Virus Evolution最新文献

{"title":"Virus-host associations of bat coronaviruses along a land-use gradient in the Yucatán Peninsula, México.","authors":"Marco A Jiménez-Rico, Ana Laura Vigueras-Galván, María José Tolsá-García, Paola Martínez-Duque, Omar García-Suárez, Erika Hernández-Villegas, Laura López-Apodaca, Audrey Arnal, Benjamin Roche, David Roiz, Rosa Elena Sarmiento-Silva, Gerardo Suzán","doi":"10.1093/ve/veag049","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ve/veag049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coronavirus (CoV) spillover from wildlife to humans is increasing and has caused major global epidemics, facilitated by human-induced habitat alteration that promotes zoonotic emergence. This highlights the need for sustained surveillance and a better understanding of circulation patterns within wildlife reservoirs. Although Neotropical bats harbour a highly diverse CoV community, how host traits and ecological factors shape CoV circulation and virus-host associations remains poorly characterized. During 2021-3, we conducted extensive bat sampling across 12 localities along an anthropogenic land-use gradient in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, to characterize bat community diversity. We then screened bats for CoVs and evaluated the association between CoV detection and host traits and ecological variables. Detected CoVs were subsequently sequenced and phylogenetically characterized. Using publicly available databases and host phylogenetic diversity metrics, we further analysed the putative host range of each identified CoV taxon and their distribution along the gradient. Bat diversity was significantly lower in urban sites. Although overall CoV positivity was low (3.2%), we identified eight divergent CoV taxa, including two novel Alphacoronavirus sequences, one of which represents the first CoV reported from <i>Lophostoma brasiliense</i>. Juvenile bats were more likely to be CoV-positive, a pattern particularly pronounced in <i>Sturnira parvidens</i> but absent in <i>Artibeus jamaicensis</i>. We found variation in putative host breadth among the identified CoV taxa, supported by differences in host phylogenetic distances. Notably, CoV taxa detected at sites with lower bat diversity were associated with a greater number of reported host species and higher host phylogenetic diversity. Our findings expand the known diversity of Neotropical bat CoVs and reveal distinct patterns in CoV detection and virus-host associations across viral taxa. Sustained viral surveillance, complemented by broader genomic studies and deeper investigation into variation within and among CoV taxa, is needed to clarify these patterns, guide research priorities in the Neotropical CoVs, and help mitigate the risk of future zoonotic emergence.</p>","PeriodicalId":56026,"journal":{"name":"Virus Evolution","volume":"12 1","pages":"veag049"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13521519/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148842426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discovery of the order '<i>Quisvirales</i>' redefines the evolution of RNA replication and transcription in the phylum <i>Pisuviricota</i>.","authors":"Alexander E Gorbalenya, Dmitry V Samborskiy, Benjamin W Neuman, Chris Lauber","doi":"10.1093/ve/veag052","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ve/veag052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Genome replication in positive-stranded RNA (ssRNA+) viruses is mediated by cognate enzymes, including ubiquitous RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). In ssRNA+ viruses with multiple open reading frames (ORFs) in their genomes, replication often is accompanied by synthesis of subgenomic RNAs (transcription) for expression of 3'-proximal ORFs. In addition, all ssRNA+ viruses with genomes larger than ~7 kb encode helicases, linking helicases to RNA genome expansion. Helicases are essential ATPases that unwind nucleic acids and are classified into six recognized superfamilies (SF1-SF6). In the phylum <i>Pisuviricota</i> that includes important pathogens, helicases of SF1-SF3 are integrated into multi-enzyme replicase polyprotein(s) including 3C(-like) protease (3CLpro) and RdRp. Here, large-scale mining of invertebrate metatranscriptomes and targeted genome sequence assembly uncovered six spider-associated ssRNA+ viruses that, based on their conserved 3CLpro-RdRp module in replicase polyproteins, genome size (20-22 kb), and phylogeny, form a family-like cluster in a putative order, named '<i>Quisvirales</i>'. Quisviruses have similar genome and replicase architectures to enveloped coronaviruses and other nidoviruses. Notably, quisviruses encode ORFs 1a and 1b with predicted -1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting elements in the ORF1a/b overlap region. Using an original mapping approach for detecting chimeric sequencing reads, we obtained evidence that 3'-proximal ORFs are expressed <i>via</i> 5'-coterminal, leader-containing subgenomic RNAs. This suggests that the quisvirus subgenomic RNAs are generated through discontinuous transcription-a mechanism otherwise exclusively found in nidoviruses among the many ssRNA+ virus orders that synthesize subgenomic RNAs. Striking differences between nido- and quisviruses are, however, the RdRp being the only common core ORF1b-encoded enzyme and the replacement of the nidovirus SF1 helicase by a novel superfamily helicase. This quisvirus SF7 helicase, like the <i>Picornavirales</i> SF3 helicase, comprises an AAA+ (ATPase-like) domain typical for ring-forming helicases and thus must play an essential role in replication. The discovery of the order '<i>Quisvirales'</i> demonstrates that viruses employing large replicase polyproteins of nidovirus-like complexity and discontinuous transcription may have evolved repeatedly from an 3CLpro-RdRp-encoding ancestor.