{"title":"Antennal morphology and sensilla ultrastructure of the malaria vectors, Anopheles maculatus and An. sawadwongporni (Diptera: Culicidae)","authors":"Kanchon Pusawang , Patchara Sriwichai , Kittipat Aupalee , Thippawan Yasanga , Rochana Phuackchantuck , Daibin Zhong , Guiyun Yan , Pradya Somboon , Anuluck Junkum , Somsakul Pop Wongpalee , Liwang Cui , Jetsumon Sattabongkot , Atiporn Saeung","doi":"10.1016/j.asd.2023.101296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asd.2023.101296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Mosquitoes rely mainly on the olfactory system to track hosts. Sensilla<span> contain olfactory neuron receptors that perceive different kinds of odorants and transfer crucial information regarding the surrounding environment. </span></span><span><em>Anopheles</em><em> maculatus</em></span> and <em>An. sawadwongporni</em><span>, members of the Maculatus Group, are regarded as vectors of malaria in Thailand. The fine structure of their sensilla has yet to be identified. Herein, scanning electron microscopy is used to examine the sensilla located on the antennae of adults </span><em>An. maculatus</em> and <em>An. sawadwongporni</em>, collected from the Thai-Myanmar border. Four major types of antennal sensilla are discovered in both species: chaetica, coeloconica, basiconica (grooved pegs) and trichodea. The antennae of female <em>An. maculatus</em> have longer lengths (μm, mean ± SE) in the long sharp-tipped trichodea (40.62 ± 0.35 > 38.20 ± 0.36), blunt-tipped trichodea (20.39 ± 0.62 > 18.62 ± 0.35), and basiconica (7.84 ± 0.15 > 7.41 ± 0.12) than those of <em>An. sawadwongporni</em><span>. Using light microscopy, it is found that the mean numbers of large sensilla coeloconica (lco) on both flagella in </span><em>An. maculatus</em> (left: 32.97 ± 0.48; right: 33.27 ± 0.65) are also greater when compared to <em>An. sawadwongporni</em> (left: 30.40 ± 0.62; right: 29.97 ± 0.49). The mean counts of lco located on flagellomeres 1–3, 6, and 9 in <em>An. maculatus</em> are significantly higher than those of <em>An. sawadwongporni</em>. The data in this study indicate that two closely related <em>Anopheles</em> species exhibit similar morphology of sensilla types, but show variations in length, and likewise in the number of large sensilla coeloconica between them, suggesting they might be causative factors that affect their behaviors driven by the sense of smell.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 101296"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10530502/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10306839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Variation of sperm size and evolution of giant spermatozoa in Lonchopteridae (Diptera)","authors":"Michael Tröster , Marion Kotrba , Martin Heß","doi":"10.1016/j.asd.2023.101285","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asd.2023.101285","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Among species of the spear-winged flies (Lonchopteridae) there is remarkable variation in sperm size, with some species producing giant spermatozoa. With a length of 7500 μm and a width of 1.3 μm the spermatozoon of <em>Lonchoptera fallax</em><span> ranks among the largest known to date. In the present study body size, testis<span> size, sperm size, and spermatid number per bundle and per testis were examined across 11 </span></span><em>Lonchoptera</em><span><span><span> species. Results are discussed in terms of how these characters are related with each other and how their evolution affects the resource allocation amongst spermatozoa. Based on some discrete morphological characters and a molecular tree derived from </span>DNA barcodes a </span>phylogenetic hypothesis of the genus </span><em>Lonchoptera</em> is proposed. The occurrence of giant spermatozoa in Lonchopteridae is compared to convergent occurrences reported in other taxa.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 101285"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9878071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Romano Dallai , David Mercati , Paulo Henrique Rezende , Paolo Pietro Fanciulli , Pietro Lupetti
{"title":"Ultrastructure of the female reproductive organs of the diving beetle Deronectes moestus incospectus (Leprieur, 1876) (Dytiscidae, Hydroporinae)","authors":"Romano Dallai , David Mercati , Paulo Henrique Rezende , Paolo Pietro Fanciulli , Pietro Lupetti","doi":"10.1016/j.asd.2023.101287","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asd.2023.101287","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We describe the ultrastructure of the female reproductive organs of <em>Deronectes moestus</em> (Dytiscidae Hydroporinae). The long spermathecal duct has a simple epithelium lined internally by a thin cuticle and externally by a thick layer of muscle cells. The wide duct lumen contains electron-dense material, among which remnants of extracellular material are visible. This material consists of tubular structures assembled around sperm bundles previously described in the male deferent ducts. The so-called gland, disposed along the spermathecal duct, is a structure with epithelial cells lined by an irregular cuticle bearing a rich system of microvilli. Many mitochondria are visible in the apical cytoplasm of the epithelial cells, and a few spheroidal bodies are close to the basal nuclei. Since the epithelial ultrastructure of the gland suggests it is involved in fluid uptake from the lumen rather than secretory activity, the term <em>gland</em>, coined by other authors to describe this organ, is inappropriate. The spermatheca is a large structure with a complex epithelium showing secretory and duct-forming cells. The lumen of this organ contains sperm with the distinctive ultrastructural features of those described in the male deferent ducts, namely having a mitochondrial matrix with a small crystallized area and electron-dense dots. Because to its overall organization, the spermatheca of <em>D. moestus</em> can be considered a more integrated organ than those in previously