Transportation Geotechnics最新文献

{"title":"Strength deterioration and predictive modeling of coarse-grained soil under penetrating erosion effects","authors":"Yunhao Chen ,&nbsp;Ling Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhongshu Liu ,&nbsp;Yongwei Li ,&nbsp;Jingpeng Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This investigation aims to explore the strength deterioration characteristics of coarse-grained soils (CGSs) under penetrating erosion. Unconsolidated undrained (UU) triaxial tests were conducted on untreated specimens and those subjected to four amplitudes of penetrating erosion force (<em>p</em>₀), to examine the impact of penetrating erosion on the shear performance of CGSs with varying mass ratios of mudstone fines (<em>η</em>). Furthermore, a strength prediction model, <em>K</em>_M-C(<em>η</em>, <em>p</em>₀), was developed based on the Mohr-Coulomb (M−C) strength criterion, incorporating both <em>η</em> and <em>p</em>₀ as influencing factors. The results indicate that untreated specimens predominantly exhibit bulging deformation upon failure, whereas treated specimens can be divided into distinct bulging and non-bulging zones, with significant transverse cracks emerging in the transition region between these zones. Moreover, treated CGS specimens demonstrate notable strain-softening behavior, as the deviator stress peak [(<em>σ</em>₁–<em>σ</em>₃)_max] decreases linearly with increasing penetrating erosion force <em>p</em>₀ under the same confining pressure (<em>σ</em>₃). Furthermore, minor variations in confining pressure have little effect on the strength weakening induced by penetrating erosion, and at low confining pressures, both untreated and treated specimens conform to the M−C failure criterion. Additionally, there exists a critical fine content threshold <em>η</em>_critical; when the fine content is below this threshold, increasing it enhances the stability of the CGS skeleton and its resistance to seepage erosion. Conversely, when the fines content exceeds <em>η</em>_critical, the filling effect of the fines weakens the stability of the soil skeleton, thereby reducing its resistance to penetrating erosion. In this investigation, <em>η</em>_critical is determined to be 9.15%. Lastly, the predictive model developed in this study accurately captures the influence of <em>η</em> and <em>p</em>₀ on the strength of CGSs, with the relative error between the measured and predicted strength values ranging from 1.1% to 14.9%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 101559"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143828721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydromechanical behavior of unsaturated sandy soils with different particle shapes under loading–unloading paths: Numerical simulation and experimental validation","authors":"Zahra Mousavi,&nbsp;Milad Jabbarzadeh,&nbsp;Fardin Jafarzadeh,&nbsp;Hamed Sadeghi","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101560","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101560","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the simultaneous influence of particle shape and initial suction on the hydromechanical behavior of unsaturated sandy soils. Anisotropic loading–unloading tests at constant water content conditions were conducted on three sands with distinct shapes (Firoozkooh – most angular, Babolsar – Subangular, and Mesr – roundest) using a direct shear apparatus. Particle shapes were quantified in terms of sphericity, roundness, and regularity using the results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests. In addition, a coupled hydromechanical model based on elasto-viscoplasticity was developed and validated against the experimental results first. The model was then employed to conduct a parametric study (compressibility, pore water pressure, and permeability) with an emphasis on the role of particle morphology and shape. The findings revealed rounder particles (higher regularity) experienced higher volumetric strain (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>ε</mi><mi>v</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>) under lower suction but less <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>ε</mi><mi>v</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> with increasing suction compared to angular sands. Moreover, the rate of permeability reduction during loading in Mesr sand was 1.5 times and 2.4 times higher than that of Babolsar and Firoozkooh sands at near-saturation condition. However, this amount decreased with increasing suction. Pore water pressure (PWP) generation was highest in the most angular sand due to its retention characteristics. The relationship between void ratio and PWP was independent of loading cycles and exhibited a linear dependence. Particle shape significantly impacted this relationship, with rounder sands showing a higher rate of void ratio change per unit change in PWP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 101560"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geotechnical characteristics of clayey soil stabilized with fly ash and marble dust","authors":"Abdülhakim Zeybek ,&nbsp;Muhammed Tanyıldızı ,&nbsp;İsmail Tosun ,&nbsp;Ali Fırat Cabalar","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the separate and combined impacts of Class-F fly ash (FA) and marble dust (MD) on the geotechnical properties and resilient modulus <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>M</mi><mi>R</mi></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> of