Attention Perception & Psychophysics最新文献_第2页

Target–distractor similarity predicts visual search efficiency but only for highly similar features 目标-分隔符相似性可预测视觉搜索效率，但仅限于高度相似的特征

IF 1.7 4区心理学

Attention Perception & Psychophysics Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02954-y

Angus F. Chapman, Viola S. Störmer

{"title":"Target–distractor similarity predicts visual search efficiency but only for highly similar features","authors":"Angus F. Chapman, Viola S. Störmer","doi":"10.3758/s13414-024-02954-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-024-02954-y","url":null,"abstract":"A major constraining factor for attentional selection is the similarity between targets and distractors. When similarity is low, target items can be identified quickly and efficiently, whereas high similarity can incur large costs on processing speed. Models of visual search contrast a fast, efficient parallel stage with a slow serial processing stage where search times are strongly modulated by the number of distractors in the display. In particular, recent work has argued that the magnitude of search slopes should be inversely proportional to target–distractor similarity. Here, we assessed the relationship between target–distractor similarity and search slopes. In our visual search tasks, participants detected an oddball color target among distractors (Experiments 1 & 2) or discriminated the direction of a triangle in the oddball color (Experiment 3). We systematically varied the similarity between target and distractor colors (along a circular CIELAB color wheel) and the number of distractors in the search array, finding logarithmic search slopes that were inversely proportional to the number of items in the array. Surprisingly, we also found that searches were highly efficient (i.e., near-zero slopes) for targets and distractors that were extremely similar (≤20° in color space). These findings indicate that visual search is systematically influenced by target–distractor similarity across different processing stages. Importantly, we found that search can be highly efficient and entirely unaffected by the number of distractors despite high perceptual similarity, in contrast to the general assumption that high similarity must lead to slow and serial search behavior.","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142217125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Contextual control demands determine whether stability and flexibility trade off against each other 情境控制要求决定了稳定性和灵活性是否相互抵消

IF 1.7 4区心理学

Attention Perception & Psychophysics Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02955-x

Raphael Geddert, Tobias Egner

{"title":"Contextual control demands determine whether stability and flexibility trade off against each other","authors":"Raphael Geddert, Tobias Egner","doi":"10.3758/s13414-024-02955-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-024-02955-x","url":null,"abstract":"Cognitive stability, the ability to focus on a current task, and cognitive flexibility, the ability to switch between different tasks, are traditionally conceptualized as opposing end-points on a one-dimensional continuum. This assumption obligates a stability-flexibility trade-off – greater stability equates to less flexibility, and vice versa. In contrast, a recent cued task-switching study suggested that stability and flexibility can be regulated independently, evoking a two-dimensional perspective where trade-offs are optional (Geddert & Egner, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 151, 3009–3027, 2022). This raises the question of under what circumstances trade-offs occur. We here tested the hypothesis that trade-offs are guided by cost-of-control considerations whereby stability and flexibility trade off in contexts that selectively promote stability or flexibility, but not when neither or both are promoted. This proposal was probed by analyzing whether a trial-level metric of a stability-flexibility trade-off, an interaction between task-rule congruency and task sequence, varied as a function of a broader block-level context that independently varied demands on stability or flexibility by manipulating the proportion of incongruent and switch trials, respectively. In Experiment 1, we reanalyzed data from Geddert and Egner, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 151, 3009–3027, (2022); Experiment 2 was a conceptual replication with a design tweak that controlled for potential confounds due to local trial history effects. The experiments produced robust evidence for independent stability and flexibility adaptation, and for a context-dependent expression of trial-level stability-flexibility trade-offs that generally conformed to the cost-of-control predictions. The current study thus documents that stability-flexibility trade-offs are not obligatory but arise in contexts where either stability or flexibility are selectively encouraged.","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142217124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Statistically learned associations among objects bias attention. 物体间的统计学习关联会使注意力产生偏差。

IF 1.7 4区心理学

Attention Perception & Psychophysics Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02941-3

Andrew Clement, Brian A Anderson

{"title":"Statistically learned associations among objects bias attention.","authors":"Andrew Clement, Brian A Anderson","doi":"10.3758/s13414-024-02941-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-024-02941-3","url":null,"abstract":"A growing body of research suggests that semantic relationships among objects can influence the control of attention. There is also some evidence that learned associations among objects can bias attention. However, it is unclear whether these findings are due to statistical learning or existing semantic relationships. In the present study, we examined whether statistically learned associations among objects can bias attention in the absence of existing semantic relationships. Participants searched for one of four targets among pairs of novel shapes and identified whether the target was present or absent from the display. In an initial training phase, each target was paired with an associated distractor in a fixed spatial configuration. In a subsequent test phase, each target could be paired with the previously associated distractor or a different distractor. In our first experiment, the previously associated distractor was always presented in the same pair as the target. Participants were faster to respond when this distractor was present on target-present trials. In our second experiment, the previously associated distractor was presented in a different pair than the target in the test phase. In this case, participants were slower to respond when this distractor was present on both target-present and target-absent trials. Together, these findings provide clear evidence that statistically learned associations among objects can bias attention, analogous to the effects of semantic relationships on attention.","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142094134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

