Comptes Rendus Biologies最新文献

{"title":"Routine production of population trends from citizen science data: insights into the dynamics of common bird and plant species in France.","authors":"Mathilde Vimont, Lise Bartholus, Yves Bas, Benoît Fontaine, Colin Fontaine, Romain Julliard, Grégoire Loïs, Romain Lorrillière, Gabrielle Martin, Emmanuelle Porcher","doi":"10.5802/crbiol.184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5802/crbiol.184","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ongoing environmental crisis, driven by human activities, has resulted in significant biodiversity losses across various taxa, affecting ecosystem functioning. To deal with this crisis, policymakers have notably established the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, which includes targets to mitigate biodiversity loss by 2050. To achieve this goal, reliable and ecologically relevant indicators are essential to quantify and qualify biodiversity changes. Temporal trends in species abundance or occurrence have been proposed as useful indicators. In France, the Vigie-Nature program engages volunteers in biodiversity monitoring through various schemes, thereby producing relevant data to estimate country-wide temporal trends for various taxonomic groups. Some indicators of population trends are already produced for some taxa, but the analysis pipelines remain unpublished and need extensions to accommodate monitoring schemes collecting presence/absence instead of abundance data, such as the Vigie-flore plant monitoring scheme. Here, we present a newly developed analysis pipeline to estimate population trends, which handles different data types and protocol specificities, and goes beyond linear population trends by considering multiple time periods and visualizing non-linear dynamics. In addition to introducing the methodology and making it available, we ran this pipeline to produce population trends for 148 bird and 181 plant species in France, based on abundance data from STOC (French Breeding Bird Survey) and occurrence data from Vigie-flore schemes. Results show as many increasing as decreasing bird population trends over the past 23 years, and a tendency for more decreasing than increasing plant population trends over the past 15 years, thereby revealing significant changes in community composition. Specifically, for birds, most habitat generalist species showed stable or increasing population trends, while most habitat specialist species showed stable or decreasing population trends, suggesting biotic homogenization. This pipeline and first analyses provide an unprecedented overview of bird and plant population trends, and contribute to the production of biodiversity indicators based on open science and reproducible research.</p>","PeriodicalId":55231,"journal":{"name":"Comptes Rendus Biologies","volume":"348 ","pages":"229-247"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145187722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure of the ribosome from highly developed organisms. Mini review.","authors":"Liliia Nurulina, Salvatore Terossu, Marat Yusupov","doi":"10.5802/crbiol.181","DOIUrl":"10.5802/crbiol.181","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ribosomes of highly evolved organisms are larger than their bacterial counterparts not only in terms of the number of proteins but also in terms of RNA length extensions. Some extensions do not fold into the three-dimensional structure of the ribosome in cryo-EM analysis and cannot be crystallized for X-ray examination. These expansion segments are not visible due to flexibility. In this mini-review, we propose an approach to study the chick embryo ribosome as an example of a highly evolved organism to visualize the expansion segments and study the mechanism of in situ tetramerization and crystallization of ribosomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":55231,"journal":{"name":"Comptes Rendus Biologies","volume":"348 ","pages":"183-188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145071268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risks associated with CRISPR homing gene drive.","authors":"Virginie Courtier-Orgogozo","doi":"10.5802/crbiol.182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5802/crbiol.182","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>CRISPR homing gene drive is a disruptive biotechnology developed over the past decade with potential applications in public health, agriculture, and conservation biology. This technology relies on an autonomous selfish genetic element able to spread in natural populations through the release of gene drive individuals. However, it has not yet been deployed in the wild. In this review, we examine the key risks associated with CRISPR homing gene drives. First, we explore technical limitations, where gene drives might not be as efficient as intended, and cases where mitigation strategies may not be able to block a gene drive. Then, we present four main categories of adverse effects: (a) ecological risks, corresponding to unintended consequences on ecosystems and non-target populations; (b) sociological risks, i.e. concerns over public perception, governance, and societal acceptance; (c) risks associated with research activities; and (d) risks associated with malevolent usage. Regulatory aspects are not addressed here. This article provides a foundation for evaluating gene drive risks to ensure responsible and informed decision-making.