BMC Medical Ethics最新文献

{"title":"Design and psychometric properties of a tool to assess Adherence to the Code of Ethics in Midwifery.","authors":"Zahra Kiani, Masoumeh Simbar, Abbas Ebadi, Soheila Nazarpour","doi":"10.1186/s12910-025-01246-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12910-025-01246-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55348,"journal":{"name":"BMC Medical Ethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"88"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12231620/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144565525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioethics at the intersection of politics, society, and healthcare: the significance of media debate analyses.","authors":"Niklas Ellerich-Groppe, Bettina M Zimmermann","doi":"10.1186/s12910-025-01233-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12910-025-01233-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since the \"empirical turn\" in bioethics, empirical inquiries have gained momentum in bioethical research. However, the relevance of the systematic analysis of media debates for empirical bioethics and the corresponding methodological requirements have so far been rather underexplored. Thus, the existing approaches are methodologically heterogeneous and their significance for bioethical inquiries has not been systematically discussed. In this paper, we provide a critical reflection on the significance of media debate analyses for bioethics, which lies in the possibility of investigating the unique intersection of bioethics, politics, society, and healthcare. Through a rapid scoping review, we outline the characteristics of published media debate analyses and show the heterogeneity of the field in terms of methodologies, academic disciplines, and topics covered. We identify four levels on which these publications contribute to bioethics research: (1) by providing a descriptive empirical context; (2) by describing ethical aspects of a health topic; (3) by identifying and evaluating moral problems; and (4) by providing an ethical evaluation of media debates. Based on this, we outline basic methodological requirements, address the limitations of media debate analyses for bioethics, and indicate recent and future advancements in the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":55348,"journal":{"name":"BMC Medical Ethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"85"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12231874/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144565524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preferences for life-sustaining treatments in advance decisions: a cross-sectional survey of Taiwanese general public.","authors":"Daniel Fu-Chang Tsai, Yu-Chen Juang, Chun-Tung Kuo, Ping-Hsueh Lee, Duan-Rung Chen","doi":"10.1186/s12910-025-01242-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12910-025-01242-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Taiwan passed the Patient Right to Autonomy Act in 2016 and introduced a legal document called advance decision to address dilemmas in making life-sustaining treatment (LST) decisions for incompetent patients. However, the proportion of Taiwanese adults who have completed an advance decision remains low, and public preference trends are unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional telephone survey was conducted among Taiwanese adults using a structured questionnaire to assess preferences regarding five types of LSTs across four hypothetical clinical scenarios (late-stage motor neuron disease, severe dementia, irreversible coma, and terminal cancer). Participants were categorized based on their preference patterns, and factors associated with each subgroup were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 3188 individuals contacted, 2440 declined to participate, and 748 (24.3%) respondents were successfully interviewed. A total of 747 responses were included in the analysis. Latent class analysis identified four preference subgroups: pro-forgo (more than half of the respondents), neutral, aggressive, and motor-neuron-disease specific. Older age, higher education, and better quality of life were associated with a greater likelihood of belonging to the pro-forgo group, while being male, unmarried, currently not working, or not residing in northern Taiwan were associated with a lower likelihood.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Most respondents expressed a consistent preference to forgo LSTs in the hypothetical clinical scenarios. This suggests that the advance decision, implemented in 2019, may align with public needs. However, given the low completion rate and prevalent preference patterns, policymakers should increase efforts to ensure that those in need have access to appropriate resources and consider implementing a tiered signing process.</p>","PeriodicalId":55348,"journal":{"name":"BMC Medical Ethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"83"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12231297/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144565527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioethics training needs assessment for HIV research in vulnerable populations: a survey of trainees at college of health sciences, Makerere university.","authors":"Josephine Nayiga, Stephen Okoboi, Grace Banturaki, Pauline Byakika-Kibwika, Barbara Castelnuovo","doi":"10.1186/s12910-025-01244-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12910-025-01244-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Research involving vulnerable populations of people living with HIV (PLWH), such as children, adolescents, older adults, pregnant and lactating women, hospitalized patients, and key populations, presents complex bioethical challenges. We assessed bioethics training needs for trainees engaged in HIV research from the School of Medicine (SoM) of Makerere University and the Infectious Disease Institute (IDI) to inform the development of a comprehensive bioethics training program for trainees.