Bulletin of VolcanologyPub Date : 2025-01-01Epub Date: 2025-02-26DOI: 10.1007/s00445-025-01803-6
B Esse, M Burton, C Hayer, G La Spina, A Pardo Cofrades, M Asensio-Ramos, J Barrancos, N Pérez
{"title":"Forecasting the evolution of the 2021 Tajogaite eruption, La Palma, with TROPOMI/PlumeTraj-derived SO<sub>2</sub> emission rates.","authors":"B Esse, M Burton, C Hayer, G La Spina, A Pardo Cofrades, M Asensio-Ramos, J Barrancos, N Pérez","doi":"10.1007/s00445-025-01803-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00445-025-01803-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As global populations grow, the exposure of communities and infrastructure to volcanic hazards increases every year. Once a volcanic eruption begins, it becomes critical for risk managers to understand the likely evolution and duration of the activity to assess its impact on populations and infrastructure. Here, we report an exponential decay in satellite-derived SO<sub>2</sub> emission rates during the 2021 eruption of Tajogaite, La Palma, Canary Islands, and show that this pattern allows a reliable and consistent forecast of the evolution of the SO<sub>2</sub> emissions after the first third of the total eruption duration. The eruption ended when fluxes dropped to less than 6% of their fitted maximum value, providing a useful benchmark to compare with other eruptions. Using a 1-D numerical magma ascent model, we suggest that the exponentially decreasing SO<sub>2</sub> emission trend was primarily produced by reducing magma chamber pressure as the eruption emptied the feeding reservoir. This work highlights the key role that satellite-derived SO<sub>2</sub> emission data can play in forecasting the evolution of volcanic eruptions and how the use of magma ascent models can inform the driving mechanisms controlling the evolution of the eruption.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00445-025-01803-6.</p>","PeriodicalId":55297,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Volcanology","volume":"87 3","pages":"20"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11865176/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143544579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bulletin of VolcanologyPub Date : 2025-01-01Epub Date: 2025-07-07DOI: 10.1007/s00445-025-01847-8
Taha Sadeghi Chorsi, Elisabeth Gallant, Lichen Forster, Jacqueline E Dixon, Timothy H Dixon
{"title":"Small intrusions may help maintain Kīlauea's lava lake.","authors":"Taha Sadeghi Chorsi, Elisabeth Gallant, Lichen Forster, Jacqueline E Dixon, Timothy H Dixon","doi":"10.1007/s00445-025-01847-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00445-025-01847-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We collected rapid-repeat radar data capturing the deformation of the active Halema'uma'u summit lava lake surface on January 19, 2023, an otherwise quiescent period during the January-March 2023 eruption. Radar interferograms were generated every 90 s over a 90-min period of intermittent inflation using a scanning real aperture radar operating at Ku-band (17.4 mm wavelength). This technique allows observation of phenomena at a temporal scale and spatial resolution not previously possible. We model the intrusion as a shallow sill, 10 to 100 m below the lava lake surface. We suggest that frequent intrusions of such small volume pulses of gas-rich magma help to provide the flux of heat and mass necessary to compensate for cooling, outgassing, and recycling of dense degassed magma to deeper levels, sustaining the lava lake during periods of near-steady-state.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00445-025-01847-8.</p>","PeriodicalId":55297,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Volcanology","volume":"87 8","pages":"62"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12234635/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144602308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bulletin of VolcanologyPub Date : 2025-01-01Epub Date: 2025-06-04DOI: 10.1007/s00445-025-01832-1
Michael A Clare, Isobel A Yeo, Jacob Nash, James E Hunt, Semisi Panuve, Alasdair Wilkie, Rebecca Williams, Natasha Dowey, Peter Rowley, Jennifer Barclay, Jeremy Phillips, Jazmin Scarlett, Samantha Engwell, Timothy J Henstock, Sarah Seabrook, Sally Watson, Richard Wysoczanski, Marta Ribo, Shane Cronin, Peter J Talling, Michael Cassidy, Sebastian Watt, Richard Robertson