</p>","PeriodicalId":56026,"journal":{"name":"Virus Evolution","volume":"12 1","pages":"veag052"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13548321/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148908002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: Clonal interference and changing selective pressures shape the escape of SARS-CoV-2 from hundreds of antibodies.","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/ve/veag056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ve/veag056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaf104.].</p>","PeriodicalId":56026,"journal":{"name":"Virus Evolution","volume":"12 1","pages":"veag056"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13474096/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148763920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: ViralBottleneck: an R package for estimating viral transmission bottlenecks from deep sequencing data using multiple methods.","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/ve/veag055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ve/veag055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaf071.].</p>","PeriodicalId":56026,"journal":{"name":"Virus Evolution","volume":"12 1","pages":"veag055"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13474097/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148763243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emergence and spread of multirecombinant enterovirus A71 lineages C1.3/RF5 and C1.3/RF6 associated with neurological diseases in Europe, 2016-2022, ENPEN multicentre study.","authors":"Belele Siméon Bakyono, Audrey Mirand, Nadia Neuner-Jehle, Cristina Andrés, Jorgina Vila, Andrés Antón, Isabelle Schuffenecker, Marion Jeannoël, Laurence Josset, Elisabeth Toverud Landaas, Suzanne Dudman, Mária Takács, Erika Bujáki, Ágnes Farkas, Laura Pellegrinelli, Elena Pariani, Sandro Binda, Sara Uceda Renteria, Jacky Flipse, Caroline M A Swanink, Jaco J Verweij, Jean-Luc Murk, Karen Couderé, Magdalena Wieczorek, Kacper Toczylowski, Artur Sulik, Maria Milagrosa Montes Ros, Luis Piñeiro, Eider Oñate Vergara, Iñigo Ansa Isasa, Jan Richter, Christina Christodoulou, Ondřej Cinek, Kateřina Chudá, Petr Hubáček, Antonio Piralla, Federica A M Giardina, Paula Palminha, Raquel Neves, Carlos Ribeiro, Maja M Lunar, Mario Poljak, Anne J Jääskeläinen, Baiba Niedre-Otomere, Cécile Henquell, Emma B Hodcroft, Sofie E Midgley, Natasa Berginc, Thea K Fischer, Heli Harvala, Kimberley Benschop, Jean-Luc Bailly, Maxime Bisseux","doi":"10.1093/ve/veag051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ve/veag051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since its re-emergence in Europe in 2015, enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) has been associated with sporadic cases of severe infections and outbreaks. Currently, there is no treatment but a few Asian countries have implemented vaccination programmes. The aim of our study was to characterize the EV-A71 cases in Europe and track the evolution of the virus between 2016 and 2022. For this retrospective study, we compiled the data of confirmed EV-A71 infections collected by 19 institutes participating in the European Non-Polio Enterovirus Network between 2016 and 2022. We also sequenced whole EV-A71 genomes to follow the viral evolutionary history of the virus and its molecular changes. Between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2022, 627 EV-A71 cases were reported in 14 European countries. Most cases (59.3%) occurred in children under two years of age. Of the 537 subjects for whom clinical information was available, 52.7% were diagnosed with neurological signs, and 10.6% presented with acute flaccid paralysis or acute flaccid myelitis. EV-A71 infections were linked to two subclades, C1.2 and C1.3, within the C1 subgenogroup. Two marked epidemic waves, in 2016 and 2019, were characterized by the predominance of C1.3 viruses. Comparisons of 153 whole genomes revealed nine recombinant forms (RFs), each arising from multiple recombination events affecting different genomic regions. Only C1.3/RF5 and C1.3/RF6 lineages achieved widespread geographic dissemination initially in Europe and subsequently in Asia and the Americas, and long-term circulation. Phylodynamic analyses indicated that C1.3 viruses emerged around 2013-2014, displacing earlier C1.1 viruses, and the effective population size closely parallels the timing of clinical cases. Molecular analyses of the capsid revealed several amino acid changes, few of which occurred within known antigenic sites. These findings document the role of the C1.3/RF5 and C1.3/RF6 multi-recombinant lineages of EV-A71 as frequent causes of neurological disease in young children in Europe. The study highlights the need for sustained genome-informed surveillance to anticipate the emergence and spread of novel epidemic lineages, and to inform the evaluation of future EV-A71 vaccination strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":56026,"journal":{"name":"Virus Evolution","volume":"12 1","pages":"veag051"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13580226/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148992628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stochastic intracellular replication dynamics shape population-level evolution