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted from March to May 2024 using an online structured questionnaire distributed via Google Forms. Participants included former and current trainees who have conducted research with PLWH within the past five years. Data collected included self-rated bioethics knowledge, frequency of encountering bioethical challenges, confidence in addressing challenges across vulnerable populations, and preferred training topics and delivery formats. Descriptive data analysis was performed using STATA Version 17.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We attained a response rate of 67.5% (108/160). While 75.9% reported formal bioethics training, 58.3% rated their knowledge moderate. Frequently encountered challenges included maintaining confidentiality and privacy (61.1%), conducting informed consent processes (56.1%), applying bioethical principles, engaging with communities (54.6%), and selecting appropriate research participants (51.4%). Confidence in addressing bioethical challenges was notably lower for vulnerable populations than for general HIV research. Confidence of the trainees was higher in research involving older PLWH and pregnant/lactating women, moderate with children/adolescents and hospitalized individuals, and very low with key populations. Trainees expressed limited confidence in addressing cultural sensitivity, stigma, coercion, community engagement, harm monitoring, and compensation for research-related harm across all the populations. Top training priorities included ethical issues with research involving vulnerable populations (97.2%), reporting ethical concerns (94.4%), community engagement (93.6%), research on stored samples/data (94.5%), and stigma/discrimination (92.6%). Preferred formats were in-person workshops, interactive case-based scenarios, and online courses.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Trainees faced diverse bioethical challenges and exhibited varying confidence levels in addressing these issues across different vulnerable populations. These findings underscore the need for targeted, context-specific bioethics training tailored to conducting research with vulnerable PLWH. This study has informed the development of a comprehensive training program to improve the ethical conduct of HIV research in Uganda.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial number: </strong>Not applicable.</p>","PeriodicalId":55348,"journal":{"name":"BMC Medical Ethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"81"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12226901/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144562069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconstruction of patients' treatment preferences in disorders of consciousness: a systematic review.","authors":"Niek Kok, Willemijn van Erp, Marjan J Meinders, Jelle van Gurp","doi":"10.1186/s12910-025-01241-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12910-025-01241-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC) are unable to partake in the decision making process concerning their treatment. In the process of medical decision-making, which in DoC often concerns life-and-death decisions, surrogates and healthcare professionals may try to reconstruct the treatment preferences of these patients. We aimed to identify which values and criteria have been used in various national care contexts to reconstruct the treatment preferences of incapacitated DoC patients and how reconstruction is conducted in practice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a systematic review of the of conceptual and empirical ethical literature. A search was performed in seven databases (Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, PsychINFO, and Sociological Abstracts). We used thematic analysis to identify values and criteria for reconstruction of treatment preferences.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>8.591 records were screened. In total, 17 conceptual studies and 13 empirical studies on preference reconstruction were included. We identified three normative-epistemic viewpoints on reconstruction of treatment preferences: a correspondence view which aims to respect personal autonomy and prioritizes the accuracy of reconstructed preferences; a coherence view which aims to respect personal identity and prioritizes the consistency of the preferences with the patient's lifeworld; and a communitarian view which aims to respect community and prioritizes the ongoing relation of a patient with family and friends. These views diverge on the problem of what makes for a good process of preference reconstruction. Additionally, treatment preferences of patients in DoC are inferred based on either past oral statements or on observations of patients' current behavior. The criteria that guide reconstructive efforts may evolve, especially when patients improve from UWS to MCS and when reconstructed preferences based on past statements and patient's current inferred psychological mental states steer treatment in mutually exclusive directions. There is no current standard approach to reconstructing treatment preferences in incapacitated DoC patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We recommend physicians to ask diversely formulated questions that stimulate surrogates towards giving multiple and rich answers. Simultaneously, physicians are advised not to overly test a surrogate's testimony because this may lead to an erosion of trust.