Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Artificial Intelligence based model of pozzolanic and non-pozzolanic micro fillers in the binary and ternary blend to produce high-performance hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete","authors":"Wasim Abbass,&nbsp;Ali Ahmed,&nbsp;Muhammad Ali,&nbsp;Akmal Shahzad,&nbsp;Fahid Aslam,&nbsp;Iram Aziz,&nbsp;Rayed Alyousef","doi":"10.1007/s43452-026-01514-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43452-026-01514-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The development of sustainable, high-performance construction materials is imperative for modern infrastructure. This research presents a novel High-Performance Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (HPHFRC) engineered through the synergistic integration of pozzolanic (silica fume, fly ash) and non-pozzolanic (micro quartz) micro-fillers in binary, ternary, and quaternary cement blends, reinforced with a hybrid system of steel and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers. The primary objective was to mitigate the inherent brittleness of high-strength concrete while enhancing its durability and sustainability. Experimental results demonstrate that micro-fillers can effectively replace up to 30% of cement, yielding a composite with superior mechanical properties and durability. The optimal mixture, incorporating 12% silica fume and hybrid fibers, exhibited a remarkable 234% increase in flexural strength and superior post-peak ductility compared to the control. Durability indicators, including chloride penetrability and porosity, were significantly improved. Furthermore, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model was developed to predict compressive strength with high accuracy (R² = 0.9593), and practical predictive equations were derived to facilitate industrial adoption. This study provides a comprehensive framework for designing an innovative, predictable, and durable HPHFRC, making it a promising candidate for demanding applications such as seismic-resistant structures, industrial flooring, and tunnel linings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55474,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering","volume":"26 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructural evolution and wear: corrosion failure behaviour of Ni–xNbC laser cladding coatings for hot-end components","authors":"Jingbin Hao,&nbsp;Zhiyong Wei,&nbsp;Hongren Liu,&nbsp;Qin Du,&nbsp;Haifeng Yang,&nbsp;Hao Liu","doi":"10.1007/s43452-026-01525-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43452-026-01525-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To address the critical bottleneck regarding the service life of shield tunneling cutters subjected to extreme compound conditions—specifically fluctuating loads, corrosion, and wear—this study fabricated Ni-<i>x</i>NbC composite coatings (<i>x</i> = 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt.%) on H13 steel substrates via laser cladding technology. The influence of NbC content on the microstructural evolution, mechanical properties, tribological behavior, and corrosion resistance mechanisms was systematically investigated. The results indicate that with increasing NbC content, the coating microstructure transitions from coarse columnar dendrites to uniform equiaxed grains. The partial decomposition of NbC particles in the molten pool induces the precipitation of flower-like Nb₆C₅, CrB, and lath-like hard phases, forming a unique nano-eutectic structure within the γ-(Fe,Ni) solid solution. The microhardness of the coatings increased by 32.1%, 54.4%, 45.6%, and 70.1% compared to the substrate, respectively. The impact and compression toughness of the coatings were recorded as 22.31, 37.24, 32.34, and 8.12 J. Notably, the 20% NbC coating exhibited the optimal balance of strength and toughness, effectively mitigating the risk of brittle fracture caused by particle agglomeration in higher-content formulations. As the NbC content increased, the wear mechanism shifted from oxidative wear to controlled abrasive wear. Although the 40% NbC coating achieved the lowest volumetric wear rate due to its high volume fraction of hard phases, the wear resistance of the 20% NbC coating was comparable. Furthermore, the 20% NbC coating developed the most dense Nb₂O₅-Cr₂O₃-NiO composite oxide film with the highest lattice oxygen proportion, demonstrating superior Cl⁻ barrier capacity and corrosion resistance. Considering all factors, the 20% NbC coating, characterized by its uniform microstructural distribution, exceptional toughness reserve, and stable chemical shielding performance, exhibits the highest comprehensive service reliability. This coating system is identified as an ideal candidate for extreme shield tunneling conditions, providing significant technical support for extending the service life of cutters under complex operational environments.