Arthropod Structure & Development最新文献

{"title":"Morphology of the male reproductive system and spermatozoa of Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) iguazu Flint, 1983 (Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae)","authors":"Dayvson Ayala Costa ,&nbsp;Paulo Henrique Rezende ,&nbsp;Frederico Falcão Salles ,&nbsp;Gleison Robson Desidério ,&nbsp;Glenda Dias ,&nbsp;José Lino-Neto","doi":"10.1016/j.asd.2024.101344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2024.101344","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Trichoptera, holometabolous aquatic insects found worldwide except in Antarctica, exhibit a unique feature in their sperm, which are solely nucleated (eupyrene). Current knowledge on Trichoptera sperm is limited to Old World species. To enhance our understanding of their reproductive biology and contribute to systematic discussions, we describe the male reproductive system and spermatozoa of <em>Smicridea</em> (<em>Rhyacophylax</em>) <em>iguazu</em> Flint, 1983 (Hydropsychidae). This species lacks seminal vesicles, possesses piriform to oval-shaped testes with spermatozoa grouped in apical bundles and dense filamentous material filling other areas. The vasa deferentia are long and a pair of elongated accessory glands displays distinct proximal and distal regions. The relatively short (∼40 μm) spermatozoa are nucleated, aflagellated, and immobile. Further research could explore variations and assess the taxonomic utility of these features for genus identification within Hydropsychidae.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"79 ","pages":"Article 101344"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139975764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Tale's blade: Understanding evolutionary features of oviposition behavior based on Tettigoniidae (Insecta, Orthoptera, Ensifera) ovipositor morphology","authors":"Diego N. Barbosa,&nbsp;Marcos Fianco","doi":"10.1016/j.asd.2024.101332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2024.101332","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A remarkable characteristic of katydids (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae) is the elongated ovipositor, which is associated with oviposition behavior. The high degree of complexity of both sclerites and muscles arrangement of the ovipositor, is only similar to the ovipositor of Hymenoptera. Here we describe the morphology of the ovipositor within Tettigoniidae, and add descriptions of known oviposition behavior. Fifteen skeletal structures can be recognized, of these, three pairs of muscles are new while nine pairs were already described in the literature. The new muscles are ap2vf, anterior projection of second valvifer; bcov, blade complex of the ovipositor; and dbl, dorsal blade. The morphology of the ovipositor blade complex (bcov), the shape of the first valvifer (1vf), posterior intervalvular sclerite (piv), tergite IX (T9), anterior projection of the second valvifer (ap2vf), and the second valvifer (2vf), and their related muscles affect oviposition in Tettigoniidae. This contribution helps to understand katydid's oviposition behavior. Additionally, the new descriptions help in the search for new characters in Tettigoniidae.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"79 ","pages":"Article 101332"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139714502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A morphofunctional study of the jumping apparatus in globular springtails","authors":"Fábio G.L. Oliveira ,&nbsp;Adrian A. Smith","doi":"10.1016/j.asd.2024.101333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2024.101333","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Springtails are notable for their jumping apparatus and latch-mediated spring mechanism. The challenge, in the light of the tiny size and rapid movement of these organisms, has been to understand the morphological intricacies of this spring system. This study takes an approach that integrates SEM, MicroCT, cLSM and high-speed video recordings to understand the composition and functionality of the jumping apparatus in <em>Megalothorax minimus</em> (Neelipleona), <em>Dicyrtomina ornata</em> and <em>Dicyrtomina minuta</em> (Symphypleona). We focus on reconstructing, describing, and understanding the functioning of structures such as basal plates, musculature and furca. The dimensions of the jumping apparatus in <em>Dicyrtomina</em> and <em>Megalothorax</em> differ significantly from those in elongated springtails. A hypothesis of functional coherence between taxa, based on muscle connections and basal plates, is postulated. High-speed video recordings provide information on: 1) furca release timing and function during jumping and self-righting; 2) performance properties of manubrium, dens and mucro in interaction with the ground and in take-off; 3) possible pre-release furca moves. The study underscores the need for further research employing a variety of visualization methods in order to explore additional aspects such as retinaculum unlatching and furca flexion/extension muscles.