In simple but challenging search tasks, most errors are stochastic. 在简单但具有挑战性的搜索任务中，大多数错误都是随机的。

IF 1.7 4区心理学

Attention Perception & Psychophysics Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02938-y

Jeremy M Wolfe, Johan Hulleman, Ava Mitra, Wentao Si

{"title":"In simple but challenging search tasks, most errors are stochastic.","authors":"Jeremy M Wolfe, Johan Hulleman, Ava Mitra, Wentao Si","doi":"10.3758/s13414-024-02938-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-024-02938-y","url":null,"abstract":"In visual search tasks in the lab and in the real world, people routinely miss targets that are clearly visible: so-called look but fail to see (LBFTS) errors. If search displays are shown to the same observer twice, we can ask about the probability of joint errors, where the target is missed both times. If errors are \"deterministic,\" then the probability of a second error on the same display-given that the target was missed the first time-should be high. If errors are \"stochastic,\" the probability of joint errors should be the product of the error rate for first and second appearances. Here, we report on two versions of a T among Ls search with somewhat degraded letters to make search more difficult. In Experiment 1, Ts could either appear amidst crowded \"clumps\" of Ls or more in isolation. Observers made more errors when the T was in a clump, but these errors were mainly stochastic. In Experiment 2, the task was made harder by making Ts and Ls more similar. Again, errors were predominantly stochastic. If other, socially important errors are also stochastic, this would suggest that \"double reading,\" where two observers (human or otherwise) look at each stimulus, could reduce overall error rates.","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142005988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Retraction Note: Mask-related costs in measuring preview benefit: Evidence from a distributional analysis based on target word reading times. 撤稿说明：衡量预览效益的面具相关成本：基于目标词阅读时间的分布分析证据。

IF 1.7 4区心理学

Attention Perception & Psychophysics Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02943-1

Nikki G Fackler, Peter C Gordon

引用次数: 0

Openness to experience predicts eye movement behavior during scene viewing. 体验开放性可预测观看场景时的眼动行为。

IF 1.7 4区心理学

Attention Perception & Psychophysics Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02937-z

Nicholas J Wyche, Mark Edwards, Stephanie C Goodhew

{"title":"Openness to experience predicts eye movement behavior during scene viewing.","authors":"Nicholas J Wyche, Mark Edwards, Stephanie C Goodhew","doi":"10.3758/s13414-024-02937-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-024-02937-z","url":null,"abstract":"Individuals' abilities to perform goal-directed spatial deployments of attention are distinguishable from their broader preferences for how they use spatial attention when circumstances do not compel a specific deployment strategy. Although these preferences are likely to play a major role in how we interact with the visual world during daily life, they remain relatively understudied. This exploratory study investigated two key questions about these preferences: firstly, are individuals consistent in their preferences for how they deploy their spatial attention when making shifts of attention versus adopting an attentional breadth? Secondly, which other factors are associated with these preferences? Across two experiments, we measured how participants preferred to deploy both attentional breadth (using an adapted Navon task) and eye movements (using a free-viewing task). We also measured participants' working memory capacities (Experiment 1), and their personalities and world beliefs (Experiment 2). In both experiments, there were consistent individual differences in preference for attentional breadth and eye movement characteristics, but these two kinds of preference were unrelated to each other. Working memory capacity was not linked to these preferences. Conversely, the personality trait of Openness to Experience robustly predicted two aspects of eye movement behavior preference, such that higher levels of Openness predicted smaller saccades and shorter scan paths. This suggests that personality dimensions may predict preferences for more absorbed engagement with visual information. However, it appears that individuals' preferences for shifts of attention during scene viewing do not necessarily relate to the breadth of attention they choose to adopt.","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141972381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Invariant contexts reduce response time variability in visual search in an age-specific way: A comparison of children, teenagers, and adults. 不变情境以特定年龄的方式减少视觉搜索中的反应时间变异：儿童、青少年和成年人的比较。

IF 1.7 4区心理学

Attention Perception & Psychophysics Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02926-2