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55474,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering","volume":"26 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of defects in composite timber I-beams using normality tests of deflection linear approximation error distribution","authors":"Zbigniew Perkowski,&nbsp;Mariusz Czabak,&nbsp;Jadwiga Świrska-Perkowska,&nbsp;Bronisław Jędraszak","doi":"10.1007/s43452-026-01494-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43452-026-01494-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article presents a new statistical method for detecting defects in timber I-beams using normality tests of deflection line linear approximation error distribution. The method uses static deflection measurements obtained through a digital image correlation (DIC) system. It relies on the observation that normality in the error distribution is lost more quickly with the extension of the approximation sections in areas where the beam’s curvature increases, including causes related to material defects that reduce flexural stiffness. A key advantage of this approach is that it identifies the areas with increased curvature using a defined level of statistical significance when rejecting the null hypothesis in normality tests. So far, this type of damage detection in structural beams has not been explored, which was a motivation to conduct this research. The method was tested using both theoretical models and experiments on timber composite beams with softwood flanges and an oriented strand board web. It successfully identified both artificially introduced damage and natural stiffness reductions caused by knots in the tension flange.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":55474,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering","volume":"26 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure, hardness and corrosion resistance of B-doped Ni-based superalloy laser cladding layers","authors":"Liang Wang,&nbsp;Xinyue Chen,&nbsp;Lin Chen,&nbsp;Liyuan Huang,&nbsp;Xiwei Zhang,&nbsp;Peishan Zhou,&nbsp;Bin Wang,&nbsp;Hualin Zheng","doi":"10.1007/s43452-026-01526-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43452-026-01526-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Inconel 718 laser cladding layers with different boron (B) contents were fabricated on 304 austenitic stainless steel substrates by laser direct energy deposition (LDED), and the effect of B addition on the microstructure and properties were investigated in this study. The results demonstrate that the middle region of the cladding layers is characterized by equiaxed grains, whereas columnar grains dominate the bottom region. As the B content increases, the dendrite spacing initially decreases and then increases, reaching a minimum value of approximately 6 μm at a B content of 0.01%. The borides become progressively more pronounced. The microhardness of all cladding layers is markedly superior to that of the substrate and exhibits a trend of initial increase followed by a decline as B content rises. The maximum hardness of 406.6 HV is achieved at 0.01% B, representing an improvement of 61.4 HV over the B-free Inconel 718 cladding layer. This specific composition also yields the best corrosion resistance, reflected by a corrosion potential of -0.14753 V, a corrosion current density of 4.8372 × 10⁻⁷A cm⁻², a corrosion rate of 0.0035895 mm/a, and a polarization resistance of 2.5538 × 10⁵ Ω cm².</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55474,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering","volume":"26 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ni superalloy fabricated by laser directed energy deposition (L-DED) versus laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF)","authors":"Xingming Yang,&nbsp;Jiabo Fu,&nbsp;Yanzhen Hu,&nbsp;Andrei Vasilievitch Gorbunov,&nbsp;Oleg Devojno,&nbsp;Minghao Huang,&nbsp;Hao Yu,&nbsp;Wei Xu","doi":"10.1007/s43452-026-01520-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43452-026-01520-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A special investigation was carried out to characterize the differences in microstructure, heat treatment response, and mechanical properties of alloys fabricated by different additive manufacturing (AM) processes. A systematic study was conducted base on a high γ′-content AM-ed Ni superalloy AMSC-DB fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) and Laser Direct Energy Deposition (L-DED) processes. Microstructural results show that the L-PBF sample exhibits refined grains, suppression of precipitation mechanism of the γ′ phase and carbides formation, and significant accumulation of residual stress compared with the as-printed L-DED sample, primarily due to the extremely rapid cooling rate in the L-PBF process. Based on the microstructural differences, the heat treatment processes have been optimized accordingly, which manage to manipulate the precipitation and recrystallization behavior in the formed layers. The coarser grains and carbides in the L-DED samples were shown to effectively hinder crack propagation along grain boundaries, thereby yielding superior creep-rupture performance at 900 °C/200 MPa compared with the case of L-PBF sample. As a result, this research shed light on the design of heat treatment processes for the used type of compositionally complex Ni superalloys and the application of AM technology/material combinations for the two most widely applied AM techniques with intensive laser heating.