Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Failure characteristics and energy absorption enhancement mechanism of honeycomb structure scaffolds reinforced cementitious composites based on acoustic emission and digital image correlation","authors":"Gaofang Zhu,&nbsp;Hongwen Jing,&nbsp;Zhenhua Li,&nbsp;Qian Yin,&nbsp;Shujian Chen,&nbsp;Jiangyu Wu","doi":"10.1007/s43452-026-01473-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43452-026-01473-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the increasing complexity of engineering environments, there is a growing demand for concrete materials that not only possess high strength but also exhibit good ductility, energy absorption capacity, and durability. In response to these requirements, this study proposes a novel cementitious composite material reinforced with a 3D-printed multilayer honeycomb-structured scaffold, referred to as HSRCC (Honeycomb Structure Scaffold Reinforced Cementitious Composite). A series of lateral compression tests were conducted, supplemented by digital image correlation (DIC), acoustic emission (AE), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques, to investigate the influence of scaffold volume on the macro- and micro-mechanical behavior of the specimens, including load–displacement responses, initial crushing force, energy absorption, deformation characteristics, and damage mechanisms. The results indicate that increasing the scaffold volume leads to higher initial peak crushing force and energy absorption. The addition of honeycomb structure scaffolds enhanced the initial peak crushing force of the cementitious matrix by 7% to 80%, whilst increasing its energy absorption capacity by 208% to 365%. Moreover, the specimens exhibit enhanced ductility and more pronounced strain-hardening behavior with increasing scaffold volume. DIC analysis reveals a decreasing trend in lateral expansion rate as the scaffold volume increases. AE-based failure mode classification indicates a growing proportion of shear cracks with increasing scaffold volume. Finally, SEM analysis verified the load-bearing and crack-controlling mechanisms of the honeycomb-structured scaffold. The proposed HSRCC material exhibits a favorable combination of high strength, ductility, and energy absorption, rendering it highly suitable for high-performance engineering applications, such as bridge joints, seismic-resistant structures, and deep tunnel support systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55474,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering","volume":"26 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147829230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mesoscale-strength model for steel fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete: coupled experiments and self-compiled six-phase simulations","authors":"Libing Jin,&nbsp;Zhiyong Liu,&nbsp;Yanchong Li,&nbsp;Jingjin Zhang,&nbsp;Linran Qiao,&nbsp;Xiaowei Zhu","doi":"10.1007/s43452-026-01534-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43452-026-01534-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In alignment with the global imperative toward sustainable construction, recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional concrete. However, its inherently inferior mechanical performance poses a significant barrier to broader engineering adoption. To counteract this deficiency, this study investigates the mechanical enhancement mechanisms of steel fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete (SF-RAC) through a synergistic experimental–computational framework. A comprehensive experimental program was conducted to systematically evaluate the influence of critical mix parameters—namely, the water-to-cement ratio (W/C), steel fiber volume fraction (S-F), and recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) content—on the compressive and tensile behavior of SF-RAC. All mixtures were prepared with 100% RCA replacement of natural coarse aggregates, while the coarse aggregate volume fraction was varied at three levels (0%, 30%, and 45%) to investigate its influence on fiber reinforcement. Parallelly, a high-fidelity mesoscale numerical model was developed via a custom-built computational platform, explicitly resolving six distinct constitutive phases: steel fibers, old and new mortar matrices, old and new interfacial transition zones (ITZs), and virgin as well as recycled aggregates. The numerical model was calibrated using experimental data from three water-to-cement ratios (0.45, 0.50, and 0.55) and validated specifically for W/C = 0.55, confirming its predictive capability within this practical range. Leveraging mesoscale insights, a semi-empirical strength model was formulated to estimate both compressive and tensile strengths of SF-RAC as explicit functions of fiber inclusion and mix proportioning. The proposed model is applicable for SF-RAC with 100% RCA replacement, coarse aggregate volume fractions of 30–45%, steel fiber contents of 0–1.0%, and water-to-cement ratios of 0.45–0.55; extrapolation beyond these ranges should be undertaken with caution. The integrated findings not only deepen the mechanistic understanding of fiber reinforcement in recycled matrix systems but also furnish a quantitative design tool for performance-driven optimization of SF-RAC in sustainable infrastructure applications.