</p>","PeriodicalId":55231,"journal":{"name":"Comptes Rendus Biologies","volume":"348 ","pages":"211-227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145014505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theories of the origin of SARS-CoV-2 in the light of its continuing evolution.","authors":"Florence Débarre, Zach Hensel","doi":"10.5802/crbiol.183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5802/crbiol.183","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The exact details of the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing Covid-19, remain unknown. Scientific publications using data available to date point to a natural origin linked to the wildlife trade at a market in Wuhan, China. Yet, theories postulating a research-related origin of SARS-CoV-2 abound, and currently dominate the public discussion of the origin of the Covid-19 pandemic. Here, we attempt to characterize the diversity of research-related origin scenarios, discuss their characteristics and evidence base, or the lack thereof, and highlight mutual incompatibilities between some scenarios. We then focus on a feature of SARS-CoV-2 that is central in today's leading research-related hypotheses, namely the insertion that led to the introduction of a polybasic cleavage site in the spike glycoprotein. We examine various scenarios put forward to explain this insertion in a research-related context, and we show how SARS-CoV-2's evolution in humans has provided examples demonstrating that such insertions happen naturally.</p>","PeriodicalId":55231,"journal":{"name":"Comptes Rendus Biologies","volume":"348 ","pages":"189-209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144994573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Fungal communities in forest soils under climate change].","authors":"Francis Martin","doi":"10.5802/crbiol.179","DOIUrl":"10.5802/crbiol.179","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Forest fungi are crucial for the function and sustainability of forest ecosystems. This article reviews the current understanding of the biology and ecology of two main fungal guilds in forests: saprotrophic fungi, which decompose plant detritus and soil organic matter, and symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi, which promote tree growth. I will explore the factors influencing the diversity and dynamics of fungal communities in forest soils under climate change conditions. Finally, I briefly discuss research programs aimed at defining the conditions for utilising tree microbiota, particularly mycorrhizal symbionts, in planting and assisted migration projects for forestry species. Controlled mycorrhiza formation allows for the production of young forest seedlings mycorrhized with selected fungal strains, thereby enhancing the mineral and water nutrition of seedlings, stimulating juvenile growth, and increasing resistance to drought and pathogens. It is also used for truffle cultivation and edible mushroom production.</p>","PeriodicalId":55231,"journal":{"name":"Comptes Rendus Biologies","volume":"348 ","pages":"167-181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144746018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mini-organs and early embryos in vitro: what is at stake?","authors":"Melina Thetiot, Pascale Cossart, Laure Bally-Cuif","doi":"10.5802/crbiol.185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5802/crbiol.185","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Organoids and embryoids are self-organizing 3D cellular models derived from human pluripotent stem cells or dissociated stem cells from primary tissue, able of partially mimicking the development and function of tissues, organs, or embryos in vitro. Research using these models is advancing rapidly, starting to overcome challenges in studying human development, evolution, and disease. The conference from the French Académie des Sciences \"Mini-organs and early embryos in vitro: what is at stake?\" illustrated the promise of organoids and embryoids in basic and translational research. The lectures emphasized recent biomedical applications, particularly in disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine. Current challenges and future directions have also been discussed alongside with the ethical implications of generating functional structures from human cells in vitro.