studied hydroporine species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 101287"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10257291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Morphology of the abdominal segmental glands and spinning behaviour of Stenus larvae (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae)","authors":"Ana Zippel , Qing Cao , Oliver Betz","doi":"10.1016/j.asd.2023.101286","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asd.2023.101286","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>We focus on the morphology of the “segmental glands” and their openings in third instar </span><em>Stenus</em><span><span><span> larvae. The location of the openings was similar in both studied species, with paired rosette-like structures present on the head, all thoracic segments and abdominal segments 1–9. No such openings could be found on the antennae, the maxillary palps<span>, the urogomphi, and the legs as suggested in some older publications. We presume that the glands up to abdominal segment 7 are “adhesive” glands. They are compound glandular units consisting of a secretory syncytium with a common reservoir and a canal cell. The common reservoir is connected through a single efferent duct with the opening of the gland. Glands of abdominal segments 8 and 9 show differences in their length, number of reservoirs, the orientation of the efferent canal, the inner structures of the gland openings towards the exterior and the shape and content of the secretion vesicles indicating that they are </span></span>silk glands for cocoon building. The spinning behaviour has been observed during the building of the hatching and </span>pupation retreats. The larva first attaches to the substrate with its pygopod, secretes silk droplets from silk gland openings and pulls out a silk filament from the tip of its urogomphi. Whereas L1 and L2 instars produce an open single-layered net, L3 build a closed bi-layered cocoon.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 101286"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10257288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The neuronal innervation pattern of the subgenual organ complex in Peruphasma schultei (Insecta: Phasmatodea)","authors":"Johannes Strauß","doi":"10.1016/j.asd.2023.101277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asd.2023.101277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The proximal tibia<span><span> of orthopteroid<span><span> insects contains sensory organs, the subgenual organ complex, detecting mechanical stimuli including substrate vibration. In </span>stick insects, two </span></span>chordotonal organs<span> occur in close proximity, the subgenual organ and the distal organ, which likely detect substrate vibrations. In most stick insects, both organs are innervated by separate nerve branches. To obtain more data on the neuroanatomy of the subgenual organ complex from the New World phasmids (Occidophasmata), the present study documents the neuronal innervation of sensory organs in the subgenual organ complex of </span></span></span><em>Peruphasma schultei</em>, the first species from Pseudophasmatinae investigated for this sensory complex. The innervation pattern shows a distinct nerve branch for the subgenual organ and for the distal organ in most cases. Some variability in the innervation, which generally occurs for these chordotonal organs, was noted for both organs in <em>P. schultei</em><span>. The most common innervation for both organs was by a single nerve branch for each organ. The innervation of the subgenual organ resembled the nerve pattern of another New World phasmid, but was simpler than in the Old World phasmids (Oriophasmata) studied so far. Therefore, the peripheral neuronal innervation of sensory organs could reflect phylogenetic relationships and provide phylogenetic information, while the overall neuroanatomy of the subgenual organ complex is similar in stick insects.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"74 ","pages":"Article 101277"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9563937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paige J. Maroni , Kate A. Bryant , Nikolai J. Tatarnic
{"title":"Female genital concealment and a corresponding male clasping apparatus in Australian ripple bugs (Hemiptera: Veliidae)","authors":"Paige J. Maroni , Kate A. Bryant , Nikolai J. Tatarnic","doi":"10.1016/j.asd.2023.101254","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asd.2023.101254","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Conflicts of interest over reproduction between males and females are widespread in sexually reproducing species. This is exemplified in water striders (Gerridae), where females vigorously resist costly mating attempts, and males and females often exhibit elaborate grasping and anti-grasping </span>morphological traits. Like water striders, their sister-group, the ripple bugs (Veliidae), share similar life histories and are expected to face similar conflicts over mating. Veliids in the genus </span><em>Nesidovelia</em><span> exhibit elaborate sexual dimorphism, which is predicted to function in intersexual antagonistic struggles. This includes concealed genitalia in females, and elaborate pregenital abdominal modifications in males. By documenting mating behaviour in </span><em>Nesidovelia peramoena</em><span> and freezing pairs in copula, we show that males and females struggle prior to mating, and male abdominal modifications function to gain access to the female's concealed genitalia. This is consistent with, though not limited to, sexual conflict.