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":55474,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering","volume":"26 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147807645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility and microstructural mechanism analysis of AZ31B magnesium alloy contact heating-isothermal forming process","authors":"Wei Pan,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Zhang,&nbsp;Yangxi Zhao,&nbsp;Mingwen Ren,&nbsp;Hongjie Jia","doi":"10.1007/s43452-026-01533-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43452-026-01533-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Magnesium alloys have poor formability at room temperature, which limits their large-scale use. Traditional furnace heating for hot forming is inefficient and consumes a large amount of energy. This study focuses on AZ31B magnesium alloy and systematically compares two heating methods: contact heating and furnace heating, both combined with isothermal U-shaped stamping at 250 ℃. Mechanical properties were evaluated through tensile tests and microhardness measurements. Microstructural evolution and fracture behavior were analyzed using electron backscatter diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that parts produced by both heating methods exhibit similar mechanical properties. The yield strength remains between 148 and 150 MPa, the tensile strength is around 276–280 MPa, and the elongation at fracture increases by 16.4–18.3% compared with the initial state. The contact heating method rapidly heats the material within 15 s, effectively limiting grain growth and weakening the texture. The grain size of contact-heated samples (6.28 μm) is smaller than that of furnace-heated samples (6.80 μm), with a correspondingly lower basal plane texture intensity. The volume fraction of recrystallized grains increases only slightly under both heating methods. In both cases, plastic deformation is primarily accommodated by non-basal slip systems. Contact heating substantially improves heating efficiency while maintaining forming quality, offering an energy-efficient approach for hot forming magnesium alloys.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55474,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering","volume":"26 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147807644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of submerged fast multiple rotation rolling on the structure, strength, and tribological performance of Al–Si–Cu coatings on AA1010 aluminum","authors":"Seyedeh Marjan Bararpour,&nbsp;Hamed Jamshidi Aval,&nbsp;Roohollah Jamaati,&nbsp;Mamdouh I. Elamy,&nbsp;A. Fathy,&nbsp;M. Elmahdy","doi":"10.1007/s43452-026-01531-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43452-026-01531-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The effects of submerged fast multiple rotation rolling (FMRR) on Al–Si–Cu coatings deposited on AA1010 substrates were systematically investigated. Coatings were produced via friction surfacing and subsequently processed under FMRR at traverse speeds of 120, 240, and 360 mm/min, while maintaining a constant load of 15 kN and tool rotation of 3200 rpm. Peak surface temperatures decreased with increasing traverse speed (371, 364, and 350 °C for 120, 240, and 360 mm/min, respectively), reducing dynamic recovery and promoting plastic strain accumulation. Microstructural analysis revealed progressive Si particle refinement from 3.1 to 2.1 μm and Al₂Cu precipitate refinement from 2.1 to 1.2 μm, accompanied by improved distribution uniformity (distribution coefficients from 0.57 to 0.76). Average Al grain size decreased from 3.5 to 1.9 μm, with higher fractions of high-angle grain boundaries enhancing load transfer and strain accommodation. Mechanical properties improved with increasing traverse speed: microhardness rose from 108.6 to 144.7 HV, nano-hardness from 8.01 to 9.76 GPa, and the nano-hardness-to-elastic-modulus ratio from 0.039 to 0.045. Tribological tests demonstrated reduced wear loss (7.5–6.1 µg/m) and friction coefficient (0.41–0.31), with SEM confirming a transition from delamination-dominated wear to mild abrasive and pitting wear.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55474,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering","volume":"26 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147807646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical behavior and axial compressive constitutive model of sustainable geopolymer recycled aggregate concrete reinforced with and without nano-SiO2 and steel fiber","authors":"Yaowen Sun,&nbsp;Peng Zhang,&nbsp;Xinjian Sun,&nbsp;Xiaobing Dai","doi":"10.1007/s43452-026-01530-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43452-026-01530-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The large-scale application of recycled aggregate (RA) in geopolymer concrete holds significant potential to promote the utilization of construction solid waste and the development of sustainable building materials. In this study, using nano-SiO₂ and steel fiber as modified materials, sustainable geopolymer recycled aggregate concrete (GRAC) was prepared by replacing natural aggregate with RA. The effects of RA dosage (0-100%) and the modified materials (nano-SiO₂, steel fiber) dosage on mechanical properties and axial compressive stress-strain characteristics of GRAC were systematically analyzed through macro-mechanical tests (compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strength tests) and microscopic tests (SEM, XRD, and MIP tests). Based on the test results, a segmented compressive constitutive model considering RA dosage was constructed, and it accurately characterizes the nonlinear mechanical response of GRAC. Experimental data revealed deterioration in unmodified GRC mechanical performance compared to the control group at 50% RA dosage. However, the axial compressive strength, splitting tensile and flexural strength increased by 31.5%, 80.49% and 51.84% respectively with addition of 1.5% nano-SiO₂ and 1.5% steel fiber. At the microscopic level, nano-SiO₂ refined the pore structure by filling the pores and promoting the formation of C–S–H gel, while steel fiber restrained crack propagation through a mechanical occlusion effect. Moreover, the synergistic interaction between the two provided a composite reinforcement pathway for GRAC. This study provides valuable data and technical frameworks for the application of GRAC in engineering scenarios, such as prefabricated buildings and green infrastructure.