findings should be interpreted cautiously. Telerehabilitation may represent a clinically viable alternative for selected patients with chronic LBP.</p>","PeriodicalId":56061,"journal":{"name":"Science Progress","volume":"109 4","pages":"368504261490504"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149240538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early wildfire escalation prediction with temporal validation and statistical benchmarking in a mediterranean region.","authors":"Gökhan Yüksek, Ali Akdagli, Serdar Ekinci, Davut Izci, Erdal Akin","doi":"10.1177/00368504261495731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00368504261495731","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectiveTo evaluate an incident-level framework for predicting whether a newly reported wildfire would reach at least 10 ha, emphasizing temporal validation, statistical benchmarking, and transparent optimizer assessment using only information available at or near incident registration.MethodsThis retrospective modelling study integrated 1,901 operational wildfire records documented by the Mersin Regional Directorate of Forestry during 2004-2025 with event-day meteorology and Canadian Fire Weather Index variables. Burned area was known for 1,898 incidents, including 68 major fires. Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, and XGBoost were evaluated under default settings, Random Search, Optuna/TPE, and repeated Enhanced Ruppel's Fox Optimization (eRFO), together with regularized logistic regression using the identical early-stage predictors. Three expanding-window folds within 2004-2020 guided development, while 471 incidents from 2021-2025, including 17 major fires, formed a locked recent-year evaluation.ResultseRFO produced the highest development PR-AUC for Random Forest (0.142) and Gradient Boosting (0.167), whereas Optuna/TPE achieved the highest XGBoost score (0.170). In the locked recent-year evaluation, the logistic benchmark achieved the highest discrimination (ROC-AUC 0.870; PR-AUC 0.217), compared with ROC-AUC 0.813 and PR-AUC 0.210 for XGBoost-eRFO and ROC-AUC 0.774 and PR-AUC 0.145 for Gradient Boosting-eRFO. Reviewing the highest-ranked 20% of incidents captured 9 of 17 major fires with Gradient Boosting-eRFO and 10 of 17 with XGBoost-eRFO. Out-of-sample SHAP analysis identified wind speed, relative humidity, district, temperature, and drought-related Fire Weather Index components as leading model associations.ConclusionsIncreased learner and optimizer complexity did not guarantee superior temporal generalization. The principal contribution is a leakage-controlled evaluation framework combining early-available predictors, temporally ordered development, simple-model benchmarking, calibrated probabilities, and interpretable risk ranking for human-in-the-loop prioritization of newly reported wildfires.</p>","PeriodicalId":56061,"journal":{"name":"Science Progress","volume":"109 4","pages":"368504261495731"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149167517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between red blood cell distribution width-to-albumin ratio and ICU/hospital mortality in patients receiving mechanical ventilation within 24 hours of ICU admission: A multicenter retrospective study.","authors":"Lianzheng Ma, Shu Yang, Wei Liu, Shanchao Hong","doi":"10.1177/00368504261494947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00368504261494947","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectiveTo assess the association of early red blood cell distribution width-to-albumin ratio (RAR) with mortality in mechanically ventilated ICU patients and its value alongside routine clinical assessment.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study used MIMIC-IV and eICU-CRD data. Adults receiving invasive mechanical ventilation within 24 hours of ICU admission who remained in the ICU at 24 hours were included. RAR was calculated from first-day laboratory measurements. Multivariable Cox regression assessed its association with subsequent in-hospital and ICU mortality. Additional analyses examined whether RAR improved prediction beyond its components and established severity scores.ResultsThe study included 3,534 MIMIC-IV patients and 1,929 eICU-CRD patients. Compared with the lowest RAR quartile, the highest quartile was associated with greater in-hospital mortality in both databases (adjusted HR 1.855, 95% CI 1.474-2.335, and HR 1.698, 95% CI 1.231-2.341, respectively). The corresponding ICU mortality association was significant in MIMIC-IV but not in eICU-CRD. Adding RAR to clinical models improved discrimination and reclassification for in-hospital mortality, with performance similar to including RDW and albumin separately. Improvements beyond severity scores varied by outcome and measure.ConclusionsHigher first-day RAR was associated with subsequent in-hospital mortality among mechanically ventilated adults in two ICU databases. RAR may provide supplementary prognostic information, although its role in clinical