Virus Evolution最新文献

{"title":"Peaked-to-flat transition in quasispecies structure evolution.","authors":"Josep Gregori, Sergi Colomer-Castell, Carolina Campos, Marta Ibañez-Lligoña, Damir García-Cehic, Maria Francesca Cortese, David Tabernero, Mar Riveiro-Barciela, Maria Buti, Ariadna Rando-Segura, Roser Ferrer, Tomàs Pumarola, Cristina Andrés, Alejandra González-Sánchez, Andrés Antón, Francisco Rodriguez-Frias, Josep Quer","doi":"10.1093/ve/veag024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ve/veag024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous studies based on clinical data from hepatitis C virus and hepatitis E virus infections revealed a deterministic evolution of quasispecies structure, irrespective of haplotype identities, towards a flat-like landscape, characterized by the absence of dominance and high evenness, combined with high haplotype synonymy. Here, two idealized limiting quasispecies states, A and Z, are defined, and it is shown that the A-to-Z evolution describes a parabolic trajectory between these states. The initial phase is dominated by increasing genetic diversity, whereas the subsequent phase is driven primarily by increasing evenness in the haplotype distribution. This evolutionary progression confers a broad domain within the genetic space, resulting in increased fitness and resilience, accompanied by a diminished response to antiviral therapies and multiple escape routes. Finally, a normalized quasispecies maturity score is proposed to position a given quasispecies along this structural evolutionary trajectory. This conceptual framework helps to account for the challenges in treating advanced chronic infections in which therapeutic failure frequently occurs in the absence of resistance-associated mutations.</p>","PeriodicalId":56026,"journal":{"name":"Virus Evolution","volume":"12 1","pages":"veag024"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13137331/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147846610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single capsid mutations modulating phage adsorption, persistence, and plaque morphology shape evolutionary trajectories in ΦX174.","authors":"Manuela Reuter, Michael Sieber, Octavio Reyes-Matte, Christina Vasileiou, Christopher Böhmker, Jordan Romeyer Dherbey, Frederic Bertels, Javier Lopez-Garrido","doi":"10.1093/ve/veag022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ve/veag022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The evolutionary success of lytic bacteriophages depends on key life-history traits, including adsorption, lysis time, burst size, and persistence in the environment. However, how these traits evolve to allow adaptation to different environments remains poorly understood. Here, we explored this question in ΦX174, combining experimental evolution and mathematical modelling. By investigating how serial transfer conditions shape evolutionary outcomes in liquid culture, we found that the time between transfers imposes divergent selection on adsorption and context-dependent directional selection on persistence. Longer transfer intervals, which allow multiple infection cycles until host depletion, favoured fast-adsorbing, highly persistent mutants that could rapidly initiate infections and remained viable in the absence of the host. In contrast, shorter transfer intervals selected for slower adsorption without substantially altering persistence. Mathematical modelling of phage population dynamics predicted that adsorption evolution during short transfers reflects a trade-off between two opposing selective forces within each transfer: an early phase in which susceptible hosts are abundant and adsorption is productive, favouring fast adsorption, and a later phase in which most hosts are already infected and adsorption primarily removes phage particles <i>via</i> attachment to already infected cells, favouring slower adsorption. A single-point mutation in the major capsid protein was sufficient to drive these changes in adsorption. In the case of fast-adsorbing mutants, this mutation was positively pleiotropic and also enhanced environmental persistence. Our findings show how simple changes in propagation conditions can steer phage phenotypes, providing insights relevant to evolutionary biology and phage therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":56026,"journal":{"name":"Virus Evolution","volume":"12 1","pages":"veag022"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13108444/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147790092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic drift acts strongly on influenza virus populations within acute human infections but is obscured by other factors within acutely infected swine.","authors":"Yike T Shi, Michael A Martin, Daniel B Weissman, Katia Koelle","doi":"10.1093/ve/veag021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ve/veag021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The evolutionary dynamics of seasonal influenza A viruses (IAVs) have been well characterized at the population level, with antigenic drift known to be a major force in driving strain turnover. The evolution of IAV populations at the within-host level, however, is still less well characterized. Improving our understanding of within-host IAV evolution has the potential to shed light on the sources of new strains, including new antigenic variants, at the population level. Existing studies have pointed towards the role that stochastic processes play in shaping within-host viral evolution in acute infections of both humans and pigs. Here, we first apply a population genetic model called the \"Beta-with-Spikes\" approximation to longitudinal intrahost single-nucleotide variant (iSNV) frequency data to quantify the extent of genetic drift acting on IAV