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55474,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering","volume":"26 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of elevated curing temperatures on synthesized M3-C3S cement phase with and without gypsum: hardened microstructure and phase composition","authors":"Rajesh Kumar,&nbsp;Nagasubramanian Gopalakrishnan,&nbsp;Shashank Bishnoi","doi":"10.1007/s43452-026-01516-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43452-026-01516-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present study evaluates the coupled influence of curing temperature (27–55 °C) and gypsum addition on laboratory synthesised pure M3-alite (C₃S) phase hydration, linking phase evolution and kinetics with microstructural development and C–S–H polymerization. To carry out the study, alite pastes were prepared and cured at 27 °C, 40 °C, and 55 °C for 28 days, with and without 5% gypsum. The resulting microstructure and phase composition was determined using XRD, TGA, SEM, BSE-EDX, ²⁹Si-NMR and MIP. XRD analysis showed that hydration increased with temperature, reaching 76.7% at 27 °C, 80.1% at 40 °C, and 80.4% at 55 °C for alite pastes. With 5% gypsum, the degree of hydration was further increased to 79.4% at 27 °C, 82.7% at 40 °C, and 85% at 55 °C. BSE-EDX analysis further demonstrated that Ca/Si ratio of C-S-H gel was lowered with higher temperature and gypsum addition. For alite pastes, Ca/Si ratio was decreased from 1.54 at 27 °C to 1.46 at 55 °C in the outer C-S-H. At 55 °C for alite with 5% gypsum mix, the outer C-S-H displayed the lowest Ca/Si ratio of 1.42, signifying a greater abundance of silica and more stable C-S-H gel. Furthermore, MIP and ²⁹Si-NMR studies provided further insights into the refinement of the pore structure and molecular-level interactions, confirming the densification of the microstructure with higher porosity and enhanced hydration behaviour at elevated curing temperature. These findings support a new hypothesis that the enhanced hydration of alite at elevated temperatures results from a synergistic interaction between thermally accelerated dissolution kinetics and sulfate-mediated nucleation control. The proposed mechanism integrates temperature-dependent reaction rates with sulfate adsorption effects, offering a unified understanding of microstructural densification and C–S–H polymerization in pure alite systems.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":55474,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering","volume":"26 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing microstructural and mechanical properties of 316L stainless steel through Material Extrusion (MEX) optimization","authors":"Paweł Płatek,&nbsp;Natalia Daniel,&nbsp;Paweł Baranowski,&nbsp;Kamil Cieplak,&nbsp;Marcin Sarzyński,&nbsp;Julita Dworecka-Wójcik,&nbsp;Wojciech Polkowski","doi":"10.1007/s43452-026-01519-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43452-026-01519-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The advent of Material Extrusion (MEX) additive manufacturing for metallic feedstocks presents an opportunity for the cost-effective production of complex austenitic stainless-steel components. However, the widespread adoption of this technology is currently limited by challenges related to porosity, anisotropic shrinkage, and suboptimal interlayer bonding, particularly when utilizing standard parameters derived from polymer processing. This paper presents results of studies focused on the influence of critical printing parameters like specifically nozzle diameter, extrusion temperature, and deposition strategy on the mechanical and microstructural properties of BASF Ultrafuse 316L stainless steel. The study employs a rigorous two-stage experimental design. Stage 1 characterises the limitations of standard processing parameters (0.4 mm nozzle), revealing high porosity and insufficient tensile strength (MPa). Stage 2 implements an optimised strategy utilizing a 0.6 mm nozzle and elevated printing temperatures (250 °C), resulting in an enhancement of mechanical performance, with ultimate tensile strength rising to 483 MPa and elongation at break exceeding 50%. Furthermore, a critical comparative analysis is conducted between specimens printed to net shape and those machined from bulk preforms, elucidating the “shell effect” and its role in mechanical reliability. The findings demonstrate that through precise thermal and shear rate management, MEX 316L can achieve properties competitive with Metal Injection Moulding (MIM), thereby validating the technology for functional structural applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55474,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering","volume":"26 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43452-026-01519-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-scale gradient microstructure enabling simultaneous improvement of strength and ductility in medium Mn steel","authors":"Tao Liu,&nbsp;Yindong Shi,&nbsp;Xiliang Zhang,&nbsp;Hongji Liu,&nbsp;Yanru Zhang,&nbsp;Zheng Lv,&nbsp;Tong Su,&nbsp;Yanhui Wang","doi":"10.1007/s43452-026-01521-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43452-026-01521-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A new multi-scale gradient structure has been successfully fabricated in medium Mn steel via cyclic torsion and aging treatments. Within millimeter-sized specimens, this structure exhibits hierarchical gradient characteristics: at the nanoscale, it encompasses gradients of B₂ precipitates, while at the microscale, it comprises gradients of grain size and austenite content. The tailored gradient distribution of B2 particles induces localized variations in the stacking fault (SF) energy of austenite across distinct gradient layers. This, in turn, activates multiple deformation mechanisms, such as SF formation and the twinning-induced plasticity effect. Moreover, the multi-gradient structure facilitates cross-scale dynamic strain partitioning during plastic deformation, thereby triggering a continuous austenite-to-martensite phase transformation from the sample’s center to its surface. This unique structural evolution preserves the integrity of gradient layers under high-strain conditions, notably enhancing hetero-deformation-induced hardening. Compared with its annealed counterpart, the multi-scale gradient medium Mn steel exhibits remarkable improvements in mechanical properties: the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength are increased by 39% and 21%, respectively, while the uniform elongation and static toughness are improved by 18% and 52%, respectively.