{"title":"Volcanic eruptions and the global subsea telecommunications network.","authors":"Michael A Clare, Isobel A Yeo, Jacob Nash, James E Hunt, Semisi Panuve, Alasdair Wilkie, Rebecca Williams, Natasha Dowey, Peter Rowley, Jennifer Barclay, Jeremy Phillips, Jazmin Scarlett, Samantha Engwell, Timothy J Henstock, Sarah Seabrook, Sally Watson, Richard Wysoczanski, Marta Ribo, Shane Cronin, Peter J Talling, Michael Cassidy, Sebastian Watt, Richard Robertson","doi":"10.1007/s00445-025-01832-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00445-025-01832-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When the first transoceanic telegraph cables were laid in the mid-1800s, rapid communication between continents became possible. The advent of fibre-optic submarine cables in the 1990s catalyzed a global digital revolution. Today, a network of > 1.7 million kilometres of fibre-optic cables crosses the oceans, carrying more than 99% of all digital data traffic worldwide and trillions of dollars in financial transactions. These arteries of the global internet underpin many aspects of our daily lives, and are particularly important for remote island communities that rely on submarine cables for telemedicine, e-commerce, and online education. However, these same remote communities are often in seismically and volcanically active regions and can be prone to natural hazards that threaten their critical subsea communication infrastructure. This vulnerability was acutely exposed in January 2022, when the collapse of the eruption plume of Hunga Volcano triggered fast-moving density currents that damaged Tonga's only international submarine cable, cutting off an entire nation from global communications in the midst of a volcanic crisis. Here, we present a new comprehensive analysis of damage to subsea communications cables by volcanic events from around the world, and document their diverse impacts. Examples include (i) severing of the telegraph cable crossing the Sunda Strait by a tsunami triggered by the 1883 Krakatau eruption, Indonesia; (ii) ocean-entering pyroclastic density currents, lahars, and landslides during the 1902 eruptions of Mount Pelée, Martinique, that damaged six telegraph cables; (iii) destruction of a cable landing station on Montserrat by a pyroclastic density current in 1997; (iv) submarine slope failure at Kick 'em Jenny, Grenada, that damaged two fibre-optic cables; (v) complete loss of the telecommunications network due to power outages following the 2000 eruption of Miyake-jima, Japan; and (vi) disruption to subsea cables resulting from the 2021 eruption of La Soufrière, St. Vincent. We find that the causes of damage typically relate to secondary hazards that occur not only at the same time as the eruption climax, but also some time after. There does not appear to be an explosivity intensity threshold for cable-damaging events; however, the extent of damage may be related to the original volcano morphology (e.g. steep slopes), spatial location (e.g. near the coast or partially/totally submerged), the eruption size or explosivity, and/or volcanic depositional processes involved. Based on these diverse case studies, we present lessons learned for enhancing telecommunications resilience, and discuss how subsea cables themselves can be used as sensors to improve understanding and early warning of volcanic hazards, potentially filling a monitoring gap for remote island communities.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00445-025-01832-1.</p>","PeriodicalId":55297,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Volcanology","volume":"87 6","pages":"51"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12133983/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144235987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The crystal cargo provides a chronicle of pre-caldera dynamics in mafic volcanic systems: insights from Colli Albani.","authors":"Mónica Ágreda-López, Alessandro Musu, Corin Jorgenson, Martin Šala, Guido Giordano, Luca Caricchi, Ciprian Stremtan, Maurizio Petrelli","doi":"10.1007/s00445-025-01865-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00445-025-01865-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding the processes leading up to caldera-forming eruptions is essential for identifying precursory signals of catastrophic events. While these phenomena have been extensively studied in silicic systems, mafic volcanoes present unique challenges. Indeed, the high eruptive temperatures of mafic magmas might imply short storage in the cold upper crust and, thus, short periods of unrest preceding eruption, which could challenge our capacity to mitigate the impact of an imminent event. In this study, we present new textural data, major- and trace-element analyses, and quantitative trace-element maps of the crystal cargo from an effusive to mildly explosive sequence (the Fontana Centogocce Formation) and the subsequent caldera-forming phase (the Villa Senni Formation) at the Colli Albani volcano in Italy. By integrating well-established and data-driven approaches, we constrain the processes and dynamics that drive the transition from mildly explosive to highly explosive activity in the studied magmatic sequences. Our findings reveal that the effusive to mildly explosive eruptions preceding the caldera-forming event were fed by multiple magma reservoirs emplaced at shallow crustal levels ( <math><mo>∼</mo></math> 1-4 kbar). Following a quiescent period recorded by a paleosol, more primitive magma rose directly from the mantle and accumulated at multiple crustal levels. The ascent of one of these magma pulses ultimately triggered Colli Albani's last caldera-forming eruption.</p>","PeriodicalId":55297,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Volcanology","volume":"87 9","pages":"78"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12398453/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144979634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bulletin of VolcanologyPub Date : 2025-01-01Epub Date: 2025-09-13DOI: 10.1007/s00445-025-01876-3