</p>","PeriodicalId":55348,"journal":{"name":"BMC Medical Ethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"84"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12231754/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144565528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public attitudes toward the research use and storage of residual dried blood spots from newborn screening in China.","authors":"Xiaoshan Yin, Peiyao Wang, Yaru Liu, Kaixing Le, Ziyan Cen, Qimin He, Benqing Wu, Xinwen Huang","doi":"10.1186/s12910-025-01240-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12910-025-01240-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55348,"journal":{"name":"BMC Medical Ethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"76"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12225183/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144562073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the current situation of ICU nurses' moral disengagement and influencing factors.","authors":"Juanfeng He, Yalin Zhang, Fang Zhang, Xue Yang, Xi Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s12910-025-01245-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12910-025-01245-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Moral disengagement can lead to anti-social behaviour by employees in business. In the healthcare field, moral disengagement can lead nurses to make unethical decisions and behaviours that can harm patient well-being. Therefore, this paper will examine the factors influencing moral disengagement among ICU nurses with the aim of contributing to the reduction of the level of moral disengagement among nurses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Between January 2024 and January 2025, ICU nurses from second-level and above general hospitals in Henan and Hubei, China, were selected as survey respondents. The questionnaire survey was conducted using a general information questionnaire, a moral disengagement scale, a moral resilience scale, and a moral disengagement energy scale, and multiple linear stepwise regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of ICU nurses' moral disengagement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>305 ICU nurses scored (91.40 ± 34.37) on the Moral Disengagement Scale. The multiple linear stepwise regression analysis results showed that years of working experience, whether or not they had received ethics training(16.219 p < 0.001), ears of experience (-7.673, p = 0.018), moral resilience(-18.452,p < 0.001), and moral distress (5.523,p < 0.001) were the influencing factors of moral disengagement among ICU nurses (p < 0.05). The adjusted R2 = 0.499,which explains 49.9% of the total variation, suggests that the model explains the influences of moral disengagement well.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The moral disengagement of ICU nurses is moderately high, and individualized interventions can be carried out for high-risk groups to reduce this level and improve ethical decision-making to protect patient's rights and interests.</p>","PeriodicalId":55348,"journal":{"name":"BMC Medical Ethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"80"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12226920/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144562067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial intelligence policies in bioethics and health humanities: a comparative analysis of publishers and journals.","authors":"Christopher Bobier, Daniel Rodger, Daniel Hurst","doi":"10.1186/s12910-025-01239-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12910-025-01239-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) pose novel ethical and practical challenges for scholarly publishing. Although AI-related policies are emerging in many disciplines, little is known about the extent and clarity of AI guidance in bioethics and health humanities journals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A search of publicly available journal lists from the American Society for Bioethics and Humanities, Health Humanities Consortium, and Association for Medical Humanities was supplemented with Google Scholar's top 20 bioethics journals ranked by h5-index. This yielded 54 unique journals, of which 50 remained after excluding those without a functional website or recent publications. AI policies were reviewed at the journal and publisher levels were assessed via website review, and editors were contacted for clarification when required. Data extraction was conducted by one author and independently verified by two additional researchers to ensure accuracy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 50 journals analyzed, only 8 (16%) had a clear AI policy, while 27 (54%) were published by a publisher with an identifiable AI policy. Publisher AI policy statements were favorable to considering AI-assisted manuscripts. Five (10%) of the 8 journals with a clear AI policy explicitly prohibited AI-generated text in submissions. The remaining 15 (30%) journals did not have a publicly available AI policy. Ten of these 15 journals confirmed an absence of any formal AI policy, and seven indicated that discussion to develop guidelines was ongoing.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The adoption of AI policies in bioethics and health humanities journals is currently inconsistent. Some journals explicitly ban AI-generated text, whereas others permit AI-assisted writing, with publisher policies being favorable to considering AI-assisted manuscripts. The lack of standardized AI guidelines underscores the need for further discussion to ensure the ethical and responsible integration of AI in academic publishing.