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"79 ","pages":"Article 101333"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803924000033/pdfft?md5=06fdd43c2fd38e9e5d114c63a055f102&pid=1-s2.0-S1467803924000033-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139714501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological characterization of the antenna of Torymus sinensis (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) and a comparison within the superfamily Chalcidoidea","authors":"Marco Pezzi ,&nbsp;Cristina Munari ,&nbsp;Michele Mistri ,&nbsp;Chiara Scapoli ,&nbsp;Milvia Chicca ,&nbsp;Marilena Leis ,&nbsp;Carmen Scieuzo ,&nbsp;Antonio Franco ,&nbsp;Rosanna Salvia ,&nbsp;Chiara Ferracini ,&nbsp;Alberto Alma ,&nbsp;Patrizia Falabella ,&nbsp;Davide Curci ,&nbsp;Teresa Bonacci","doi":"10.1016/j.asd.2023.101325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asd.2023.101325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The parasitoid <em>Torymus sinensis</em> (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) has been successfully used in Italy since 2005 for biological control of the invasive cynipid <em>Dryocosmus kuriphilus</em> (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), highly destructive for the economically relevant <em>Castanea sativa</em> (Fagales: Fagaceae). In order to investigate the morphological aspects related to sensorial behavior, a fine morphology study of the antennae and their sensilla was conducted by scanning electron microscopy on both sexes of <em>T. sinensis</em>. The antennae, composed of a scape, a pedicel and a flagellum with ten flagellomeres, had chaetic sensilla of six subtypes, placoid sensilla of three subtypes, trichoid sensilla, sensilla with a roundish grooved tip, and coeloconic sensilla. The chaetic sensilla of the first three subtypes were found in the scape and in the pedicel, and those of the last three subtypes, together with trichoid, roundish grooved tip and coeloconic sensilla, were found only on flagellomeres. Sexual dimorphism was detected in the morphology of the proper pedicel and the flagellum, and in the presence and distribution of the sensilla and their subtypes. The morphological aspects of the antenna of <em>T. sinensis</em> and of its sensilla were compared with those found in the family Torymidae and in other families of the extremely diverse superfamily Chalcidoidea.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 101325"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803923000920/pdfft?md5=06648ddd52374d4441bb72ca487429cf&pid=1-s2.0-S1467803923000920-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139093456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The sperm structure of Clinidium canaliculatum (Costa): A contribution to the systematic position of Rhysodidae (Coleoptera: Carabidae)","authors":"Anita Giglio ,&nbsp;David Mercati ,&nbsp;Pietro Lupetti ,&nbsp;Pietro Brandmayr ,&nbsp;Romano Dallai","doi":"10.1016/j.asd.2023.101330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2023.101330","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The systematic position and the phylogenetic relationship of Rhysodidae members is still debated, with some authors considering the group as a separate family of Adephaga, while for others they could be a subfamily of Carabidae. The group have morphological traits quite different from Carabidae and an aberrant behaviour compared to ground beetles being not predaceous. The sperm ultrastructure of <em>C. canaliculatum</em> was studied comparatively with other species of beetles, Carabidae in particular. The results indicate that the sperm structure of this species is similar to that of the Carabinae species. As in these species, <em>C. canaliculatum</em> has sperm conjugates with an apical conical cap protecting the heads and the initial region of flagella. This sperm appearance is also shared by another species of Rhysodidae, <em>Omoglymmius hamatus</em>. The material of the apical cap consists of an electron-dense material with a peculiar outer net configuration. Many species of Carabidae, however, can present a different type of sperm conjugation, the spermatostyle: a long rod-like structure where the individual sperms have only the most apical part inserted in the cortical area and the flagella are completely free. <em>C. canaliculatum</em> sperm are endowed with a mono-layered acrosome, a nucleus of variable shape along its length, a flagellum consisting of a typical axoneme 9 + 9+2, provided with 16 protofilaments in the tubular wall of accessory tubules, two asymmetric mitochondrial derivatives with the left one larger than the opposite one, and the right accessory body elongated and larger than the opposite one. These sperm characteristics, which are shared also by another member of the group, suggest the demotion of the family Rhysodidae to the subfamily Rhysodinae within Carabidae, a result also supported by recent molecular data.