populations at the within-host scale. We estimate a small effective population size for human IAV infections ([Formula: see text], 95%CI: [28, 84]) and show that the observed iSNV dynamics are consistent with a Wright-Fisher model using various summary statistics. Using a diffusion approximation approach, we then further show that sampling noise is small relative to the magnitude of genetic drift in this dataset. We then apply similar analyses to the swine IAV dataset, arriving again at a very small effective viral population size estimate. However, we find that features of the swine IAV data cannot be consistently accounted for with a basic Wright-Fisher model of evolution and that sampling noise (in the broadest sense) can better account for the iSNV frequency changes observed in the swine IAV data. Our findings on IAV evolution within acutely infected humans contribute to a growing number of studies that point towards the important role of genetic drift in shaping patterns of genetic diversity in this host. Our findings also raise questions about what processes (e.g. spatial within-host compartmentalization, ecological superinfection) may impede our ability to quantify the strength of genetic drift acting on IAV populations in acutely infected swine.</p>","PeriodicalId":56026,"journal":{"name":"Virus Evolution","volume":"12 1","pages":"veag021"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13100903/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147790120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular epidemiology and multi-scale drivers of piscine myocarditis virus dispersal in salmon aquaculture.","authors":"Mingli Zhao, Hélène Duault, Guillaume Fournié, Mari Aas Solheim, Svein Alexandersen, Chris Matthews, Silvia Soares, Abdullah Madhun, Marius Karlsen, Sarah C Hill","doi":"10.1093/ve/veag020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ve/veag020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aquaculture is the fastest-growing animal food-producing sector for human consumption globally. Increasing population size, density, and interconnectivity among farms are expected to markedly increase disease outbreak risks, threatening sector sustainability. Infectious diseases cause around a third of observed mortality in farmed salmon in Norway. Cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS), caused by piscine myocarditis virus (PMCV), is one of the most frequently detected diseases and often causes high mortality in the late phase of salmon production, compromising fish welfare and causing significant economic losses. Despite its impact, the limited understanding of PMCV dispersal and its drivers hampers effective risk mitigation interventions. To address this, we generated one of the largest genomic datasets for any aquatic viral pathogen, focusing on PMCV collected from Scotland (United Kingdom) and Norway. Combined with detailed metadata, this enabled one of the most comprehensive phylodynamic analyses of a fish virus. Phylodynamic analyses reveal that PMCV likely emerged in farmed salmon concurrent with the global expansion of aquaculture, with a most recent common ancestor around the 1970s-1990s. We identify a distinctive national clustering of virus genomes, reflecting intranational spread interspersed with multiple introductions of distinct PMCV lineages into Scotland. We assess factors influencing virus spread, highlighting the importance of geographic proximity and at-sea farm density, and the possible role of boat connectivity in facilitating long-distance dispersal events. Overall, our study emphasizes the importance of viral genomics in understanding the evolutionary and dispersal dynamics of aquatic pathogens and informs targeted biosecurity strategies to mitigate the growing risk of viral disease in expanding aquaculture systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":56026,"journal":{"name":"Virus Evolution","volume":"12 1","pages":"veag020"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13100901/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147790149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variations and evolution of HIV-1 provirus in peripheral blood under the pressure of ART.","authors":"Yawen Liang, Haohui Deng, Quanmin Li, Chuyu Zhang, Jian Li, Qian Kong, Zhenyi Zou, Linghua Li, Weilie Chen","doi":"10.1093/ve/veag019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ve/veag019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is characterized by its rapid evolution and extensive genetic diversity. This study analysed sequence polymorphism in a longitudinal cohort of people living with HIV (PLWH) who have been on antiretroviral therapy (ART) while also comparing quasispecies heterogeneity across distinct genomic regions to reflect the evolutionary variation and selective pressures acting on HIV-1. A total of 138 follow-up time points from 31 subjects who have been on ART were included in this study. The HIV-1 <i>Gag</i> p17 and <i>Env</i> C2V3 gene regions were amplified and subjected to high-throughput sequencing to obtain the target sequences. The study results indicate that the amino acids of the HIV-1 V3 loop sequences were polymorphic, and dynamic changes in the proportion of dominant viral quasispecies were observed across different follow-up time points within the same PLWH. Genetic diversity in the p17 and C2V3 regions decreased with longer ART duration. Compared to the <i>Gag</i> gene, the <i>Env</i> gene exhibited a greater genetic distance, a higher rate of nonsynonymous mutations (dN), and a larger dN/dS ratio at baseline, indicating a significant difference in the evolutionary selection pressure between the <i>Gag</i> and <i>Env</i> genes. The size of the HIV-1 reservoir tended to decrease with the extension of ART duration. In summary, viral genomic diversity and quasispecies heterogeneity are decreased under the selective pressure of ART, and the size of the HIV-1 reservoir tends to decrease. HIV-1 evades immune recognition and clearance through sequence variation. While the <i>Env</i> gene is subject to positive selection, the HIV-1 <i>Gag</i> gene is subject to purifying selection.