Christina Saalwirth, Maximilian Stefani, Marian Sauter, Wolfgang Mack
{"title":"Eye-tracking analysis of attentional disengagement in phobic and non-phobic individuals.","authors":"Christina Saalwirth, Maximilian Stefani, Marian Sauter, Wolfgang Mack","doi":"10.3758/s13414-024-02968-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-024-02968-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated threat-related attention biases using a new visual search paradigm with eye tracking, which allows for measuring attentional disengagement in isolation. This is crucial as previous studies have been unable to distinguish between engagement, disengagement, and behavioral freezing. Thirty-three participants (M<sub>age</sub> = 28.75 years, SD = 8.98; 21 women) with self-reported specific phobia (spiders, snakes, and pointed objects) and their matched controls (M<sub>age</sub> = 28.38 years, SD = 8.66; 21 women) took part in the experiment. The participants were instructed to initially focus on a picture in the center of the screen, then search for a target picture in an outer circle consisting of six images, and respond via a button press whether the object in the target picture was oriented to the left or right. We found that phobic individuals show delayed disengagement and slower decision times compared with non-phobic individuals, regardless of whether the stimulus was threat-related or neutral. These results indicate that phobic individuals tend to exhibit poorer attentional control mechanisms and problems inhibiting irrelevant information. We also confirmed a threat-unrelated shared feature effect with complex stimuli (delayed disengagement when an attended stimulus and an unattended target share common stimulus features). This process might play a role in various experimental setups investigating attentional disengagement that has not yet been considered. These findings are important, as good attentional control may serve as a protective mechanism against anxiety disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142402078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gordon D Logan, Keanani C S Afu, Bailey E Haynes, Ella E Weeks, Jana E Ulrich, Simon D Lilburn
{"title":"Attention focused on memory: The episodic flanker effect with letters, words, colors, and pictures.","authors":"Gordon D Logan, Keanani C S Afu, Bailey E Haynes, Ella E Weeks, Jana E Ulrich, Simon D Lilburn","doi":"10.3758/s13414-024-02965-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-024-02965-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We report 10 experiments exploring the proposition that memory retrieval is perceptual attention turned inward. The experiments adapt the Eriksen and Eriksen perceptual flanker effect to a memory task in which subjects must decide whether a cued item in a probe display appeared in the same position in a memory list. Previous research with this episodic flanker task found distance and compatibility effects like those in the perceptual flanker task, suggesting that the same attentional spotlight is turned inward in memory retrieval. The previous experiments used lists of six consonants. The experiments reported here were designed to generalize the results to a broader range of conditions, from letters to words, colors, and pictures, and from set size 6 to set sizes of 4 and 5. Experiments 1-4 varied distance and set size with lists of four, five, or six letters, words, colors, and pictures, respectively. The distance effect was observed with all materials and all set sizes. Experiments 5-8 varied compatibility by presenting context items in the probe that were either the same as the memory list (and therefore compatible with \"yes\" responses and incompatible with \"no\" responses) or different from the memory list (and therefore incompatible with \"yes\" responses and compatible with \"no\" responses). We found compatibility effects with all materials and all set sizes. These results support the proposition that memory retrieval is attention turned inward. Turned inward or outward, attention is a general process that applies the same computations to different kinds of materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142395435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The perceptual and mnemonic effects of ensemble representation on individual size representation.","authors":"Yong Min Choi, Julie D Golomb","doi":"10.3758/s13414-024-02963-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-024-02963-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Our visual world consists of multiple objects, necessitating the identification of individual objects. Nevertheless, the representation of visual objects often exerts influence on each other. Even when we selectively attend to a subset of visual objects, the representations of surrounding items are encoded and influence the processing of the attended item(s). However, it remains unclear whether the effect of group ensemble representation on individual item representation occurs at the perceptual encoding phase, during the memory maintenance period, or both. Therefore, the current study conducted visual psychophysics experiments to investigate the contributions of perceptual and mnemonic bias on the observed effect of ensemble representation on individual size representation. Across five experiments, we found a consistent pattern of repulsive ensemble bias, such that the size of an individual target circle was consistently reported to be smaller than it actually was when presented alongside other circles with larger mean size, and vice versa. There was a perceptual component to the bias, but mnemonic factors also influenced its magnitude. Specifically, the repulsion bias was strongest with a short retention period (0-50 ms), then reduced within a second to a weaker magnitude that remained stable for a longer retention period (5,000 ms). Such patterns of results persisted when we facilitated the processing of ensemble representation by increasing the set size (Experiment 1B) or post-cueing the target circle so that attention was distributed across all items (Experiment 2B).