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 101330"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146780392300097X/pdfft?md5=b508d68e05244aa1bcea939a90719f7d&pid=1-s2.0-S146780392300097X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139419365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The first record larvae of the genus Peltogaster (Rhizocephala: Peltogastridae) with eyes and unilobed male aesthetasc","authors":"Darya D. Golubinskaya,&nbsp;Olga M. Korn","doi":"10.1016/j.asd.2023.101327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asd.2023.101327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The complete larval development of </span><em>Peltogaster lineata</em><span> Shiino, 1943 (Rhizocephala: Peltogastridae), including five nauplii<span> and one cypris stage, is described and illustrated using SEM. The development took 3.5–4 days at a water temperature of 22–23 °C. </span></span><em>Peltogaster lineata</em><span> has the peltogastrid type of development. Nauplii possess a large and clearly reticulated flotation collar, six pairs of dorsal shield setae with the U-shaped second pair, long segmented frontolateral horns each with two subterminal setae, and a long seta at the antennal basis. The attachment disc in female cyprids has a flap-like extension at the posterior margin. Cyprids of both sexes possess two sensory setae at the attachment disc. The large male aesthetasc is unilobed, the female subterminal aesthetasc terminates into two thin long filamentous processes. Larvae of </span><em>P. lineata</em> have distinctly visible nauplius eyes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 101327"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139063540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the immature stages of some Merodontini hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Europe and Africa","authors":"José J. Orengo-Green ,&nbsp;Antonio Ricarte ,&nbsp;Martin Hauser ,&nbsp;Dominique Langlois ,&nbsp;Mª Á. Marcos-García","doi":"10.1016/j.asd.2023.101328","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asd.2023.101328","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The genera <em>Eumerus</em> and <em>Merodon</em> (Syrphidae: Merodontini) form together the most speciose grouping of hoverflies in the Palaearctic Region. However, little is known about the morphology and biology of their larvae. The few larvae of <em>Eumerus</em> and <em>Merodon</em> that have been uncovered are phytophagous in underground organs of plants (some <em>Eumerus</em> and all <em>Merodon</em>) or saprophagous in a variety of plants' parts (the reminder of <em>Eumerus</em>). In this study, the second larval stage (L2) of <em>Eumerus lyneborgi</em> Ricarte &amp; Hauser, 2020 and both the larva (L2) and puparium of <em>Merodon constans</em> (Rossi, 1794) are described for the first time. Larvae of <em>E. lyneborgi</em> were found in a decaying stem of <em>Cyphostemma juttae</em> (Dinter &amp; Gilg) Desc., 1960 (Vitaceae) in Namibia (Africa), while larvae of <em>M. constans</em> were collected in bulbs of <em>Leucojum vernum</em> Linnaeus, 1753, (Amaryllidaceae) in France (Europe). Morphology of the immature forms was studied by observation and imaging with stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The head skeleton of <em>E. lyneborgi</em> larvae was found to be of the filter feeding type, i.e., in accordance with a saprophagous trophic regime, while that of <em>M. constans</em> was typically phytophagous. Variability in certain characters of the <em>M. constans</em> early stages is described and discussed in relation to the adult form and molecular information published in literature. An updated identification key to all known third larval stages/puparia of <em>Merodon</em> is provided.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 101328"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803923000956/pdfft?md5=450076ad2cc6da6220560582feda6f04&pid=1-s2.0-S1467803923000956-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139063542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antennal excision reveals disparate olfactory expression patterns within castes in Reticulitermes aculabialis (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)","authors":"Wenxu Yang,&nbsp;Yan Lu,&nbsp;Xiaohui He,&nbsp;Lu Wang,&nbsp;Jinjuan Nie,&nbsp;Noor us Saba,&nbsp;Xiaohong Su,&nbsp;Lianxi Xing,&nbsp;Chenxu Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.asd.2023.101326","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asd.2023.101326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>In lower termites<span>, which exhibit a high degree of compound eye degradation or absence, antennae play a pivotal role in information acquisition. This comprehensive study investigates the olfactory system of </span></span><span><em>Reticulitermes</em><em> aculabialis</em></span><span><span>, spanning five developmental stages and three castes. Initially, we characterize the structures and distribution of antennal sensilla<span><span> across different developmental stages. Results demonstrate variations in sensilla types and distributions among stages, aligning with caste-specific division of labor and suggesting their involvement in environmental sensitivity detection, signal differentiation, and nestmate recognition. Subsequently, we explore the impact of antennal excision on olfactory gene expression in various caste categories through </span>transcriptomics, homology analysis, and expression profiling. Findings reveal that olfactory genes expression is influenced by antennal excision, with outcomes varying according to caste and the extent of excision. Finally, utilizing </span></span>fluorescence in situ hybridization, we precisely localize the expression sites of olfactory genes within the antennae. This research reveals the intricate and adaptable nature of the termite olfactory system, highlighting its significance in adapting to diverse ecological roles and demands of social living.