Thomas Eckart;Hans-Joachim Götz;Thomas Ziselsberger;Klaus-Holger Otto
{"title":"The migration of the Optical Internetworking Forum common electrical interface standardization to optical intra-system interconnects beyond 25 Gb/s","authors":"Thomas Eckart;Hans-Joachim Götz;Thomas Ziselsberger;Klaus-Holger Otto","doi":"10.1002/bltj.21638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bltj.21638","url":null,"abstract":"There has been a decade long history of groundbreaking work on Common Electrical Interface (CEI) Implementation Agreements within the Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF). While the first edition of CEI specifications was dedicated to 6 Gb/s and 11 Gb/s serial electrical interfaces, later revisions address a range of applications encompassing 20 Gb/s to 28 Gb/s rates involving various classes of reach, with recent initiatives targeted at doubling these rates. This paper discusses the evolution of OIF CEI specification development, including the impacts of critical elements such as channel models, signaling schemes, and the power consumption of the required Serdes designs. It provides an overview of current active work areas that are focusing upon 28 Gb/s and 56 Gb/s serial electrical interfaces and their relevance to some of the latest 100G to 400G line card and system developments. Finally, it offers a projection of ongoing OIF work regarding the Next Generation Interconnect (NGI) framework project, which is starting to define a transition path from electrical to optical intra-system interconnects for even higher serial data rates and longer reaches.","PeriodicalId":55592,"journal":{"name":"Bell Labs Technical Journal","volume":"18 3","pages":"267-283"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/bltj.21638","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50327353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Giorgio Cazzaniga;Christian Hermsmeyer;Iraj Saniee;Indra Widjaja
{"title":"A new perspective on burst-switched optical networks","authors":"Giorgio Cazzaniga;Christian Hermsmeyer;Iraj Saniee;Indra Widjaja","doi":"10.1002/bltj.21630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bltj.21630","url":null,"abstract":"Recent experimental research in coherent detection has enabled 100G (or higher bit-rate) optical receivers to switch between wavelengths in less than a hundred nanoseconds. Such technologies enable a novel variant of the Time-domain Wavelength Interleaved Networks (TWIN) architecture in which fast tunable receivers replace tunable transmitters as the main switching elements in the otherwise passive optical network. Similar to TWIN, this architecture enables efficient sharing of 100G (or higher) wavelength rates among multiple destinations in metro networks or data centers where individual node-pairs may not need the full capacity of each wavelength. In this paper, we present the key elements of this novel variant of TWIN, discuss framing and scheduling efficiency, sub- and super-framing for TDM and packet data, as well as protection mechanisms. We also present the benefit of this approach relative to other optical network technologies. We conclude with an overview of the potential applications of this novel optical networking architecture.","PeriodicalId":55592,"journal":{"name":"Bell Labs Technical Journal","volume":"18 3","pages":"111-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/bltj.21630","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50328349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hans Sahm;Matthias Sauppe;Erik Markert;Thomas Horn;Ulrich Heinkel;Klaus-Holger Otto
{"title":"Optimized ASIC/FPGA design flow for energy efficient network nodes","authors":"Hans Sahm;Matthias Sauppe;Erik Markert;Thomas Horn;Ulrich Heinkel;Klaus-Holger Otto","doi":"10.1002/bltj.21634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bltj.21634","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the ENERSAVE research project, which is funded by the German ministry of research. The project target is a 30 percent power reduction for network nodes via introduction of a holistic, energy-aware design flow for application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) and field programmable gate array (FPGA) design. Using today's state of the art design methods, advanced calculation of system power budgets is a major challenge since current methods do not offer sufficient means for supporting energy awareness and efficiency throughout the complete component design process. The ENERSAVE project is developing a methodology to support power awareness and provides the ability to target power constraints from the system level all the way down to the silicon. It introduces formal tools for power optimizations and demonstrates, on an optical transmission system card, how using this new design methodology enables the envisioned power target to be achieved. The paper presents methodology improvement results to date and offers a preview of expected demonstrable results by project completion in 2014.","PeriodicalId":55592,"journal":{"name":"Bell Labs Technical Journal","volume":"18 3","pages":"195-209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/bltj.21634","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50328350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laurent Schmalen;Adriaan J. de Lind van Wijngaarden;Stephan Ten Brink