</p>","PeriodicalId":56026,"journal":{"name":"Virus Evolution","volume":"12 1","pages":"veag019"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13099266/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147790080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influenza hemagglutinin subtypes have different sequence constraints despite sharing extremely similar structures.","authors":"Jenny J Ahn, Timothy C Yu, Bernadeta Dadonaite, Caelan E Radford, Jesse D Bloom","doi":"10.1093/ve/veag018","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ve/veag018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hemagglutinins (HAs) from different influenza A virus subtypes share as little as ~40% amino acid identity, yet their protein structure and cell entry function are highly conserved. Here, we examine the extent that sequence constraints on HA differ across three subtypes. To do this, we first use pseudovirus deep mutational scanning to measure how all amino-acid mutations to an H7 HA affect its cell entry function. We then compare these new measurements to previously described measurements of how all mutations to H3 and H5 HAs affect cell entry function. We find that ~50% of HA sites display substantially diverged preferences for different amino acids across the HA subtypes. The sites with the most divergent amino-acid preferences tend to be buried and have biochemically distinct wildtype amino acids in the different HA subtypes. We provide an example of how rewiring the interactions among contacting residues has dramatically shifted which amino acids are tolerated at specific sites. Overall, our results show how proteins with the same structure and function can become subject to very different site-specific evolutionary constraints as their sequences diverge.</p>","PeriodicalId":56026,"journal":{"name":"Virus Evolution","volume":"12 1","pages":"veag018"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13064934/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147678849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Viral diversity, ecological interconnectedness, and the identification of mammalian chuviruses in Australian microbats.","authors":"Ayda Susana Ortiz-Baez, Julien Mélade, Kate Van Brussel, Bethan J Lang, Anna Lachenauer, Edward C Holmes","doi":"10.1093/ve/veag017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ve/veag017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microbats are a large and ecologically important group of Australian mammalian fauna. However, their RNA virome diversity, as well as its ecological and evolutionary significance, has received limited study. We applied a metatranscriptomic approach to reveal more of the diversity of RNA viruses present in faeces from different microbat species in New South Wales and South Australia, including the critically endangered Southern bent-wing bat (<i>Miniopterus schreibersii bassanii</i>) from the Naracoorte bat maternity caves in South Australia. The data generated revealed a high diversity of RNA viruses, including 51 likely mammalian-associated viruses classified into ten taxonomic groups, including the <i>Coronaviridae</i>, <i>Hepeviridae</i>, and <i>Chuviridae</i>. Notably, we identified a mammalian-specific lineage of chuviruses associated with bats in Australia and with bats and rodents in China, strongly suggesting that viruses of this family have established sustained transmission cycles in mammals as well as invertebrates. Our results also revealed widespread viral connectivity among alphacoronaviruses across multiple microbat species in mainland Australia and Christmas Island, indicative of long distance viral movement. High viral diversity and virus co-circulation was observed within the Southern bent-wing bat population of the Naracoorte caves, suggesting complex population dynamics that might facilitate virus maintenance and transmission. Overall, these findings highlight the role of Australian microbats as viral reservoirs, including the presence of viruses not previously associated with sustained mammalian transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":56026,"journal":{"name":"Virus Evolution","volume":"12 1","pages":"veag017"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13070566/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147678803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification and genomic characterization of BA.3.2: a highly divergent BA.3-related SARS-CoV-2 lineage from southern Africa.","authors":"Graeme Dor, Dikeledi Kekana, Ryan Hisner, Darren P Martin, Bette Korber, Timo Ernst, Avram Levy, David Speers, Stuart Turville, Vitali Sintchenko, Kerri Basile, Geraldine Sullivan, Rebecca Rockett, Jen Kok, Josette Schoenmakers, Federico Gueli, Richard Lessels, Cheryl Baxter, Nicole Wolter, Anne von Gottberg, Houriiyah Tegally, Tulio de Oliveira","doi":"10.1093/ve/veag016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ve/veag016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In November 2024, a highly divergent BA.3-related severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lineage, designated BA.3.2, was detected in South Africa, marking the first appearance of a BA.3-derived lineage in over 2 years. Phylogenetic reconstruction places BA.3.2 on an extended branch descending from ancestral BA.3, with no intermediate genomes detected, consistent with a prolonged period of unsampled or isolated evolution. Molecular clock analyses indicate