in Influenza A Virus.","authors":"Ernesto Alejandro Segredo-Otero, David Gresham","doi":"10.1093/ve/veag050","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ve/veag050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding the sources of genetic diversity in Influenza A Virus (IAV) infections is crucial for understanding the mechanisms of viral evolution and immune escape. Whereas prior studies have characterized the effects of population bottlenecks during host-to-host transmission and intrahost tissue-to-tissue dissemination, the role of intracellular replication processes on IAV genetic diversity remains largely unexplored. In this study, we used stochastic mathematical modelling to simulate the replication of genetically distinct IAV strains within individual cells and tissues. Our results reveal significant bottleneck effects within a single infection cycle of individual cells. Intracellular bottleneck effects are driven by stochastic molecular processes and lead to the expansion or elimination of neutral variants creating large-scale differences between the initial and final frequencies of genetic variants in individual cells. By expanding our findings to a population-level model, we show that IAV intracellular replication reduces the effective population size, thereby diminishing the impact of selection and increasing the role of genetic drift. Our findings highlight the impact of intracellular replication processes on IAV genetic diversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":56026,"journal":{"name":"Virus Evolution","volume":"12 1","pages":"veag050"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13505522/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148820340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A single-stranded DNA virus replicates in the mitochondria of a marine oomycete.","authors":"Kohei Sakuta, Mart Krupovic, Ondřej Hejna, Cristiana Maia, Marília Horta Jung, Ken Komatsu, Hiromitsu Moriyama, Thomas Jung, Leticia Botella","doi":"10.1093/ve/veag047","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ve/veag047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A virus with a circular single-stranded DNA genome, HthCRESSV1, was discovered in an oomycete, <i>Halophytophthora thermoambigua</i>, isolated from brackish waters off the Algarve coast in southern Portugal. Phylogenetic analyses place this virus outside of all currently classified families within the phylum <i>Cressdnaviricota</i>, suggesting it represents a distinct lineage. Cellular fractionation, mitochondrial marker co-enrichment, and Southern blot analyses indicate that HthCRESSV1 is associated with mitochondria and replicates episomally. The virus is stably transmitted through zoospores and is associated with a reduced host mycelial growth. Homologous sequences corresponding to both the replication-associated protein and a membrane-associated hypothetical protein were identified in the mitochondrial genomes of several oomycete species, suggesting recurrent endogenization of HthCRESSV1-like viruses in oomycete mitochondria. Together, these findings expand the known diversity of oomycete-associated DNA viruses, identify mitochondria as an unexpected niche for DNA virus replication, and highlight marine environments as underexplored reservoirs of DNA viruses in stramenopiles.</p>","PeriodicalId":56026,"journal":{"name":"Virus Evolution","volume":"12 1","pages":"veag047"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13499601/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148802003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antagonistic co-evolution throughout the herpesvirus life cycle.","authors":"Thomas Höfler, Dina Aly Abdulrahman, Jana Reich, Lisa Kossak, Jenny Ospina-Garcia, Dilan Gün Serdar, Mariana Mara Nascimento, Yingnan Cheng, Benedikt Bertold Kaufer, Jakob Trimpert","doi":"10.1093/ve/veag048","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ve/veag048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Herpesviruses are a widespread and diverse family of large double-stranded DNA viruses. Narrow host ranges maintained over long evolutionary times have fostered intimate host adaptations. However, such close virus-host associations inevitably invite conflict. Genetic conflict describes antagonistic interactions between two individuals that drive genetic changes to overcome said conflict. During the herpesvirus infectious cycle, genetic conflict-and specifically antagonistic co-evolution-can occur on multiple levels: between host and virus, between co-infecting viruses, or between genes within the same genome. This review highlights the many ways such conflict occurs and how it shapes herpesvirus evolution. Starting with attachment and entry, and continuing through gene expression, DNA metabolism, packaging, and egress, we examine how antagonistic interactions manifest at each stage of the viral life cycle. Latency and immunity receive special consideration as their inherent biology makes them focal points of sustained antagonism. Since genetic conflict is a major force in evolutionary ecology, we aim to emphasize its central role in herpesvirus biology and encourage future studies to explicitly consider the antagonistic forces shaping their evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":56026,"journal":{"name":"Virus Evolution","volume":"12 1","pages":"veag048"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13521526/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148842403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic evolution and minority variant dynamics of