{"title":"Forward error correction in optical core and optical access networks","authors":"Laurent Schmalen;Adriaan J. de Lind van Wijngaarden;Stephan Ten Brink","doi":"10.1002/bltj.21627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bltj.21627","url":null,"abstract":"Forward error correction (FEC) techniques are essential for optical core and optical access networks. In optical core networks, the emphasis is on high coding gains and extremely low output bit error rates, while allowing decoder realizations to operate at a throughput of 100 Gb/s and above. Optical access networks operate at 10 Gb/s or above and require low-complexity FEC codes with low power consumption. Coherent optical transmission with higher order modulation formats will become mandatory to achieve the high spectral efficiencies required in next-generation core networks. In this paper, we provide an overview of these requirements and techniques, and highlight how coding and modulation can be best combined in optical core networks. We also present guidelines for modulation and low-complexity FEC system design for optical access networks.","PeriodicalId":55592,"journal":{"name":"Bell Labs Technical Journal","volume":"18 3","pages":"39-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/bltj.21627","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50327356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jean Godin;Agnieszka Końzykowska;Jean-Yves Dupuy;Muriel Riet;Virginie Nodjiadjim;Filipe Jorge;Gabriel Charlet;Oriol Bertran-Pardo;Jérémie Renaudier;Haik Mardoyan;Alan Gnauck;Peter J. Winzer
{"title":"High speed multi-level drivers for spectrally efficient optical transmission systems","authors":"Jean Godin;Agnieszka Końzykowska;Jean-Yves Dupuy;Muriel Riet;Virginie Nodjiadjim;Filipe Jorge;Gabriel Charlet;Oriol Bertran-Pardo;Jérémie Renaudier;Haik Mardoyan;Alan Gnauck;Peter J. Winzer","doi":"10.1002/bltj.21628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bltj.21628","url":null,"abstract":"High spectral efficiency modulation is key to addressing the optical network capacity challenge. Typical implementations of transmitters for advanced modulation formats use high-resolution silicon digital-to-analog converters, complemented by high bandwidth linear amplifiers to drive the electro-optic modulator. To overcome the limitations of this setup, both in speed and complexity, Bell Labs has proposed and realized an alternative approach based on a multi-level driver which operates at symbol rates up to 50 GBaud with swings up to 2×2 volts, sufficient to drive various common electro-optic modulators (Vπ ∼3–4 V). Over the past two years, multi-level drivers have enabled various Bell Labs optical system experiments relying on the high signal quality achieved and the rate flexibility offered. The circuit architecture, its main features, and the various system experiments are summarized.","PeriodicalId":55592,"journal":{"name":"Bell Labs Technical Journal","volume":"18 3","pages":"67-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/bltj.21628","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50416013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Protocol enhancements for “greening” optical networks","authors":"Annalisa Morea;Jordi Perelló;Salvatore Spadaro;Dominique Verchère;Martin Vigoureux","doi":"10.1002/bltj.21635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bltj.21635","url":null,"abstract":"The last decade has spurred a number of research efforts around energy efficiency in information and communication technologies (ICT). To reduce the energy consumed by optical transport networks, one option is to switch-off a certain number of optical systems according to the amount of transported traffic. Consequently, dynamic power management of optoelectronic devices and link sleep-mode approaches have been proposed; these capabilities quantitatively optimize the power requirements and the available bandwidth of the network as a whole. This paper presents enhancements embedded in Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS)-based protocols enabling power control in optical devices, and then analyzes the impact of controlling the daily energy consumption of optical switching equipment in the network. We also present ongoing activities in specific standardization working groups for “greening the network” along with their proposals to improve the energy efficiency of future optical networks.","PeriodicalId":55592,"journal":{"name":"Bell Labs Technical Journal","volume":"18 3","pages":"211-230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/bltj.21635","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50327471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}