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55474,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering","volume":"26 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147796966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of welding current on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Q355E steel welded joints under high-heat-input MAG welding","authors":"Yuhao Wang,&nbsp;Youping Sun,&nbsp;Yuwei Lu,&nbsp;Jiangmei He,&nbsp;Wangzhen Li","doi":"10.1007/s43452-026-01527-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43452-026-01527-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Q355E high-strength structural steel is widely used in thick-plate welding applications for construction machinery. While high-heat-input metal active gas (MAG) welding enhances welding efficiency, it tends to induce coarse grain structures and degraded mechanical properties in welded joints. To date, there remains a lack of systematic research into the coupled effects of welding current on the microstructure, texture, and mechanical properties of Q355E steel under high heat input conditions. This study investigated the effects of varying welding currents on the microstructure, EBSD characteristics, texture, and mechanical properties of Q355E high-strength structural steel during MAG welding under high heat input conditions. Combined with coupled thermomechanical simulation analysis of stress-strain distribution, the research aimed to determine optimal welding parameters. Results indicated: The ferrite content within the weld joint decreased with increasing welding current; EBSD analysis revealed a disordered, interwoven network structure in the weld core zone, exhibiting high average KAM values and high dislocation density; Extensive dynamic recrystallisation occurred in both the coarse grain zone and fine grain zone of the joint, with the coarse grain zone showing the highest recrystallisation rate (74.7%); The welded joint predominantly exhibited {001}&lt;100 &gt; texture; XRD peaks were sharply defined, corresponding to the α-Fe phase, with grains oriented along the (110) direction. Simulation and experimental results jointly confirm that 500 A represents the optimum welding current. At this parameter, the joint exhibits uniform equivalent stress distribution with a gentle gradient. Both the maximum equivalent stress and equivalent plastic strain are the lowest among all groups, yielding optimal mechanical properties: tensile strength of 496.33 MPa and elongation of 20.4%. The fine grain zone demonstrated the highest hardness, reaching 209.81 HV.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55474,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering","volume":"26 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147797148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anisotropic fatigue crack growth in selective laser melted SS316L: integrated experimental and molecular dynamics investigation","authors":"Rohit Singh,&nbsp;P. M. Ushasree,&nbsp;Jinoop Arackal Narayanan","doi":"10.1007/s43452-026-01532-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43452-026-01532-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates fatigue crack growth in selective laser melted (SLM) SS316L using an integrated experimental and molecular dynamics (MD) framework to elucidate anisotropic crack propagation mechanisms across macroscopic and atomistic scales. Fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) tests were conducted in the build and transverse directions to quantify orientation-dependent behaviour. Complementary MD simulations were performed on polycrystalline models with systematically varied grain size to resolve atomistic crack evolution and crack-tip plasticity. Experimentally, the build direction exhibited higher FCGR over the tested loading conditions, with Paris law parameters <span>({text{C}})</span>= 8.63 <span>(times)</span> 10^–10 and <span>({text{m}})</span>= 3.53, compared with <span>({text{C}})</span>= 1.74 <span>(times)</span> 10^–10 and <span>({text{m}})</span>= 4.23 in the transverse direction. Fractography indicated predominantly intergranular fracture in the build direction, whereas secondary crack formation in the transverse orientation contributed to crack growth retardation. MD simulations reproduced the observed anisotropy and revealed stress-ratio-dependent crack growth kinetics, with pronounced dislocation activity governing crack-tip plasticity. Higher stress ratios increased crack opening displacement in the simulations, contributing to directional differences in crack growth resistance. Overall, the combined experimental–atomistic approach provides physical insight into fatigue crack growth anisotropy in SLM SS316L, supporting structural integrity assessment and design optimisation of load-bearing additively manufactured components.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55474,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering","volume":"26 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147797081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of remelting treatment on the friction and wear properties of 2205 duplex stainless steel in 3.5% NaCl solution","authors":"Guanghui Zhao,&nbsp;Yanfei Wu,&nbsp;Qi Wang,&nbsp;Juan Li,&nbsp;Yugui Li,&nbsp;Yufang Wang","doi":"10.1007/s43452-026-01517-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43452-026-01517-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Surface modification of 2205 duplex stainless steel has been conducted using electron beam surface remelting (EBSR) with varying electron beam parameters, (including beam current and scanning speed. The macroscopic morphology, microstructural characteristics (crystal types), and elemental composition of the samples have been examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate the influence of EBSR beam current and scanning speed on the microstructure and macroscopic properties of 2205 duplex stainless steel. The hardness of the remelted samples has been