decisions requires prospective evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":56061,"journal":{"name":"Science Progress","volume":"109 4","pages":"368504261494947"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149129467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigating underestimation risks and enhancing water level forecasting accuracy with a risk-weighted hybrid loss function.","authors":"Yan Li","doi":"10.1177/00368504261497179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00368504261497179","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Water level forecasting plays a critical role in flood early warning and water resource management. Although deep learning methods have been widely used in hydrological time series prediction, they still suffer from insufficient fitting for extreme events and systematic underestimation of high water levels, which weakens the reliability of risk warning systems. To address these issues, this study designs a risk-motivated hybrid loss function. It introduces underestimation and extreme penalty terms that statistically constrain risky forecast biases into mean squared error (MSE) or mean absolute error (MAE) baselines, with penalty coefficients adaptively optimized via Bayesian optimization. Using a bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) network as the predictor, an ablation study is conducted with four experimental groups: baseline (no penalty), underestimation penalty only, extreme penalty only, and combined penalty. Results show that: (1) The underestimation penalty term effectively corrects systematic bias through an asymmetric gradient mechanism; (2) The extreme penalty term improves the model's fitting capability and stability for extreme water levels through sample reweighting; (3) The combined penalty achieves synergistic optimization, delivering the greatest improvement under the MSE baseline, with overall RMSE reduced by 9.8% and extreme interval RMSE reduced by 18.1% compared to the baseline. It maintains a relative low underestimation rate while significantly improving extreme level accuracy, achieving optimal performance under both MSE and MAE baselines. This study demonstrates that multi-objective loss function optimization effectively improves water level forecasting accuracy, and proposes a systematically designed composite risk-weighted loss strategy to simultaneously alleviate systematic underestimation bias and enhance the fitting performance of extreme water levels for flood risk control. Ablation experiments combined with Bayesian optimized penalty coefficient calibration reveal the independent and synergistic effects of the two penalty terms, offering methodological insights for loss function design in extreme-event hydrological modeling.</p>","PeriodicalId":56061,"journal":{"name":"Science Progress","volume":"109 4","pages":"368504261497179"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149186462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An update on post-marketing safety signals of sugammadex: A retrospective pharmacovigilance analysis of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS).","authors":"Liang Sun, Yuhui Jiang, Chao Liang, Junjie Li, Honghui Zhong, Lingyan Qu, Haiyan An, Yi Feng","doi":"10.1177/00368504261501803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00368504261501803","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectiveWith the expanding use of sugammadex, continued post-marketing surveillance remains warranted. This study aimed to characterize reporting patterns and update potential sugammadex-associated safety signals in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS).MethodsWe conducted a retrospective pharmacovigilance study of FAERS reports from January 2012 through September 2025 in which sugammadex was the primary suspect drug. Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) preferred terms (PTs) were compared with all other drugs in the OpenVigil 2.1 FAERS reference set using the proportional reporting ratio (PRR), reporting odds ratio (ROR), and chi-square statistic. Signals were hypothesis-generating and did not establish incidence, comparative risk, or causality.ResultsA total of 1,077 unique cases were included. Among 887 cases with known sex, 443 (49.9%) were male and 444 (50.1%) were female; the median age among 710 age-known cases was 51 years (interquartile range, 29-66 years). Of 501 PTs evaluated, 92 met the prespecified statistical criteria. After separating 15 medication-error/product-use terms, 2 exposure terms, and 4 procedure/management descriptors, 71 clinical adverse-reaction PTs remained. In sensitivity analyses, 59 of 92 signals and 43 of 71 clinical PTs persisted at a ≥ 5; IC025 was >0 for 80 signals and conservative BH q-value upper bounds were <0.05 for 87 signals. Prominent clinical clusters involved hypersensitivity, cardiovascular, respiratory, and neuromuscular events. Kounis syndrome, complete atrioventricular block, and hypercapnia were absent from the approved adverse-reaction list, whereas post-procedural hemorrhage was interpreted in the context of labeled coagulation warnings.ConclusionsFAERS identified patterns of disproportionate reporting for sugammadex that warrant further evaluation, particularly for hypersensitivity and selected cardiovascular, respiratory, and neuromuscular events. These findings are signals rather than estimates of incidence, comparative risk, or causality. The three PTs absent from the approved adverse-reaction list require independent confirmation, and the post-procedural hemorrhage signal should be interpreted alongside labeled coagulation warnings.