clayey soil. An intensive series of laboratory tests, including plasticity, swelling-shrinkage, compaction, unconfined compressive strength (<span><math><mrow><mi>UCS</mi></mrow></math></span>), shear strength, California Bearing Ratio (<span><math><mrow><mi>CBR</mi></mrow></math></span>), cyclic triaxial, and microstructural analyses, were conducted on soil specimens containing FA and MD at different percentages varying from 0 % to 12 %. The results showed that FA and MD additions significantly reduced the plasticity, free swell, and linear shrinkage potential of the soil, whilst <span><math><mrow><mi>UCS</mi></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mi>CBR</mi></mrow></math></span> values increased up to a threshold value of 6 % to 9 % and then declined. The incorporation of FA, MD, and their combination (FA + MD) enhanced the soil’s <span><math><mrow><mi>CBR</mi></mrow></math></span> by approximately 45.1 %, 55.9 %, and 85.1 %, respectively. Similarly, the <span><math><mrow><mi>UCS</mi></mrow></math></span> of the soil cured for 7 days improved by 14.1 %, 44.0 %, and 72.5 %, respectively. The cyclic triaxial tests yielded the highest <span><math><msub><mi>M</mi><mi>R</mi></msub></math></span> values with FA alone, leading to a 51.1 % increase. When FA and MD were used together, <span><math><msub><mi>M</mi><mi>R</mi></msub></math></span> values increased by 31.6 %, which was relatively higher than the 28.1 % increase observed with the use of MD alone. Furthermore, statistical modeling to predict the <span><math><msub><mi>M</mi><mi>R</mi></msub></math></span> values was proposed, evaluated comparatively with already available applications, and hereby confirmed its superiority over traditional models to save time for future researchers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 101558"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stabilization of expansive road subgrades with waste paper sludge: Resilient modulus, ANN and modeling approach","authors":"Muhammed Tanyıldızı ,&nbsp;İslam Gökalp","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101552","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101552","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stabilization of expansive subgrades is a crucial issue for transportation geotechnics in the development of sustainable approaches in road construction. This study was the first ever to investigate the effect of waste paper sludge (WPS) on the resilient modulus (M_r) parameters of three different expansive subgrades with different shrink/swell and bearing capacities. Repeated load tests were performed on clean soils and soils with different ratios of WPS to determine the change in the M_r values with WPS. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses were performed on soil specimens to reveal the effectiveness of WPS at the microstructure level. Additionally, different artificial neural network (ANN) models were developed to estimate the M_r values of the expansive road subgrades stabilized with WPS. Furthermore, a numerical model was created to simulate the behavior of a typical road platform constructed with WPS-stabilized subgrade soil using the Plaxis 2D finite element analysis program. The experimental results indicated that the addition of WPS up to 9% resulted in a significant increase in the M_r values of subgrade soils. Microstructural analyses of the samples giving the highest hardness performance revealed that the dispersed and porous structure of pure soils transformed into a denser, less porous and flocculated structure after WPS stabilization. The developed ANN models showed better performance compared to multiple regression (MR) with higher R² values ​​and lower error parameters, which was confirmed by statistical parameters. Plaxis 2D analysis results showed a more rigid road structure formation with less deformation compared to clean soils through WPS stabilization. The findings of this research are expected to offer an understanding of considering the stabilization of expansive subgrades with WPS, thereby promoting sustainable highway construction and approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 101552"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143799773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of shield tunneling on adjacent pile foundations in water-rich strata","authors":"Jie Su ,&nbsp;Yuqiang Pan ,&nbsp;Xiaokai Niu ,&nbsp;Chengping Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101557","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101557","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shield tunneling in urban environments inevitably intersects with adjacent pile foundations, adversely affecting their internal forces and deformations. In this study, a series of model tests and numerical simulations were conducted to examine shield tunneling across pile foundations. The disturbance caused by shield tunnel excavation on the ground surface and pile foundations under different groundwater conditions was analyzed in detail. The results indicate that, compared to dry strata, shield tunneling in water-rich strata increases the maximum surface settlement by approximately 22 %, while also raising the axial force of pile foundations by 16 %–23 % and the lateral displacement of pile bodies at various depths by 15 %–28 %. Furthermore, as the pile foundation diameter increases, the absolute bending moment rises significantly. It is