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 101326"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139099247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain size scaling through development in the whitelined sphinx moth (Hyles lineata) shows mass and cell number comparable to flies, bees, and wasps","authors":"Isabel C. Aksamit ,&nbsp;Felipe Dorigão-Guimarães ,&nbsp;Wulfila Gronenberg ,&nbsp;R. Keating Godfrey","doi":"10.1016/j.asd.2023.101329","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asd.2023.101329","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Factors regulating larval growth and determinants of adult body size are described for several holometabolous insects, but less is known about brain<span> size scaling through development. Here we use the isotropic fractionation (“brain soup”) method to estimate the number of brain cells and cell density for the whitelined sphinx moth (Lepidoptera: </span></span><em>Hyles lineata</em><span>) from the first instar<span> through the adult stage. We measure mass and brain cell number and find that, during the larval stages, body mass shows an exponential relationship with head width, while the total number of brain cells increases asymptotically. Larval brain cell number increases by a factor of ten from nearly 8000 in the first instar to over 80,000 in the fifth instar. Brain cell number increases by another factor of 10 during metamorphosis, with the adult brain containing more than 900,000 cells. This is similar to increases during development in the vinegar fly (</span></span><span><em>Drosophila melanogaster</em></span><span>) and the black soldier fly (</span><em>Hermetia illucens</em><span>). The adult brain falls slightly below the brain-to-body allometry for wasps and bees but is comparable in the number of cells per unit brain mass, indicating a general conservation of brain cell density across these divergent lineages.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 101329"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139089474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional morphology and ultrastructure of the mouth apparatus in the freshwater mite larvae Limnochares aquatica (L., 1758) (Acariformes, Limnocharidae)","authors":"Andrey B. Shatrov,&nbsp;Elena V. Soldatenko,&nbsp;Anatoly A. Petrov","doi":"10.1016/j.asd.2024.101331","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asd.2024.101331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The mouth apparatus in larvae of the freshwater mite <em>Limnochares aquatica</em><span><span> (L., 1758) (Acariformes, Limnocharidae), belonging to the lower Hydrachnidia, was studied with light microscopy<span>, scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy, as well as with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to reveal its main morphological and functional characteristics. The </span></span>gnathosoma<span><span><span>, functioning as a mouth organ takes a prognathous position, and inclines to the body axial line at the angle of around 30°. The gnathosoma is composed of segments of the two pairs of anterior appendages and their derivatives – two-segmented chelicerae lying above the infracapitulum – the compound medial portion of the palpal coxae, and five-segmented </span>palps<span>, articulated with the infracapitulum laterally. The palp </span></span>tibia<span> bears the bifid palpal claw facing downward nearly at right angle. The basal cheliceral segments are free, i.e., are not covered with the integumental fold posteriorly, and do not fuse with each other. Apically, they articulate with the relatively short movable digits composed of the basal portion (lever) and the distal portion (the cheliceral blades) curved upward by their ends. The flexible fixed digits protrude forward from the distal parts of the basal cheliceral segments. The ventral wall of the gnathosoma (mentum) transforms into a very specific papillary area (velum). A papillary area with long slim papillae is formed of a light cuticle and likely acts as a sucker but does not have contractile elements. The hypostome possesses the well developed lateral lips (galea) tightly embracing the distal portions of the chelicerae and hiding the movable digits. The roof of the infracapitulum (the cervix<span>, or epistome) lying beneath the chelicerae, shows a compound structure. Anteriorly it connects with the inner hypostomal walls forming a particular pharyngeal ring framing the narrow mouth opening. We saw no evidence of a labrum. A characteristic valve projects forward from the dorsal surface of the cervix. A crescent-shaped pharynx runs along the bottom of the infracapitulum and is attached but not fused with the cuticle of the papillary area. The dorsal pharyngeal dilators originate on the cervix, sigmoid pieces and the lateral walls of the infracapitulum at their junction with the dorsal walls of the basal cheliceral segments. A pair of sigmoid pieces having small cavities inside serves for termination of the cheliceral elevators originated on the posterior portions of the dorsal walls of the basal cheliceral segments. The organizational pattern of the gnathosoma in larvae of </span></span></span></span><em>L. aquatica</em> is rather specific and is quite different from those of other aquatic or terrestrial parasitengonin larvae.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 101331"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139547732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}