Julia E Gestrich, Corrado Cimarelli, David Fee, Antonio Capponi, Caron E J Vossen, Markus Schmid
{"title":"The acoustics of bulge rise and rupture at Strokkur geyser.","authors":"Julia E Gestrich, Corrado Cimarelli, David Fee, Antonio Capponi, Caron E J Vossen, Markus Schmid","doi":"10.1007/s00445-025-01876-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00445-025-01876-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Geysers are natural geothermal features that episodically erupt hot water and steam due to the buildup and release of subsurface vapor bubbles. At Strokkur geyser, Iceland, eruptions begin with the growth of a surface bulge caused by rising bubble clusters, followed by gradual rupture and disintegration into a water fountain. In this study, we investigate the high-resolution acoustic and visual signatures of this initial phase of the eruption, providing detailed insights into the fluid dynamics that govern bulge formation and rupture. While similar eruptive behavior is sometimes observed in low-viscosity volcanic systems, Strokkur offers a uniquely transparent medium in which processes like bubble rise and clustering can be directly observed, providing analogies to otherwise obscured dynamics in lava or mud-dominated settings. We combine low-frequency infrasound and high-frequency audio recordings with high-speed video, using synchronized data to track the evolution of the bulge. The results demonstrate that infrasound effectively detects bulge growth, while the onset of rupture is marked by a rise in audio-frequency amplitude. A monopole model is used to simulate pressure variations during bulge growth. The observed decompression signal is associated with the downward water motion during bulge disintegration. These findings improve our understanding of geyser eruption dynamics and suggest how acoustic monitoring can provide valuable information about subsurface processes in both geysers and volcanoes, such as dome inflation or gas bubble accumulation beneath magma surfaces.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00445-025-01876-3.</p>","PeriodicalId":55297,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Volcanology","volume":"87 10","pages":"82"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12433364/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145071248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Santiago Santamaría, Mathilde Bablon, Xavier Quidelleur, Pablo Samaniego, Jean-Luc Le Pennec, Silvana Hidalgo, Céline Liorzou
{"title":"Blossoming of the Pleistocene volcanism in the Ecuadorian Andes: a review based on new and recent geochronological data","authors":"Santiago Santamaría, Mathilde Bablon, Xavier Quidelleur, Pablo Samaniego, Jean-Luc Le Pennec, Silvana Hidalgo, Céline Liorzou","doi":"10.1007/s00445-024-01767-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-024-01767-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Ecuadorian arc is composed of an unusually high number of volcanoes, organized as along-arc alignments and across-arc clusters, in a relatively small area. Although several geochronological studies have been carried out in the last three decades, the eruptive history of the central zone of the arc remains poorly documented, preventing analysis of the initiation of volcanism of the whole arc. In this study, we present new K–Ar ages obtained from this central area, referred to as the Quito segment. These results were then incorporated into an updated comprehensive geochronological database of about 250 ages, allowing us to describe, at the arc scale, the spatial and temporal evolution of Quaternary volcanism in Ecuador. About eighty Quaternary volcanoes have been identified in the Ecuadorian Andes, 45 of which have been radioisotopically dated and/or identified as active or potentially active. The volcanic arc developed in three stages, characterized by an increase in the total number of active volcanoes. During the oldest Plio-Early Pleistocene stage, documented volcanic activity was mostly concentrated in the Eastern Cordillera of the Quito segment, with minor effusive eruptions in the southern Back-Arc. Since ~ 1.4 Ma, activity has spread to the surroundings of the Quito segment, and new edifices also appeared in the Western Cordillera and the Inter-Andean Valley. Towards the end of this intermediate stage (i.e., ~ 800 ka), volcanism occurred in isolated areas north and south of the Inter-Andean Valley. Finally, the late and current has been characterized by a remarkable increase in volcanic activity since ~ 600 ka. About 50 volcanoes were active during this stage. The spatial distribution of the Ecuadorian arc volcanism seems to be guided by deep mechanisms (i.e., slab geometry and age, amount and composition (fluids and melts) of slab input, mantle heterogeneities) and old crustal tectonic structures of the Western Cordillera, while neotectonics seems to influence the development of stratovolcanoes. In addition, we note that the spatial and temporal evolution of volcanism highlights the influence of the Carnegie Ridge and the young Nazca crust on the thermal regime of the subduction system, which in turn increases of volcanic activity in Ecuador.