</p>","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142395436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Anisotropies related to representational gravity.","authors":"Timothy L Hubbard, Susan E Ruppel","doi":"10.3758/s13414-024-02962-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-024-02962-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Four experiments examined whether representational gravity, in which memory for the location of a previously-viewed target is displaced in the direction of implied gravitational attraction, occurs uniformly across a target. Participants viewed stationary, vertically-moving, or horizontally-moving targets of different sizes and at different heights within the picture plane. After a target vanished, participants indicated the remembered location of the top edge or bottom edge of that target. Significant anisotropies were found, as the remembered location of the top edge was displaced downward, whereas the remembered location of the bottom edge was not displaced or was displaced upward. Anisotropies along the vertical axis were not influenced by whether participants knew prior to target presentation which edge to remember or by whether targets were stationary or moved vertically, although there was a trend for anisotropies along the vertical axis to be reduced when targets moved horizontally. Larger targets and targets higher in the picture plane resulted in larger displacement when targets were stationary, although effects of size and height were diminished when targets were moving. If the top edge and bottom edge of a target are considered analogous to the trailing edge and leading edge of a moving target, respectively, then anisotropies related to representational gravity are similar to anisotropies previously reported for representational momentum for horizontally-moving targets (as direction of implied gravitational attraction is downward). The existence of such anisotropies has implications for the representation of space and for the localization of and interaction with stimuli in the environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142395524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Giorgia Tosi, Andreas Kalckert, Anantha Krishna Sivasubramanian, Daniele Romano
{"title":"The rubber hand illusion questionnaire: An exploratory graph analysis of ownership, referral of touch, and control statements.","authors":"Giorgia Tosi, Andreas Kalckert, Anantha Krishna Sivasubramanian, Daniele Romano","doi":"10.3758/s13414-024-02964-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-024-02964-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rubber hand illusion is a well-known experiment that allows manipulation of one's own body experience. The original questionnaire gauges both the illusion experience and unforeseen experiences acting as control statements. In particular, two statements pertain to the referral of touch originating from the rubber hand (RoT), and one concerns the feeling of ownership of the rubber hand (SoO). Despite its prominence, the rubber hand illusion questionnaire has not undergone thorough examination of its psychometric properties. The literature reveals a tendency to use RoT and SoO statements interchangeably. In this study, we employed Exploratory Graph Analysis to explore the item structure and compared the correlation between SoO and RoT items in various conditions. While SoO and RoT are closely linked, our findings suggest potential separation. SoO and RoT statements consistently correlate, yet hints emerge that RoT might represent a distinct facet of the illusion. Correlations diminish beyond the perihand space, indicating a nuanced relationship. Additionally, moderate relationships between control statements and those measuring the illusion suggest that even control statements are modulated by the illusion experience. This study underscores the need for further exploration into the psychometric properties of body illusion questionnaires, prompting reflections on the interpretation in light of these results.</p>","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142332891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The influence of \"advancing\" and \"receding\" colors on figure-ground perception under monocular and binocular viewing.","authors":"Jaeseon Song, James M Brown","doi":"10.3758/s13414-024-02956-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-024-02956-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Research on figure-ground perception has consistently found that red images are more likely to be perceived as figure/nearer, yet the mechanisms behind this are not completely clear. The primary theories have pointed to optical chromatic aberrations or cortical mechanisms, such as the antagonistic interactions of the magno-/parvocellular (M/P) systems. Our study explored this color-biased figure-ground perception by examining the duration for which a region was perceived as figure under both binocular and monocular conditions, using all combinations of red, blue, green, and gray. In Experiment 1, we used figure-ground ambiguous Maltese crosses, composed of left- and right-tilting sectors of equal area. In Experiment 2, the crosses were figure-ground biased with size and orientation cues. Here, small sectors of cardinal orientations, likely perceived as figure, were contrasted with larger, obliquely oriented sectors, likely perceived as ground. Under monocular conditions, the results aligned with chromatic aberration predictions: red advanced and blue receded, regardless of size and orientation. However, under binocular conditions, the advancing effect of red continued, but the receding effect of blue was generally not observed. Notably, blue, along with red and green, was more frequently perceived as figure compared to gray. The results under binocular viewing are in line with the expectations of the antagonistic M/P system interactions theory, likely due to the collective input from both eyes, facilitating the anticipated effects. Our findings suggest that color-biased figure-ground perception may arise from the synergistic effect of antagonistic M/P system interactions and other optical and cortical mechanisms, together compensating for chromatic aberrations.</p>","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142332890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Priyanka Maniarasu, Neetha I. R. Kuzhuppilly, Vijaya Pai H, Ramesh S. Ve, Srinivasa Varadharajan, Shonraj Ballae Ganeshrao
