Arthropod Structure & Development最新文献

{"title":"Comparative morphology of antennal ultrastructure in Tachinidae parasitoid flies (Diptera): The phylogenetic importance of antennal sensilla","authors":"Silvio S. Nihei ,&nbsp;Genting Liu ,&nbsp;Qike Wang ,&nbsp;Xianui Liu ,&nbsp;Xinyu Li ,&nbsp;Xiunan Pang ,&nbsp;Deivys Alvarez-Garcia ,&nbsp;Dong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.asd.2022.101202","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asd.2022.101202","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span>Tachinidae<span> are one of the most diverse clades of Diptera. All tachinids are parasitoids<span> of insects and other arthropods, and thus are considered an important source of biological pest control<span>. Antennae are the most important olfactory organs of Tachinidae playing key roles in their lives, especially in locating hosts, and details of antennal ultrastructure could provide useful features for </span></span></span></span>phylogenetic studies and understanding their adaptive evolution. Despite the ecological and evolutionary importance of antennae, the current knowledge of antennal ultrastructure is scarce for Tachinidae. Our study examined antennal </span>sensilla of thirteen species belonging to thirteen genera within eleven tribes of all the four subfamilies (Phasiinae, Dexiinae, Tachininae, and Exoristinae): </span><em>Beskia aelops</em> Walker, <em>Trichodura</em> sp., <em>Voria ruralis</em> (Fallén), <em>Zelia</em> sp., <em>Cylindromyia carinata</em> Townsend, <em>Phasia xenos</em> Townsend, <em>Neomintho</em> sp., <span><em>Genea</em><em> australis</em></span> (Townsend), <em>Copecrypta</em> sp., <em>Hystricia</em> sp., <em>Belvosia</em> sp., <em>Leschenaultia</em> sp., and <em>Winthemia pinguis</em><span> (Fabricius). Types, length and distribution of antennal sensilla were investigated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Our comparative analysis summarized 29 variable characters and we evaluated their phylogenetic signal for subfamilial, tribal and generic/specific levels, showing that antennal ultrastructure could be a reliable source of characters for phylogenetic analysis. Our findings demonstrate the remarkable diversity of the antennal ultrastructure of Tachinidae.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101202"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33445637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fine structure of the posterior midgut in the mite Anystis baccarum (L.).","authors":"S. Filimonova","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4187451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4187451","url":null,"abstract":"Homology of the posterior midgut regions (PMG) in different phylogenetic lineages of acariform mites (superorder Acariformes) remains unresolved. In the order Trombidiformes, the ultrastructure of the PMG is known primarily in derived groups; thus this study focuses on species belonging to a relatively basal trombidiform family. PMG of Anystis baccarum consists of the colon and postcolon separated by a small intercolon. The fine structure of the colon and postcolon is close to that of the corresponding organs of sarcoptiform mites with the epithelium showing absorptive and endocytotic activity. The epithelial cells produce a variety of excretory vacuoles and a peritrophic matrix around the feces. Morover, the epithelium of the postcolon is characterized by the highest apical brush border and especially numerous mitochondria suggesting involvement in water and ion absorption. The intercolon functions as a sphincter lined with an epithelium capable of producing excretory granules. A pair of short blind extensions arises assimmetrically from the intercolon into the body cavity. Ultrastructurally, these extensions are similar to the arachnid Malpighian tubules and may be their reduced version. Rare endocrine-like cells have been observed in the colon and postcolon.","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"72 1","pages":"101218"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45545027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The mouthparts of the Aradidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera).","authors":"R. Rakitov","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4063466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4063466","url":null,"abstract":"The flat bugs, Aradidae, have exceptionally long piercing-sucking stylets coiled up at rest in the anterior part of the head. Previous studies suggested that the majority of aradids can be divided into two groups by the direction of stylet coiling, clockwise or anticlockwise. Detailed reconstruction of the head skeleton and musculature from series of polished sections, examined in SEM, of epon-embedded specimens of three species has shown that these groups represent two disparate modifications of the head groundplan. In Aradus betulae (L.), the stylet coil is accommodated inside the greatly enlarged anteclypeus within an expansible membranous diverticulum of its epipharyngeal cuticle. In contrast, in Isodermus planus Erichson and Carventus brachypterus Kormilev, the coil lies freely underneath