</p>","PeriodicalId":56061,"journal":{"name":"Science Progress","volume":"109 4","pages":"368504261501803"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149247700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on cooperative optimization of permanent magnet synchronous motor for ups flywheel energy storage under full operating conditions.","authors":"Xueting Li, Xiaodong Qi, Caiyong Ye, Kexin Yao, Dongrui Wang, Yunfeng Zhao","doi":"10.1177/00368504261501620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00368504261501620","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flywheel energy storage systems (FESS) have attracted significant attention in the field of new energy due to their advantages of fast response and long cycle life. However, due to the specific structural and operating characteristics of flywheel energy storage motors, the design process faces challenges regarding multi-physics interactions, and unified design standards have yet to be established. This study optimizes the Halbach PM array arrangement to suppress standby iron losses and improve carbon fiber binding adaptability, facilitating stable high-speed operation. Building on this foundation, this research tackles the challenges of excessive optimization parameters and conventional multi-objective strategy limitations in high-dimensional design spaces, aiming to comprehensively enhance FESS performance across standby, charging, and discharging modes. Based on an analytical approach, system parameters are extracted to establish the optimization objective and variable framework. To address the challenge of ultra-high-dimensional parameter sets, a multi-level multi-objective optimization method is proposed, employing comprehensive sensitivity coefficients for cooperative optimization of multi-physics performance. Following optimization, the system demonstrates significant improvements in mechanical performance, standby efficiency, discharge power, and the stability of charge-discharge modes. The electromagnetic performance and multi-physics characteristics across all three modes are superior to the pre-optimization state. Prototype testing further validates the rationality of the analysis regarding electromagnetic performance, discharge capability, and temperature rise. The proposed method effectively enhances the comprehensive performance of the system, providing a feasible technical pathway for the design of flywheel energy storage motors.</p>","PeriodicalId":56061,"journal":{"name":"Science Progress","volume":"109 4","pages":"368504261501620"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149247687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resolving singularities in gravitational and electrostatic interactions through spatial quantization.","authors":"Ren-Hui Zheng","doi":"10.1177/00368504261489692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00368504261489692","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Classical physics assumes continuous spacetime, leading to infinities in forces (e.g., Newtonian gravity, electrostatic force) at zero distance or relativistic energy for objects with non-zero mass at the speed of light. In quantum mechanics, energy is quantized, and the theory differs from classical determinism by replacing trajectories with probabilistic wavefunctions. We propose a foundational framework based on the premise that space itself is composed of indivisible fundamental units (\"cosmic elements\"), which eliminates infinities by discretizing physical interactions. Space quantization ensures finite gravitational and electrostatic forces at zero separation and predicts a non-zero photon rest mass below existing experimental limits. The quantization of space provides a fundamental explanation for energy discreteness and offers a potential framework to unify classical and quantum mechanics: Discrete space replaces continuity, eliminating singularities; the essence of forces lies in quantized particle exchanges, thereby avoiding infinite forces at zero distance; relativistic infinities are resolved by the minimal length of cosmic element; classical and quantum mechanics ultimately describe the same discrete reality at different scales.</p>","PeriodicalId":56061,"journal":{"name":"Science Progress","volume":"109 4","pages":"368504261489692"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149139634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}