</p>","PeriodicalId":55297,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Volcanology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142196844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michelle L. Coombs, Cheryl E. Cameron, Hannah R. Dietterich, Eleanor S. Boyce, Aaron G. Wech, Ronni Grapenthin, Kristi L. Wallace, Tom Parker, Taryn Lopez, Scott Crass, David Fee, Matthew M. Haney, Dane Ketner, Matthew W. Loewen, John J. Lyons, Jenny S. Nakai, John A. Power, Steven Botnick, Israel Brewster, Max L Enders, Dain Harmon, Peter J. Kelly, Michael Randall
{"title":"From field station to forecast: managing data at the Alaska Volcano Observatory","authors":"Michelle L. Coombs, Cheryl E. Cameron, Hannah R. Dietterich, Eleanor S. Boyce, Aaron G. Wech, Ronni Grapenthin, Kristi L. Wallace, Tom Parker, Taryn Lopez, Scott Crass, David Fee, Matthew M. Haney, Dane Ketner, Matthew W. Loewen, John J. Lyons, Jenny S. Nakai, John A. Power, Steven Botnick, Israel Brewster, Max L Enders, Dain Harmon, Peter J. Kelly, Michael Randall","doi":"10.1007/s00445-024-01766-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-024-01766-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) uses multidisciplinary data to monitor and study dozens of active and potentially active volcanoes. Here, we provide an overview of internally and externally generated data types, tools and resources used in their management, and challenges faced. Data sources include the following: (1) a multiparameter (seismic, infrasound, GNSS, web cameras) ground-based monitoring network that spans 3000 km and transmits data in real time; (2) a variety of satellite-borne sensors that provide information about surface change and volcanic emissions; (3) geologic and gas field campaigns; and (4) other external data products that provide situation awareness. Each data type requires distinct acquisition, processing, storage, visualization, and archiving approaches. AVO uses a variety of externally and internally developed tools to handle individual data types as well as multidisciplinary volcanological data. A primary tool is the Geologic Database of Information on Volcanoes in Alaska (GeoDIVA), which stores detailed, searchable information on more than 140 volcanoes and over 1000 eruptions and unrest events, including images, eruption descriptions, and geologic station and sample data, metadata, and analyses. It interacts with other internal tools that store monitoring reports and other operational records. Additional data management resources used by AVO assist with alarms and alerts, state-of-health monitoring, and multiparameter visualization. Requirements for 24/7 accessibility, the ever-expanding portfolio of data, and transitioning new tools from development to operations are all challenges faced by AVO and other volcano observatories. AVO strives to meet FAIR data practices and ensure that data are available to national and international community efforts using external repositories as well as those hosted by AVO and its parent institutions.</p>","PeriodicalId":55297,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Volcanology","volume":"170 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142196845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IAVCEI-INVOLC International Network for Volcanology Collaboration
{"title":"Towards inclusive collaboration in volcanology: guidelines for best-engagement protocols in international collaboration","authors":"IAVCEI-INVOLC International Network for Volcanology Collaboration","doi":"10.1007/s00445-024-01760-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-024-01760-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The International Network for Volcanology Collaboration (INVOLC) is a network formalised by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior (IAVCEI) with the specific ambition to enhance volcanology globally through improved international collaboration. IAVCEI-INVOLC was created with a focus on volcano scientists working in resource-constrained contexts, including those based in low- or middle-income countries. After a community-wide online survey and inaugural workshop during which INVOLC’s ambitions were discussed, a series of challenges, as commonly experienced by those working in resource-constrained settings, were identified. These challenges may present barriers to participation in volcano science in an international context and are related to both organisational resources (financial, human, technical) and inclusion in research collaborations. In this perspectives paper, we present a series of 15 guidelines for best-engagement protocols in international collaboration in volcanology that may be adopted during times of quiescence, volcanic unrest and/or an eruption and its aftermath. Our aspiration is that these guidelines will help build more respectful, equitable and sustainable partnerships that will ultimately advance the science of volcanology.</p>","PeriodicalId":55297,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Volcanology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142196848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alain Burgisser, Ally Peccia, Terry Plank, Yves Moussallam