the anteclypeus between the extended maxillary lobes (in I. planus fused with the extended gular lobe). The intraclypeal coils occur in the subfamilies Aradinae, Calisiinae, and Chinamyersiinae and the subclypeal coils in Isoderminae, Carventinae, Mezirinae, Aneurinae, Prosympiestinae, and possibly in the closely related family Termitaphididae. Each method of stylet coiling is associated with a suite of divergently specialized structural traits, suggesting that the two groups have independently evolved from ancestors endowed with regular stylets. Functional mechanics of the coiled stylet bundles are discussed.","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"71 1","pages":"101211"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41574099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphology and ultrastructure of the prepharyngeal and pharyngeal glands in the ant Camponotus japonicus.","authors":"Wenjing Xu, Guoyun Zhang, Liangliang Zhang, Xiaolei Wang, J. Billen, H. He","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4157419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4157419","url":null,"abstract":"The prepharyngeal gland (prePG) and pharyngeal gland (PG) make up the largest exocrine structures in the head of the ant Camponotus japonicus. We used microscopy to study the histological and ultrastructural features of both glands in different castes. The number of secretory units in the prePG is considerably higher than in other ant species and shows a complex duct system which is made up by duct cells, secondary ducts and a main duct. These lead the secretions of hundreds to thousands of secretory cells into the prepharynx through a modified sieve plate at each side. The glove-shaped PG shows clear caste differences in tubule number. The ultrastructure of both the prePG and PG shows abundant mitochondria and secretion vesicles. Moreover, the prePG is loaded with rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) which means its main secretions are proteinaceous compounds, while the PG is dominated by smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) which means the main secretions are lipids. The morphological differences like cell number of the prePG and tubule number of the PG indicate different secretory abilities of each caste. We for the first time introduce histology-based relative size to indicate secretory activity. The proportionally high development of the prePG in minor workers supports a role in trophallaxis.","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"71 1","pages":"101212"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44071997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mouthpart structure of the adult Bicaubittacus appendiculatus (Esben-Petersen, 1927) (Mecoptera: Bittacidae)","authors":"Xiao-Yan Wang ,&nbsp;Na Ma ,&nbsp;Bao-Zhen Hua","doi":"10.1016/j.asd.2022.101176","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asd.2022.101176","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The structure and functional morphology<span> of the mouthparts were investigated in adult hangingfly </span></span><em>Bicaubittacus appendiculatus</em><span><span> (Esben-Petersen, 1927) by scanning electron microscopy and histological serial sections. The </span>mandibulate<span><span><span> mouthparts consist of a labrum-epipharynx, paired mandibles and maxillae, and unpaired labium and </span>hypopharynx. The labrum is elongated and tapered toward the apex. The epipharynx is furnished with numerous </span>sensilla<span>. The mandibles are sword-shaped, with an outer sharp tooth curved mesad and an inner blunt corner. The basal region of each mandible processes a conical projection. The maxillae are well-developed, each consisting of a sclerotized cardo, an elongated stipes, which bears an inner lacinia, an outer galea, and laterally a five-segmented maxillary palp. The labium is formed by a postmentum, a prementum and a pair of two-segmented labial palps. The hypopharynx is concave inward on the anterior side, with numerous microtrichia on the posterior surface. Seven types of sensilla were found on the mouthparts: sensilla basiconica on the epipharynx, and maxillary and labial palps; sensilla chaetica on the epipharynx; sensilla palmata, sensilla placoidea and sensilla trichodea on the epipharynx and maxillary palp; sensilla campaniformia and hair plates on the basal joints of palps. The sensillar function and the feeding mechanism of mouthparts in bittacids are briefly discussed.