suggested that the pile-tunnel distance should be greater than 2 <em>D_t</em> in engineering design to greatly reduce the response of pile foundation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 101557"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field measurements at a road embankment during a winter season in northern Sweden","authors":"Zahra Motamedi,&nbsp;Karina Tommik,&nbsp;Hans Mattsson,&nbsp;Jan Laue,&nbsp;Sven Knutsson","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101553","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101553","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the thermal regime of road embankments in cold climates during winter is essential for efficient road design and accurate estimation of maintenance frequencies to reduce freeze-induced damage. In response to the challenging climate conditions in northern Sweden, an experimental field setup was designed to assess the thermal impact of culverts and accumulated snow in ditches on the thermal regime of road embankments during a winter season. This study provides detailed information on the experimental setup, highlights potential challenges from installation phase to data acquisition, and addresses measurement errors. Methods to ensure accuracy and obtain reliable data are also presented. Additionally, some of the obtained measurement results are included in this paper. The results show that snow impacts the thermal regime of the embankment from the onset of accumulation in the ditch, when the snow cover is still thin, until it reaches a depth of 65 cm. Beyond this depth, the soil beneath the snow remains almost unfrozen throughout the winter season. Additionally, the temperature distribution measurements within the embankment indicate that freezing progresses faster near the culvert compared to the rest of the embankment. However, once the culvert ends are insulated by snow cover, the frost depth in the soil near the culvert does not increase significantly, while the rest of the road continues to freeze gradually to greater depths throughout the winter season. The measurement results presented in this study provide researchers with a reliable dataset for validating numerical models in related research areas simulating cold-climate conditions. Additionally, these results enhance the understanding of the thermal regime of road embankments in typical cold climates and offer valuable insights for planning road maintenance and construction in such regions. Furthermore, this study provides essential information for researchers aiming to design and optimize experimental measurement setups in similar investigations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 101553"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of rail ballast breakage using a hybrid ML methodology","authors":"Srinivas Alagesan ,&nbsp;Buddhima Indraratna ,&nbsp;Rakesh Sai Malisetty ,&nbsp;Yujie Qi ,&nbsp;Cholachat Rujikiatkamjorn","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101555","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101555","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Particle breakage is a key performance indicator to estimate ballast degradation as it severely affects the performance and maintenance of rail tracks. Most constitutive models usually based on continuum mechanics have rarely been able to estimate the rate and intensity of particle degradation under repeated wheel loading. In this regard, this paper presents a novel model for predicting ballast breakage under prolonged cyclic loading using artificial neural networks (ANN) coupled with a genetic algorithm (GA), hence the acronym GA-ANN. For this study, a comprehensive database consisting of 130 experimental datasets on ballast breakage under cyclic loading conditions is used. Unlike most black-box type machine learning (ML) models, this study incorporates a knowledge-guided selection of 9 input parameters encompassing gradation characteristics, particle angularity, the initial physical state of the granular assembly, and the applied stress state. To overcome limitations associated with potential overfitting when using smaller datasets of the Ballast Breakage Index (BBI), this study employs an innovative approach by integrating k-fold cross-validation and regularization with conventional GA-ANN algorithm. The proposed GA-ANN model showed superior performance in predicting BBI at different loading cycles and proved to be 50% more efficient when compared to conventional ANN and other ML techniques. When verified against unseen laboratory and field data, the GA-ANN model yielded an <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></math></span> between 0.85 and 0.95, thus proving its broader capability. Further, global sensitivity analysis is performed to identify the most significant parameters (cyclic deviatoric stress, number of load cycles and frequency) which warrant more attention during maintenance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 101555"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitivity Analysis of Factors that Induce Road Collapses Due to Drainage Pipe Leakage and Traffic Load","authors":"Liting Cao ,&nbsp;Xiangfeng Lv ,&nbsp;Xinyue Li ,&nbsp;Jiacheng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101554","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101554","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>At persent, quantitatively assessing the sensitivity of disaster-causing factors in road