accelerated divergence characteristic of a saltation event, whilst phylogeographic and demographic analyses point to a southern African origin followed by multiple independent exportations and evidence of ongoing global transmission. Relative to ancestral BA.3, BA.3.2 harbours 39 amino acid substitutions in the spike glycoprotein, two N-terminal domain deletions (Δ136-147 and Δ243-244), a four-residue insertion (ins214:ASDT), and a large deletion spanning ORF7a, ORF7b, and ORF8. The co-occurrence of D405N and R408S implies epistasis between these sites, whilst reversions R493Q and H505Y likely enhance ACE2 binding and antibody escape. Extensive remodelling across the spike, including loss of the C15-C136 disulphide bond and substitutions in the SD1 and SD2 domains, may influence spike stability, cleavage, and fusogenicity. The emergence and continued circulation of BA.3.2 underscores the ongoing potential for highly divergent SARS-CoV-2 variants to arise and spread globally. Despite its limited prevalence, the persistence of BA.3.2 alongside dominant lineages, together with evidence of more recent expansion, indicate that this lineage retains the potential to become of epidemiological concern under favourable conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":56026,"journal":{"name":"Virus Evolution","volume":"12 1","pages":"veag016"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13070381/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147678854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ancestral sequence reconstruction analysis indicates the S1/S2 insertion in the SARS-CoV-2 spike gene likely interrupted a codon.","authors":"Michael James Chambers, Mudabir Abdullah, Meru J Sadhu","doi":"10.1093/ve/veag015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ve/veag015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The genome of the seasonal acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus has a 12-nucleotide insertion that produced a furin cleavage site at the S1/S2 junction of its spike protein. It has been noted that compared to related coronavirus genomes, the insertion aligns best in the middle of a codon. However, a precise placement of the insertion would require an understanding of the S1/S2 junction sequence in the ancestor of SARS-CoV-2 in which the insertion occurred, whose genome sequence we do not have. Leveraging ancestral sequence reconstruction, we find that the genome of the most recent common ancestor of SARS-CoV-2 and other published coronaviruses very likely shared its S1/S2 junction sequence with coronaviruses like RaTG13 and BANAL-20-52. The insertion occurred in a descendant of this ancestor; we considered whether mutations could have occurred along the SARS-CoV-2 lineage that would have allowed the insertion to fall cleanly between codons, and found that such mutations were unlikely. Thus, the insertion likely interrupted a codon.</p>","PeriodicalId":56026,"journal":{"name":"Virus Evolution","volume":"12 1","pages":"veag015"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13064923/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147678798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic and antigenic diversity of rotavirus A in faeces from Danish pigs.","authors":"Kasper Pedersen, Nicole B Goecke, Marta Canuti, Pia Ryt-Hansen, Nicolai R Weber, Martí Cortey, Lars Erik Larsen","doi":"10.1093/ve/veag013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ve/veag013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rotavirus A (RVA) causes viral gastroenteritis and is frequently detected in young piglets. These viruses are genotyped according to diversity within the outer capsid coding gene segments designated viral protein 4 (VP4) and 7 (VP7). The present study defines a comprehensive baseline for porcine RVA VP4 and VP7 genotypic diversity in Danish swine herds, important for future monitoring efforts. Disparities between amino acid residues in antigenic domains of the Danish RVA field viruses and the vaccine strain named 'Ohio State University (OSU) G5P[7]' were also investigated. RVA nucleic acids from positive faecal samples of 63/84 tested Danish swine herds were amplified using conventional reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction with primers specific for VP7 and VP4 genes and sequenced using Sanger or Illumina technologies. In total, 127 VP7 genes and 110 VP4 genes were sequenced and genotyped. Eight different VP7 genotypes (G2, G3, G4, G5, G9, G10, G11 and G26) and six different VP4 genotypes (P[6], P[7], P[13], P[23], P[26], and P[32]) together with two possibly new VP4 genotypes (P[X1] and P[X2]) were detected, and the most frequent genotype constellations were G9P[23], G9P[13], G5P[13], and G5P[23]. Nine rectal swabs from pigs of nine different herds revealed infections with multiple VP7 genotypes, and four swabs from pigs of four herds presented with various VP4 genotypes. Sampling of several pigs within the same herd revealed co-circulation of different genotypes, which emphasizes that several pigs should be sampled for representative RVA genotyping. Notable differences between the RVA field viruses and the vaccine strain were evident, as on average 11.7/29 and 25.8/37 amino acid residues in immunogenic domains differed in VP7 and VP4 genotypes, respectively. Considering the high RVA field strain diversity and their high divergence from the vaccine strains, future studies are needed to investigate the efficacy of available porcine RVA vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":56026,"journal":{"name":"Virus Evolution","volume":"12 1","pages":"veag013"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13061130/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147647181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}