</span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 101176"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40519032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological description of the midgut tract and midgut–hindgut junction in the larvae of the spider crab Maja brachydactyla Balss, 1922 (Malacostraca: Decapoda)","authors":"Diego Castejón ,&nbsp;Guiomar Rotllant ,&nbsp;Enric Ribes ,&nbsp;Guillermo Guerao","doi":"10.1016/j.asd.2022.101168","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asd.2022.101168","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The midgut tract of decapods<span> is a digestive organ involved in the synthesis of peritrophic membrane<span>, food transport, absorption of nutrients, and osmoregulation<span>. The midgut tract has been described in detail in adult decapods, but little information is available regarding the morphology and ultrastructure of the midgut tract in larval stages. The present study describes the midgut tract and the midgut–hindgut junction of the larvae of the common spider crab </span></span></span></span><em>Maja brachydactyla</em><span> Balss, 1922 using techniques that included dissection, light microscopy<span>, and electron microscopy<span><span>. The study is mainly focused on the stages of zoea I and megalopa. The results obtained in this study show that the larval midgut tract is a short and simple tube positioned anteriorly, between the stomach and the </span>hindgut<span><span> tract. During larval development, the maximum length of the midgut tract increases significantly, but no differences were found on either the maximum diameter or the </span>morphological traits of the organ. The midgut tract is active at least ca. 12 h after hatching, as suggested by the presence of the peritrophic membrane in the lumen, the presence of abundant electro-dense vesicles in the cell apex, and the release of the vesicle content on the organ lumen. The midgut–hindgut junction forms an abrupt transition between the midgut tract and the hindgut tract in which epithelial cells with mixed features of midgut and hindgut do not occur.</span></span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 101168"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40606986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metamorphosis and denucleation of the brain in the miniature wasp Megaphragma viggianii (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)","authors":"Anastasia A. Makarova,&nbsp;Egor N. Veko,&nbsp;Alexey A. Polilov","doi":"10.1016/j.asd.2022.101200","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asd.2022.101200","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Holometabolan<span> brains<span> undergo structural and allometric changes and complex reorganizations during metamorphosis. In minute egg parasitoids<span>, brain formation is shifted to the late larva and young pupa, due to extreme de-embryonization. The brains of </span></span></span></span><em>Megaphragma</em> wasps undergo denucleation, the details of which remained unknown. We describe the morphological and volumetric changes in the brain of <em>Megaphragma viggianii</em><span> (Trichogrammatidae) during pupal development<span> with emphasis on the lysis of nuclei and show that the absolute and relative volume of the brain decrease by a factor of 5 from prepupa to adult at the expense of the cell body rind. The first foci of lysis appear during early pupal development, but most nuclei (up to 97%) are lost between pharate adult and adult. The first signs of lysis (destruction of the nuclear envelopes) occur in pupae with red eyes. The number of lysis foci (organelle destruction and increasing number of lysosomes and degree of chromatin compaction) strongly increases in pupae with black eyes. The cell body rind volume strongly decreases during pupal development (in larger insects it increases slightly or remains unchanged). Elucidation of the lysis of nuclei in neurons and of the functioning of an anucleate brain is an important objective for neuroscience.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 101200"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40692598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrastructure and distribution of sensory receptors on the nonolfactory organs of the soldier caste in subterranean termite (Coptotermes spp.)","authors":"Bramantyo Wikantyoso ,&nbsp;Tomoya Imai ,&nbsp;S. Khoirul Himmi ,&nbsp;Sulaeman Yusuf ,&nbsp;Toshimitsu Hata ,&nbsp;Tsuyoshi Yoshimura","doi":"10.1016/j.asd.2022.101201","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asd.2022.101201","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The soldier caste of termites<span> uses sensilla to sense pheromonal, tactile, and vibrational cues to communicate inside and outside their nest. Although sensilla with many modalities on the antennae of subterranean termites have been well explored, there remains a lack of information regarding sensillum characteristics and distribution of the nonolfactory organs of the soldier caste in the </span></span><span><em>Coptotermes</em></span> genus. In this study, the ultrastructure of sensilla from the soldier caste of three <em>Coptotermes</em> spp. (<span><em>Coptotermes formosanus</em></span>, <em>Coptotermes curvignathus</em>, and <em>Coptotermes gestroi</em><span>) was observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and the putative function of each type was deduced. Six total sensillum types were observed, with two mechanoreceptive sensillum types (hair and plate). The long flexible-peg mechanoreceptive sensilla may work as contact-chemoreceptive sensilla due to their elongated dendritic outer segments and uniporous characteristics. There was a significant depletion of mechano-chemoreceptive sensillum numbers in </span><em>C. gestroi</em><span>, which was compensated by a high density of short-peg