{"title":"Numerical simulations of the latest caldera-forming eruption of Okmok volcano, Alaska","authors":"Alain Burgisser, Ally Peccia, Terry Plank, Yves Moussallam","doi":"10.1007/s00445-024-01765-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-024-01765-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The 2050 ± 50 <sup>14</sup>C yBP caldera-forming eruption of Okmok volcano, Alaska, had a global atmospheric impact with tephra deposits found in distant Arctic ice cores and a sulfate signal found in both Greenland and Antarctic ice cores. The associated global climate cooling was driven by the amount of sulfur injected into the stratosphere during the climactic phase of the eruption. This phase was dominated by pyroclastic density currents, which have complex emplacement dynamics precluding direct estimates of the sulfur stratospheric load. We simulated the dynamics of the climactic phase with the two-phase flow model MFIX-TFM under axisymmetric conditions with several combinations of mass eruption rate, jet water content, vent size, particle size and density, topography, and emission duration. Results suggest that a steady mass eruption rate of 1.2–3.9 × 10<sup>11</sup> kg/s is consistent with field observations. Minimal stratospheric injections occur in pulses issued from the central plume initially rising above the caldera center and from successive phoenix ash-clouds caused by the encounter of the pyroclastic density currents with topography. Most of the volcanic gas is injected into the stratosphere by the buoyant liftoff of dilute parts of the currents at the end of the eruption. Overall, 58–64 wt% of the total amount of gas emitted reaches the stratosphere. A fluctuating emission rate or an efficient final liftoff due to seawater interaction is unlikely to have increased this loading. Combined with petrological estimates of the degassed S, our results suggest that the eruption injected 11–20 Tg S into the stratosphere, consistent with the subsequent climate response and Greenland ice sheet deposition. Our results also show that the combination of the source Richardson number and the mass eruption rate is able to characterize the buoyant–collapse transition at Okmok. We extended this result to 141 runs from 10 published numerical studies of eruptive jets and found that this regime diagram is able to capture the first-order layout of the buoyant–collapse transition in all studies except one. An existing multivariate criterion yields the best predictions of this regime transition.</p>","PeriodicalId":55297,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Volcanology","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141936091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jacob Brauner, Thomas R. Walter, Oscar A. N. Ela, Loÿc Vanderkluysen
{"title":"Volcano-tectonic controls on the morphology and volcanic rift zone configuration on Bioko Island (Equatorial Guinea) derived from TanDEM-X data","authors":"Jacob Brauner, Thomas R. Walter, Oscar A. N. Ela, Loÿc Vanderkluysen","doi":"10.1007/s00445-024-01764-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-024-01764-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The morphology of the shield volcanoes on Bioko, a volcanic island in central Africa, is controlled both by tectonic and volcanic processes, but the complex interplay of these regional and local mechanisms is poorly understood. Using a TanDEM-X digital elevation model, we are able to create an inventory of 436 vents and monogenetic cones, and over 1330 structural elements and lineaments, and perform a comprehensive morphological and geospatial analysis. We provide detail on the general geomorphology of Bioko Island, and describe its flat top, apical graben-like structures, and the setting of the structural inventory created. Based on vent density and lineament mapping, we are able to identify volcanic rift zones that are governed by vent clustering and the asymmetry of associated monogenetic cones. Specifically, we find that eruption vents are not only clustered but aligned and follow the principal NE-SW axis, although we also highlight evidence for complex structures such as side-stepping alignments and <i>en échelon</i> patterns indicative of strike-slip contributions to the volcano-tectonic fabrics. We discuss possible volcano-tectonic and regional tectonic contributors, such as the Cameroon Volcanic Line and intersecting fracture zones, as well as gravity-tectonic processes dominant at Bioko Island. In this view, our results are relevant for understanding the past and recent volcanic activity and discuss the influence of regional and local volcano-tectonic architectures.</p>","PeriodicalId":55297,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Volcanology","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141882316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}