Chengyu Fan, Artyom Zinchenko, Lihan Chen, Jiao Wu, Yeke Qian, Xuelian Zang

{"title":"Invariant contexts reduce response time variability in visual search in an age-specific way: A comparison of children, teenagers, and adults.","authors":"Chengyu Fan, Artyom Zinchenko, Lihan Chen, Jiao Wu, Yeke Qian, Xuelian Zang","doi":"10.3758/s13414-024-02926-2","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13414-024-02926-2","url":null,"abstract":"Contextual cueing is a phenomenon in which repeatedly encountered arrays of items can enhance the visual search for a target item. This is widely attributed to attentional guidance driven by contextual memory acquired during visual search. Some studies suggest that children may have an immature ability to use contextual cues compared to adults, while others argue that contextual learning capacity is similar across ages. To test the development of context-guided attention, this study compared contextual cueing effects among three age groups: adults (aged 18-33 years, N = 32), teenagers (aged 15-17 years, N = 41), and younger children (aged 8-9 years, N = 43). Moreover, this study introduced a measure of response time variability that tracks fluctuations in response time throughout the experiment, in addition to the conventional analysis of response times. The results showed that all age groups demonstrated significantly faster responses in repeated than non-repeated search contexts. Notably, adults and teenagers exhibited smaller response time variability in repeated contexts than in non-repeated ones, while younger children did not. This implies that children are less efficient at consolidating contextual information into a stable memory representation, which may lead to less stable attentional guidance during visual search.","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141592152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Retrospective attention: The effects on time perception. 回溯注意：对时间感知的影响

IF 1.7 4区心理学

Attention Perception & Psychophysics Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-26 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02918-2

Fuminori Ono

引用次数: 0

Racial salience modulated the face race lightness illusion: A comparative study of Caucasians and Asians. 种族显著性调节人脸种族亮度错觉：白种人与亚洲人的比较研究。

IF 1.7 4区心理学

Attention Perception & Psychophysics Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02947-x

Linlin Yan, Yiwen Zhu, Yang Shen, Zurui Zhang, Yajie Liang, Zhe Wang, Yu-Hao P Sun

{"title":"Racial salience modulated the face race lightness illusion: A comparative study of Caucasians and Asians.","authors":"Linlin Yan, Yiwen Zhu, Yang Shen, Zurui Zhang, Yajie Liang, Zhe Wang, Yu-Hao P Sun","doi":"10.3758/s13414-024-02947-x","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13414-024-02947-x","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research has demonstrated the existence of the face race lightness (FRL) illusion. It indicates that Black faces tend to appear darker than White faces, even when their luminance values are objectively adjusted to be the same. However, the debate over the exclusive influence of face-race categories on the FRL illusion continues, with the impact of racial groups on the illusion remaining relatively unexplored. To address these gaps, we conducted studies to investigate whether the FRL illusion varies in terms of racial salience and racial groups. We manipulated the racial salience by altering the orientation of the faces. A total of 64 Caucasians (Study 1) and 63 Asians (Study 2) were recruited. Participants were shown pairs of faces in rapid succession and were asked to report which face appeared lighter or darker. In each trial, the two faces belonged to the same race category: Black, Black-White ambiguous, or White. The luminance of the first face remained consistent across trials while the luminance of the second face varied and was adjusted across eight levels (- 20, - 12, - 8, - 4, + 4, + 8, + 12, + 20). Our findings reveal that the FRL illusion is largely dependent on the salience of face-race information. When faces were presented upright, the FRL illusion was prominent; however, it disappeared when faces were inverted. Remarkably, the FRL illusion was observed not only in Caucasians but also in Asians. Therefore, our results suggest that the FRL illusion primarily stems from race salience rather than participants' racial groups.","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142115014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Independent-channels models of temporal-order judgment revisited: A model comparison. 时序判断的独立通道模型再探：模型比较

IF 1.7 4区心理学

Attention Perception & Psychophysics Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02915-5

Paul Kelber, Rolf Ulrich

{"title":"Independent-channels models of temporal-order judgment revisited: A model comparison.","authors":"Paul Kelber, Rolf Ulrich","doi":"10.3758/s13414-024-02915-5","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13414-024-02915-5","url":null,"abstract":"The perception of temporal order or simultaneity of stimuli is almost always explained in terms of independent-channels models, such as perceptual-moment, triggered-moment, and attention-switching models. Independent-channels models generally posit that stimuli are processed in separate peripheral channels and that their arrival-time difference at a central location is translated into an internal state of order (simultaneity) if it reaches (misses) a certain threshold. Non-monotonic and non-parallel psychometric functions in a ternary-response task provided critical evidence against a wide range of independent-channels models. However, two independent-channels models have been introduced in the last decades that can account for such shapes by considering misreports of internal states (response-error model) or by assuming that simultaneity and order judgments rely on distinct sensory and decisional processes (two-stage model). Based on previous ideas, we also consider a two-threshold model, according to which the same arrival-time difference may need to reach a higher threshold for order detection than for successiveness detection. All three models were fitted to various data sets collected over a period of more than a century. The two-threshold model provided the best balance between goodness of fit and parsimony. This preference for the two-threshold model over the two-stage model and the response-error model aligns well with several lines of evidence from cognitive modeling, psychophysics, mental chronometry, and psychophysiology. We conclude that the seemingly deviant shapes of psychometric functions can be explained within the framework of independent-channels models in a simpler way than previously assumed.","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11410913/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141899038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0