collapses remains challenging using conventional methodologies. This study establishes a physical model test system for road collapse to investigate the evolution of cavity buried depth, equivalent diameter, road settlement, soil stress/settlement, and drainage density/flow under various traffic loads. A deep-learning backbone is created that integrates a convolutional neural network (CNN), bidirectional short-term memory (BiLSTM), attention mechanisms, and the Sobol method (CBAS). This model is applied to three functional units, including data generation, settlement prediction, and sensitivity analysis. The findings show that the buried depth of a cavity decreases exponentially over time, whereas the equivalent diameter of the cavity follows a power-law increase. The drainage density and flow demonstrate fluctuating characteristics, whereas the abrupt increase in soil settlement exhibits a “time lag” effect relative to the sudden surge in soil stress. Notably, the buried depth and equivalent diameter of the cavity are highly sensitive to road settlement, whereas the sensitivity of soil settlement to road settlement varies. By contrast, the sensitivities of soil stress, drainage density, and drainage flow to road settlement are relatively weak. The validity of the CNN–BiLSTM–ATTENTION backbone was verified using root mean square error, mean absolute percentage error, and mean absolute percentage error performance metrics. The CBAS’ sensitivity analysis results were validated using the extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test. The study findings provide valuable insights for monitoring and early warning of road collapses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 101554"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143738803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the mud pumping phenomena and dynamic characteristics in ballasted track subgrade under multi-stage/multi-frequency train load–wetting coupling","authors":"Guoqing Cai ,&nbsp;Bowen Han ,&nbsp;Xu Yang ,&nbsp;Huaxiong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101545","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the process of expanding ballasted railway capacity, there is a significant increase in train axle load and speed, which leads to significant mud pumping disease under multi-stage/multi-frequency train load-wetting coupling, and its mechanism is still unclear. Mud pumping model tests from ballasted track subgrades under multi-stage/multi-frequency train load-wetting (MSC-W test/MFC-W test) coupling were conducted. The test results show that in the unsaturated state, the accumulated deformation of MSC-W test is more significant than that of MFC-W test, and the compactness of the subgrade filler is greater without significant particle migration. Under saturated or near saturated conditions, the MSC-W and MFC-W tests produces significant mud pumping by the driving force of dynamic pore water pressure. The amounts of mud pumping, fine particle layer displacement and void contaminant index (VCI) of the MFC-W test are significantly higher than those of the MSC-W test.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 101545"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143680029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of sub-freezing temperatures on ballast strength: A laboratory study","authors":"Coleman Froehlke,&nbsp;Marcus Dersch,&nbsp;Riley Edwards,&nbsp;Arthur de O. Lima,&nbsp;Erol Tutumluer","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101551","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101551","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ice formation within the ballast layer of railroad track is common in regions that experience consistent temperatures below the freezing point of water. Freely draining ballast cannot retain as much moisture as saturated fouled ballast, which may develop ice-bonded particles depending on the nature of fouling material and moisture present. This paper quantifies and compares the effect of sub-freezing [-17 ± 5°C (0 ± 10°F)] temperatures on ballast strength to non-frozen [21 ± 5°C (70 ± 10°F)] conditions. Ballast specimens were tested in a large-scale direct shear apparatus at gravimetric moisture contents, ranging from 0 % to 12 % of the dry weight of fine material [smaller than 9.5 mm (3/8-in.)], and fouling index (FI) levels ranging from 0 to 40. In non-frozen conditions, addition of moisture and fouling typically reduces the shear strength of ballast, whereas the presence of fouling and absence of moisture typically increases the strength. In a frozen condition, however, the presence of moisture and fouling increased the strength of the ballast due to ice-bonding within the ballast matrix. An increased moisture content yielded higher strengths of moderately and heavily fouled specimens in a nonlinear fashion. Non-fouled samples reduced strength due to less ice-bonding. Interestingly, higher fouling levels nonuniformly changed the strength of the ballast depending upon whether mechanical friction and aggregate interlock or ice-bonding of fine material generated higher strength. Ballast resistance is a key parameter for quantifying the stress state present within the rail, thus requiring accurate assessment of ballast strength in a multitude of environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 101551"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143680031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}