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"74 ","pages":"Article 101254"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9550878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Functional morphology of the praying mantis male genitalia (Insecta: Mantodea)","authors":"Evgeny Shcherbakov","doi":"10.1016/j.asd.2023.101267","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asd.2023.101267","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Male genitalia<span> in praying mantids<span> are highly complex, but we know little of how they function. I combined the micro-computed tomography of a copulating pair of the European mantis (</span></span></span><em>Mantis religiosa</em><span><span><span><span>) with public videos of copulation in various species of Mantodea and an analysis of literature. The function of each major element is reviewed. Copulation is divided into three phases: opening, anchoring and deposition. The opening is achieved by pulling the female subgenital plate with the male apical process. Multiple cases of female cooperation or resistance were observed and one case of coercion by the male. In species with the reduced apical process, female cooperation is mandatory. The male subgenital plate may participate in the opening as an integral part of the </span>genitalia. After the opening, the conformation of the genitalia drastically changes, revealing activity of the </span>genital papilla. Tight grasp on </span>female genitalia<span> is maintained solely by the clamp on the right phallomere, despite the overall complexity and predictions of sexual conflict theory. Other prominent elements show rhythmic motions, but their functions are not entirely clear and evidently involve spermatophore<span> deposition, female stimulation or rival sperm removal. The opening and anchoring are similar in Mantodea and Blattodea, but achieved with non-homologous elements.</span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"74 ","pages":"Article 101267"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9914884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Milena R. Wolf , Christopher C. Tudge , Sérgio L.S. Bueno , Fernando J. Zara , Antonio L. Castilho
{"title":"The ultrastructure of spermatozoa of two species of Aegla (A. parana and A. quilombola) (Crustacea, Decapoda) endemic to Brazil","authors":"Milena R. Wolf , Christopher C. Tudge , Sérgio L.S. Bueno , Fernando J. Zara , Antonio L. Castilho","doi":"10.1016/j.asd.2023.101265","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asd.2023.101265","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The previously published ultrastructure of <em>Aegla</em><span> spermatozoa contributed to the phylogenetics of this unique taxon. The present study describes the spermatozoa of two additional aeglids, </span><em>Aegla parana</em> and <em>A. quilombola</em>. The spermatozoa consist of two hemispheres of the approximate same size and a bilayered acrosomal vesicle; both characteristics of the genus <em>Aegla</em>. The similarity of spermatozoa ultrastructure observed between <em>A. parana</em> and <em>A. quilombola</em><span> and the endemic Australian anomuran, </span><em>Lomis hirta</em> (Lomidae) reflects a sister group relationship, even though both are from different regions of the world and different environments today. Aeglid spermatozoa share the same organization with <em>Lomis</em> including the two equal size hemispheres separated by a membrane also two layers in the acrosomal vesicle with the external layer being surrounded by another membrane. The number of spermatozoa microtubular arms is unclear in <em>Aegla</em>, however, they are present in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. This observation does not agree with the presence of spermatozoa arms only in the nucleus, as an exclusive character for <em>Aegla</em><span>, as proposed previously. The presence of lipid-droplets and peroxisomes was observed only in the spermatozoa of </span><em>A. quilombola</em><span>. The greatly reduced number of spermatozoa observed in all specimens analyzed raises concerns about the conservation of several threatened species. In addition, the absence of any spermatophores seems to be a characteristic of the Aeglidae to date.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"74 ","pages":"Article 101265"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9558149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carolina Caetano , Charles E. Griswold , Peter Michalik , Facundo M. Labarque
{"title":"Evolution and comparative morphology of raptorial feet in spiders","authors":"Carolina Caetano , Charles E. Griswold , Peter Michalik , Facundo M. Labarque","doi":"10.1016/j.asd.2023.101255","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asd.2023.101255","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Spiders are among the most diverse animals, which developed different morphological and behavioral traits for capturing prey. We studied the anatomy and functionality of the rare and apomorphic raptorial spider feet using 3D reconstruction modeling, among other imaging techniques. The evolutionary reconstruction of the raptorial feet (tarsus plus pretarsus) features using a composite tree of </span>spiders, indicating that similar traits emerged three times independently in Trogloraptoridae, Gradungulinae, and Doryonychus raptor (Tetragnathidae). The characteristics defining the raptorial feet are an interlocked complex merging of the base of the elongated prolateral claw with the pretarsal sclerotized ring, with the former clasping against the tarsus. Raptorial feet even flex over robust raptorial macrosetae forming a reduced tarsal version of a catching basket to encase prey during hunting. Our results show that Celaeniini (Araneidae) and Heterogriffus berlandi (Thomisidae), taxa previously compared with raptorial spiders, lack the raptorial feet key characteristics and the tarsal-catching basket. We make predictions about the possible behavior of the abovementioned taxa that will need to be tested by observing living specimens. We conclude that multiple morphological tarsal and pretarsal micro-structures define the raptorial foot functional unit and recommend a comprehensive evaluation before assigning this configuration to any spider taxa.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"74 ","pages":"Article 101255"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9612584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}