{"title":"Inhibitory control and working memory using saccadic eye movements in primary glaucoma","authors":"Priyanka Maniarasu, Neetha I. R. Kuzhuppilly, Vijaya Pai H, Ramesh S. Ve, Srinivasa Varadharajan, Shonraj Ballae Ganeshrao","doi":"10.3758/s13414-024-02961-z","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13414-024-02961-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathic disorder that significantly impacts the activities of daily life (ADLs) of individuals. Emerging studies indicate degenerative changes in cortical and subcortical regions in individuals with glaucoma, which are associated with cognitive processes and oculomotor control. Cognitive processes involving top-down processes such as attention, planning, task management and execution, are crucial for meeting the demands of everyday tasks, and are affected in glaucoma. This study investigated the executive functions, specifically inhibitory control (IC) and working memory (WM), in individuals with glaucoma compared to age-matched controls, using eye movements. This was achieved through four tasks sensitive to executive functions, including antisaccade, memory-guided prosaccade and antisaccade, and the Go-NoGo tasks. Saccadic eye-movement parameters were also assessed in a prosaccade task, considered as a control condition with minimal IC and WM load. The results indicated that glaucoma is associated with changes in both IC and WM. Increased anticipatory saccadic errors might be linked to inhibitory deficiencies during the preparatory stage of the saccadic suppression mechanism. The increased omission errors in the antisaccade task might be due to the lack of regulation of the WM component. Taken together, these findings provide evidence for the involvement of cognitive deficits in individuals with glaucoma.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142332889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aleksandr Bulatov, Vilius Marma, Natalija Bulatova, Artūras Grigaliūnas
{"title":"Combined manifestation of two geometric visual illusions","authors":"Aleksandr Bulatov, Vilius Marma, Natalija Bulatova, Artūras Grigaliūnas","doi":"10.3758/s13414-024-02957-9","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13414-024-02957-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present study continued to investigate whether the effects of length misperception caused by cross-shaped (formed by two pairs of the oppositely oriented Müller-Lyer wings) contextual distractors can be explained by the combined manifestation of two different (i.e., the Müller-Lyer and filled-space) geometric illusions of extent. In psychophysical experiments, the luminance of one pair of wings was randomly changed, while the luminance of the other pair remained constant. Two different distractor orientations were used—when the wings with constant luminance formed the right side of the cross or the left side, otherwise. To separately evaluate the manifestation of the Müller-Lyer illusion under different luminance conditions, two distracting crosses of the same orientation were attached to the lateral stimulus terminators in the first series of experiments. In the following four series, a single distracting cross (with different orientation) was attached to one of the lateral stimulus terminators and various combinations of the constant and background luminance were used. To interpret the experimental data, we used the basic computational principles of previously developed quantitative models of hypothetical visual mechanisms underlying the emergence of the Müller-Lyer illusion and the filled-space illusion. It was shown that the results of theoretical calculations adequately approximate the experimental curves obtained for all modifications of stimuli, which strongly supports the suggestion that the joint manifestations of these two illusions can be considered among the main factors determining the features of the illusion investigated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142301519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Valence versus motivation: The different impact of emotion on space- and object-based attention","authors":"Saisai Hu, Tingting Yang, Yonghui Wang, Jingjing Zhao","doi":"10.3758/s13414-024-02958-8","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13414-024-02958-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Numerous studies have indicated that both the broaden-and-build model and the motivational dimensional model emphasize the impact of emotion on spatial attention by altering the attentional scope. However, no prior research has investigated the impact of emotional valence and motivational intensity on spatial attention within the same paradigm. Furthermore, object-based attention, characterized by distinct neural mechanisms from space-based attention and also susceptible to attentional scope, represents a major pattern of selective attention. Nevertheless, it is still unclear whether and how emotional valence and motivation play a role in object-based attentional selection. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore these areas. Using a two-rectangle paradigm, Experiment 1 found that motivational intensity modulated space-based effects, whereas emotional valence modulated object-based effects. Experiment 2 used a traditional spatial cueing paradigm to further study the stability of modulating effect of motivation intensity on space-based attention, yielding results consistent with those of Experiment 1. The present study indicated that the broaden-and-build model and motivational dimensional model were not either one or the other, but both played a role in object- and space-based attention. This study provides crucial empirical evidence for theoretical complementation and integration of emotional attention.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142301522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multisensory working memory capture of attention","authors":"Lei Xu, Biye Cai, Chunlin Yue, Aijun Wang","doi":"10.3758/s13414-024-02960-0","DOIUrl":"10.3758/s13414-024-02960-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>During visual search, representations in working memory (WM) can guide the deployment of attention toward memory-matching visual input. Although previous studies have demonstrated that multisensory interactions facilitate WM and visual search, it remains unclear whether multisensory interaction influences attentional capture by WM. To address this issue, the present study adopted a dual-task paradigm, pairing a visual search task with a WM task, in which the memory modality was manipulated to be either visual or audiovisual. The results revealed that memory-driven attentional capture was observed under the visual and the audiovisual condition. Additionally, the capture effects and response time (RT) costs under the audiovisual condition were weaker than those under the visual condition, even on the trials with the earliest RTs. Furthermore, RT benefits under the audiovisual condition were comparable with those under the visual condition. These findings suggest that multisensory interactions can enhance cognitive control, leading to robust strategic effects and improved search performance. In this process, cognitive control tends to suppress the attentional capture by WM-matching distractors rather than enhance the attentional capture by WM-matching targets. The present study offers new insights into the influence of multisensory interactions on attentional capture by WM.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55433,"journal":{"name":"Attention Perception & Psychophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142250081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}