</p>","PeriodicalId":55348,"journal":{"name":"BMC Medical Ethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"79"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12226874/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144562068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Descriptions of risks and benefits of HIV vaccine trials in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs): an integrative review.","authors":"Judith Shayo, Deodatus Sabas, Adamu Addissie, Eligius Lyamuya, Connie Ulrich","doi":"10.1186/s12910-025-01235-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12910-025-01235-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine trials are needed in efforts to prevent infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Like other types of research, HIV vaccine trials present benefits and risks that may or may not be anticipated by participants. Perceptions of risks and benefits often vary with contextual factors, such as sociocultural and economic variables, which are important in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>This integrative review aimed to determine the risks and benefits of HIV vaccine trial participation reported in the LMICs from 1995 to 2024. The risks and benefits were reported by participants and potential participants during trial preparations, recruitment, actual trial participation or after trial participation. In this review we assessed on how the risks and benefits were described by the authors of the reviewed studies. We also sought to categorize these risks and benefits, consider ethical implications, identify gaps for further research, and recommend actions for policy improvement.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The integrative review screened studies from four databases (CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE and Web of Science). Studies were eligible if they involved interactions with human subjects and were written in English. Covidence software was used to organize the search outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>Twenty-five studies met inclusion criteria. Identified benefits included a sense of altruism, free healthcare, financial incentives and HIV education. Risks included stigma and discrimination associated with vaccine-induced seropositivity, perceived racism and fear of delayed harms. Important descriptions of risks and benefits (e.g., magnitude and likelihood) were missing. Free healthcare and financial incentives may render participants too influenced to enter consent, which is an important ethical concern in LMICs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The literature was scant, highlighting a need for research on how participants in LMICs are informed about weighing risks and benefits of HIV vaccine trial participation. More in-depth description of risks and benefits is warranted. Standardized risk/benefit assessment frameworks tailored to the context of these trials in LMICs are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":55348,"journal":{"name":"BMC Medical Ethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"75"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12224502/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144562070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distance caregiving using smart home technologies: balancing ethical priorities in family decision-making by only children.","authors":"Yi Jiao Angelina Tian, Michael Dunn, Silke Schicktanz, Julian Savulescu, Tenzin Wangmo","doi":"10.1186/s12910-025-01210-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12910-025-01210-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The parallel growth of population ageing and international migration have introduced a unique population of transnational caregivers in elder care. Particularly for only children who face conflicting obligations and reduced caregiving resources, smart home devices could be technical tools to care for older parents from a distance. Research towards the use of these technologies has unearthed ethical issues such as privacy, autonomy, stigma and beneficence, but has not been fully explored in distance care. In this paper, we explore the ethical issues expressed by a group of only children towards integrating assistive, monitoring, and robotic technologies in their transnational care plans.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Purposive snowball sampling was used for the recruitment of 26 distance caregivers aged between 28 and 45, who were their parent's only children. They lived in Europe for at least 5 years, with at least one parent residing in the home country. In semi-structured interviews, participants discussed the ethical issues of wearable devices, ambient and visual remote monitoring technologies, as well as the possible use of one assistive robot in the context of distance caregiving for older parents. We used the applied thematic analysis methodology to analyze the data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We highlight two ethical considerations. First, participants saw the need for maximizing good outcomes in caring for their older parents and fulfilling their responsibilities to ensure their health and safety, balanced against the respect for the parents' autonomy, dignity, and privacy. Second, they weighed the benefits and harms of technologies at a distance to provide companionship and support against the intrinsic value placed on care received from one's only child.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Discussions to involve technologies in elder care at a distance prompted complex decision-making processes to balance, weigh, and rationalize their ethical concerns as foreseen by the caregivers. The importance of maximizing the health and safety of older parents came at an unavoidable cost of the respect to autonomy, privacy, and dignity. Participants valued their own emotional connection and relationship to their parents, which they prioritized above the instrumental value of technological support. We further discuss our findings within the ethics of care theory and concepts within transnational care literature to make sense of the broader ethical implications of this empirical study.</p>","PeriodicalId":55348,"journal":{"name":"BMC Medical Ethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"74"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12225457/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144562072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}