mechanoreceptive sensilla on the pronotum. Finally, cuticular and innervation characteristics of thermo-/hygrosensitive sensilla were observed for the first time on the labrum of the soldier caste of </span><em>Coptotermes</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 101201"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40717507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Their young bite better: On- and off-host selection pressure as drivers for evolutionary-developmental modification in Rhipicephalus ticks","authors":"Deon K. Bakkes ,&nbsp;Dikeledi E. Matloa ,&nbsp;Ben J. Mans ,&nbsp;Conrad A. Matthee","doi":"10.1016/j.asd.2022.101189","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asd.2022.101189","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Distinct life stages may experience different selection pressures influencing phenotypic evolution. Morphological evolution is also constrained by early phenotypes, since early development forms the phenotypic basis of later development. This work investigates evolutionary-developmental modification in three life stages and both sexes of 24 <span><em>Rhipicephalus</em></span><span><span> species using phylogenetic<span><span> comparative methods for geometric morphometrics of basis capituli (basal mouthpart structure used for host attachment), and scutum or conscutum areas (proxy for overall body size). Findings indicate species using large hosts at early life stages have distinct basis capituli shapes, correlated with host size, enabling attachment to the tough skins of large hosts. Host-truncate species (one- and two-host) generally retain these adaptive features into later life stages, suggesting </span>neoteny is linked to the evolution of host truncation. In contrast, species using small hosts at early life stages have lost these features. Developmental trajectories differ significantly between host-use strategies (niches), and correlate with distinct clades. In two-host and three-host species using large hosts at early life stages, developmental change is heterotopically accelerated (greater cell mass development) before the first off-host period where selection probably favours large individuals able to better resist dehydration when questing (waiting) for less abundant, less active hosts. In other species, development is heterotopically reduced (neotenic), possibly because dehydration risk is bypassed by prolonged host attachment (one-host species – heterotopic neoteny), or is allometrically repatterned possibly by using highly abundant and active hosts (three-host species using small hosts at early life stages – allometric repatterning). These findings highlight complex trade-offs between on- and off-host factors of free-living </span></span>ectoparasite ecology, which mediate responses to diverse selection pressures varied by life stage and host-use strategy. It is proposed that these trade-offs shape evolutionary-developmental morphology and diversity of </span><em>Rhipicephalus</em> ticks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 101189"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40469807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low radiodensity μCT scans to reveal detailed morphology of the termite leg and its subgenual organ","authors":"Travers M. Sansom ,&nbsp;Sebastian Oberst ,&nbsp;Adrian Richter ,&nbsp;Joseph C.S. Lai ,&nbsp;Mohammad Saadatfar ,&nbsp;Manuela Nowotny ,&nbsp;Theodore A. Evans","doi":"10.1016/j.asd.2022.101191","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asd.2022.101191","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Termites<span> sense tiny substrate-borne vibrations through subgenual organs (SGOs) located within their legs' tibiae. Little is known about the SGOs' structure and physical properties. We applied high-resolution (voxel size 0.45 μm) micro-computed tomography (μCT) to Australian termites, </span></span><span><em>Coptotermes</em><em> lacteus</em></span> and <em>Nasutitermes exitiosus</em><span> (Hill) to test two staining techniques. We compared the effectiveness of a single stain of Lugol's iodine solution (LS) to LS followed by Phosphotungstic acid (PTA) solutions (1% and 2%). We then present results of a soldier of </span><em>Nasutitermes exitiosus</em><span> combining μCT with LS + 2%PTS stains and scanning electron microscopy to exemplify the visualisation of their SGOs. The termite's SGO due to its approximately oval shape was shown to have a maximum diameter of 60 μm and a minimum of 48 μm, covering 60 ± 4% of the leg's cross-section and 90.4 ± 5% of the residual haemolymph channel. Additionally, the leg and residual haemolymph channel cross-sectional area decreased around the SGO by 33% and 73%, respectively. We hypothesise that this change in cross-sectional area amplifies the vibrations for the SGO. Since SGOs are directly connected to the cuticle, their mechanical properties and the geometric details identified here may enable new approaches to determine how termites sense micro-vibrations.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 101191"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40583799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}