RSV during the first season of nirsevimab implementation in Italy (2024-5).","authors":"Greta Romano, Roberta Campagna, Guglielmo Ferrari, Antonino Maria Guglielmo Pitrolo, Ombretta Turriziani, Matteo Fracella, Eleonora Coratti, Lilia Cinti, Piergiorgio Roberto, Laura Petrarca, Raffaella Nenna, Fabio Midulla, Alice Bonetti, Amelia Licari, Antonio Piralla, Guido Antonelli, Fausto Baldanti, Alessandra Pierangeli","doi":"10.1093/ve/veag045","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ve/veag045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remains a leading cause of hospitalization despite the recent implementation of infant immunoprophylaxis programs. The inter- and intrahost levels of genetic variation across the genome have not been extensively investigated. Hence, the aim of this study was to characterize the whole genome of RSV strains circulating within two Italian areas during the 2024-5 RSV season, corresponding to the first season after implementation of the national nirsevimab prophylaxis program. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on 88 respiratory samples that tested positive for RSV. Clinical records showed that none of the sequenced patients had received nirsevimab prophylaxis. The WGS strains obtained in the present study were correlated with the RSV strains circulating in Europe using phylogenetic inference. A newly designed bioinformatic pipeline was developed to evaluate the extent of genetic variation within hosts and reveal the distribution of minority mutations among RSV lineages. RSV-A (<i>n</i> = 54) showed significantly higher levels of nucleotide diversity than RSV-B (<i>n</i> = 34). Among the RSV-A strains, lineage A.D.3 was the most prevalent (35/54, 64%), followed by A.D.1 (18/54, 33%). The A.D.5 lineage was identified in only one strain, while all 34 RSV-B strains were found to be lineage B.D.E. Analysis of variants across the major lineages (A.D.1, A.D.3, and B.D.E) revealed heterogeneous mutation patterns. The G, L, and F genes showed the highest variability. Minority viral variants (0.02-0.05 frequency) followed the same gene-specific dynamics as the broader quasispecies population. A > G transitions consistent with ADAR activity were detected in all samples, but their frequency was similar to the other nucleotide substitutions across the genomes. The analysis of minor variants also targeted mutations known to reduce nirsevimab efficacy, and none were detected. Overall, RSV-A showed substantially greater intragenotypic and intrahost diversity than RSV-B. The elevated diversity in RSV-A resulted from a wider distribution of mutations across the viral genome, including both high-frequency substitutions that shaped the consensus sequence and low-frequency variants contributing to the underlying quasispecies complexity. Although no nirsevimab-treated patients were included in this study, the observed intrahost diversity highlights the importance of continued genomic surveillance to detect potential escape variants as prophylactic programs expand.</p>","PeriodicalId":56026,"journal":{"name":"Virus Evolution","volume":"12 1","pages":"veag045"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13464729/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148726955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Near real-time data on the human neutralizing antibody landscape to influenza virus as of early 2026 to inform vaccine-strain selection.","authors":"Caroline Kikawa, John Huddleston, Sam A Turner, Andrea N Loes, Jiaojiao Liu, Sydney Gang, Tachianna Griffiths, Elizabeth M Drapeau, Benjamin J Cowling, Faith Ho, Nancy H L Leung, Janet A Englund, Kirsten Lacombe, Shinji Watanabe, Hideki Hasegawa, Michael Busch, Marion Lanteri, Mars Stone, Bryan Spencer, Richard A Neher, Derek J Smith, Trevor Bedford, Scott E Hensley, Jesse D Bloom","doi":"10.1093/ve/veag046","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ve/veag046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Twice each year, a decision is made on whether to update the strains included in the seasonal influenza vaccine to better match the most recent circulating viral strains. To characterize the antigenic properties of current seasonal influenza A strains to inform the upcoming decision about which strains to include in the 2026-7 Northern Hemisphere vaccine, here we perform high-throughput sequencing-based neutralization assays using a library of 57 H3N2 and 34 H1N1 influenza hemagglutinins reflecting the circulating diversity of strains in late 2025 to early 2026. We assay this library against 302 human sera collected in late 2025. The resulting data set encompasses 27 409 titres and provides a near real-time portrait of the human neutralizing antibody landscape against influenza virus. We find that many human sera have lower titres against the K subclade of H3N2 and the D.3.1.1 subclade of H1N1; these subclades have recently become dominant among their respective subtypes. Our measurements also reveal variability in titres to different subvariants within the K subclade of H3N2, with titres especially low to subclade K strains with additional mutations in antigenic regions D and E. We make all our data and accompanying visualizations publicly available to enable their use in vaccine-strain selection and analyses of influenza evolution and immunity.</p>","PeriodicalId":56026,"journal":{"name":"Virus Evolution","volume":"12 1","pages":"veag046"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13499528/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148802033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}