measured using a microhardness tester and compared with that of the original material. This material not only exhibits excellent resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking (SCC), but also possesses outstanding pitting and crevice corrosion resistance, leading to its wide application in seawater desalination and chemical production. Hence, its tribological performance in 3.5% NaCl solution was investigated. The results indicate that EBSR treatment induces significant alterations in the surface morphology of the stainless steel, characterized by reduced surface roughness and increased dislocation density. The predominant texture types observed are S {123} &lt; 643 &gt; , R {124} &lt; 211 &gt; , and Brass R {236} &lt; 385 &gt; . Comparative experiments reveal that the beam current exerts a significantly greater influence on the properties of the stainless steel than the scanning speed. The maximum surface hardness of 309 HV, along with the lowest wear volume and wear rate during wear testing, is achieved at a scanning speed of 350 mm/min and a beam current of 17 mA.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55474,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering","volume":"26 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147796714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of surface integrity induced by abrasive tool wear on fatigue performance in polished Ni-based superalloy GH4169G","authors":"Rui Yang,&nbsp;Xiaojun Lin","doi":"10.1007/s43452-026-01524-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43452-026-01524-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To gain a deeper understanding of how grit wear influences surface characteristics after polishing and to provide more accurate guidance for improving the fatigue performance of high-temperature alloys, this study investigates the effect of abrasive cloth flap wheel (ACFW) wear on polished GH4169G specimens using experimental characterisation and crystal-plasticity finite-element modelling to elucidate the relationship between abrasive wear, surface integrity, and fatigue performance. The results show that surface roughness increases from 0.21 μm for the early ACFW to 0.51 μm for the ultimate ACFW, and progressive ACFW wear leads to a gradual increase in both surface hardness and hardened layer depth. After polishing with the ultimate ACFW, a pronounced hardened layer forms, with hardness increasing from 476 HV for the new ACFW to 504 HV and the hardened layer depth increasing from 26 μm to 62 μm. The maximum residual stresses for the new ACFW, early ACFW, intermediate ACFW, and ultimate ACFW are − 315 MPa, − 392 MPa, − 258 MPa, and − 175 MPa, respectively. The specimen polished with the early ACFW exhibits the longest fatigue life of 44,688 cycles, whereas the specimen polished with the ultimate ACFW shows the shortest fatigue life of 8,326 cycles. The quality of the polished surface governs the number of fatigue crack initiation sites, while grain refinement and residual stress influence both the locations of crack initiation and the crack propagation rate. As ACFW wear becomes more severe, the number of crack initiation sites increases markedly and crack propagation behaviour shifts from deceleration to acceleration. Furthermore, the crack initiation location shifts from approximately 15 μm beneath the surface for the early ACFW to much closer to the polished surface for the ultimate ACFW. Overall, this study provides valuable guidance for optimising abrasive tool wear mechanisms and enhancing the fatigue life of nickel-based alloys.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55474,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering","volume":"26 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147796713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concept of a flexible protection system employing mechanically interlocking plates","authors":"Wojciech Presz,&nbsp;Rafał Dobrowolski","doi":"10.1007/s43452-026-01478-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43452-026-01478-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A concept of a flexible surface protection system (FEP) composed of hexagonal plates was presented, in which all six edges mechanically interlock with one another. Owing to the assembly clearance introduced between adjacent plates, the system can be applied to non-developable surfaces, both concave and convex. The plates were designed to be identical and additionally axisymmetric, which facilitates their manufacturing as well as automated or robotic installation. The material and size of the plates depend on the intended protective function or the desired modification of surface properties, ranging from purely aesthetic enhancement, through increased durability, to military-grade protection of buildings and vehicles. A design method for plates of arbitrary size was developed. Particular attention was given to the possibility of manufacturing the plates from industrial waste that is otherwise difficult to recycle, such as machining chips or fibres recovered from decommissioned wind turbine blades. A surface demonstrator was fabricated from 2-mm-thick steel sheet using plates with an outer dimension of 100 mm. Considering military applications, a second demonstrator was produced from 20-mm-thick steel plate. In line with the objective of utilizing hard-to-recycle industrial waste, the third demonstrator was manufactured from a composite material based on epoxy resin containing aluminium chips. The 20-mm-thick plates were fabricated with a 2-mm offset relative to the mid-plane, which enabled coverage of surfaces with a curvature radius of 600 mm. A patent application for the proposed system has been submitted.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55474,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering","volume":"26 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147796712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}