​ This study provides a promising paradigm for designing ultra-strong and ductile medium Mn steel by leveraging controlled multi-scale microstructural gradient strategies.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55474,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering","volume":"26 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure and performance of barium ferrite-modified sacrificial mortar for nuclear safety: mitigating hydrogen risk and enhancing high-temperature resistance","authors":"Xiaojing Song,&nbsp;Hongyan Chu,&nbsp;Jinyang Jiang,&nbsp;Fengjuan Wang","doi":"10.1007/s43452-026-01512-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43452-026-01512-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nuclear energy is pivotal for global decarbonization, yet severe accident mitigation—particularly core melt stabilization—remains a major safety challenge. Traditional cement-based sacrificial materials, reliant on Fe₂O₃/SiO₂ for melt oxidation, are hindered by high free-water content (posing hydrogen explosion risks) and inadequate high-temperature integrity. While existing research on barium ferrite (BF) incorporation has focused on conventional silicon-based systems, its effects in silicon-iron composite sacrificial matrices remain unexplored. This study fills this gap by developing a novel BF-incorporated ferro-silicon sacrificial mortar (FM). The key innovation lies in utilizing BF to concurrently achieve low free-water content (&lt; 5%) and self-compacting workability (slump flow: 240 ± 5 mm) within this composite system, effectively mitigating hydrogen risk while ensuring castability. However, BF’s inert properties reduce mechanical performance: compressive strength declines from 59.9 MPa to 46.09 MPa, flexural strength drops by 13.03%, and porosity rises, worsening chloride resistance (62.2% higher ion migration). Microstructural analysis reveals BF-induced interfacial defects as the primary cause. High-temperature testing (1000 °C) shows FM retains just 12.3–13.3% of its compressive strength, with polypropylene fiber preventing spalling by dissipating steam pressure. Despite pore structure degradation from C-S-H gel decomposition, the 10% BF formulation optimizes trade-offs-maintaining free water below 4.56%, compressive strength above 56.61 MPa, and stable pore structures. The research underscores FM’s potential as a safer alternative for nuclear sacrificial materials, addressing critical gaps in melt stabilization technology. By quantifying FM’s dual role (safety enhancement vs. mechanical trade-offs), it offers actionable guidelines for material design, supporting both reactor safety and low-carbon energy goals.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55474,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering","volume":"26 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147737427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modified nonlocal strain gradient framework and ANN surrogate for size-dependent buckling of functionally graded nanoplates on Pasternak foundations","authors":"Pham Van Vinh","doi":"10.1007/s43452-026-01509-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43452-026-01509-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study develops an analytical framework to investigate the buckling response of functionally graded nanoplates resting on Pasternak-type foundations. The formulation is constructed within a modified nonlocal strain gradient theory, allowing the simultaneous consideration of nonlocal stress softening and strain gradient stiffening effects. To represent the kinematics, a higher-order shear deformation model is adopted, and the governing equations are obtained from the principle of minimal potential energy and solved in closed form for simply supported boundaries. Since repeated analytical evaluations are costly, a neural-network surrogate is trained from solutions created by the analytical formulation, enabling rapid prediction of critical buckling loads across a wide parameter range. The impacts of the nonlocal coefficient, intrinsic material length, gradation profile, geometric ratios, and foundation stiffness are examined through a detailed parametric study. The outcomes demonstrate the consistency of the theoretical model and illustrate how a physics-based formulation, when combined with data-driven approximation, can support efficient analysis and design of nanoscale graded structures.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55474,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering","volume":"26 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147737782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}