</p>","PeriodicalId":55231,"journal":{"name":"Comptes Rendus Biologies","volume":"348 ","pages":"159-166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144692524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atomic insights reveal fidelity mechanisms of eukaryotic protein synthesis.","authors":"Nemanja Milicevic, Lasse Jenner, Alexander Myasnikov, Marat Yusupov, Gulnara Yusupova","doi":"10.5802/crbiol.180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5802/crbiol.180","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Protein synthesis involves a critical step where messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNAs (tRNAs) must move in tandem to advance the mRNA reading frame by one codon. This process, known as translocation, is catalyzed by elongation factor G (EF-G) in prokaryotes and elongation factor 2 (eEF2) in archaea and eukaryotes. While eEF2 not only accelerates translocation but also maintains reading frame fidelity, high-resolution structural insights into eukaryotic translocation have remained limited compared to the extensively studied prokaryotic system. In our recently published study, we employed cryogenic-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to determine ten high-resolution reconstructions of the elongating eukaryotic ribosome in complex with the full translocation module, including mRNA, peptidyl-tRNA, and deacylated tRNA (Milicevic et al.,2024). Seven of these structures included ribosome-bound, naturally modified eEF2. These snapshots captured the stepwise progression of the mRNA-tRNA2-peptide module through the eukaryotic 80S ribosome, from the initial accommodation of eEF2 until the final stages of translocation (Milicevic et al.,2024). We further showed a complex network of interactions that safeguards against reading frame slippage during translation. Additionally, we illustrated how the accuracy of translocation in eukaryotes is reinforced by specific features of the 80S ribosome and eEF2. Finally, we suggested that diphthamide, a conserved post-translational modification in eEF2, not only stabilizes correct Watson-Crick codon-anticodon pairing, but also restricts Wobble geometry of the second base pair.</p>","PeriodicalId":55231,"journal":{"name":"Comptes Rendus Biologies","volume":"348 ","pages":"149-157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144692523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"","authors":"Vincent Debat, Manuela López-Villavicencio, Violaine Llaurens","doi":"10.5802/crbiol.178","DOIUrl":"10.5802/crbiol.178","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>How do closely related species interact in sympatry? And how do these interactions influence the evolution of their traits and the dynamics of species diversification? In this review, we show how recent research on the evolution of Morpho butterflies contributes to address these questions. We first show how sympatric species have colonized different vertical strata in the neotropical forest and how this divergence has produced cascading adaptive effects on behavioural (flight) but also morphological traits, including wing size, shape and coloration. We then focus on the evolution of peculiar dorsal blue coloration within the genus Morpho. During flight, the blue iridescence produces bright flashes that confuse predators and likely enhance the escape abilities of these butterflies. In turn, predators learn the association between such conspicuous coloration and escaping capacities. Such learning favours the locally abundant colour pattern and promotes the local convergence in sympatric species. However, this tight resemblance also induces sexual interference between mimetic species. Capture-Mark-Recapture data uncovered that mimetic species do not fly at the same hours: competition seems to have driven the divergence in the timing of flight activity between species. Overall, sympatry therefore promotes the intricated evolution of convergent and divergent traits among tightly related species, that jointly facilitate their coexistence. Whether ecological speciation was involved in this evolution is an intriguing open question. At the genomic level, analyses revealed a faster evolution of the sexual chromosome Z as compared to the autosomes, with extensive rearrangements and molecular signals of positive selection: these data thus suggest an important role for the Z chromosome in adaptive evolution in Morpho and possibly in speciation. Paving the way for future research, these various, multilevel studies show that Morpho are not just those showy butterflies in the box: they can also teach us much about evolutionary processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":55231,"journal":{"name":"Comptes Rendus Biologies","volume":"348 ","pages":"137-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144327798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolutionary convergences and divergences in sympatric species: <i>Morpho</i> butterflies as a case study.","authors":"Vincent Debat, Manuela López-Villavicencio, Violaine Llaurens","doi":"10.5802/crbiol.178","DOIUrl":"10.5802/crbiol.178","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>How do closely related species interact in sympatry? And how do these interactions influence the evolution of their traits and the dynamics of species diversification? In this review, we show how recent research on the evolution of Morpho butterflies contributes to address these questions. We first show how sympatric species have colonized different vertical strata in the neotropical forest and how this divergence has produced cascading adaptive effects on behavioural (flight) but also morphological traits, including wing size, shape and coloration. We then focus on the evolution of peculiar dorsal blue coloration within the genus Morpho. During flight, the blue iridescence produces bright flashes that confuse predators and likely enhance the escape abilities of these butterflies. In turn, predators learn the association between such conspicuous coloration and escaping capacities. Such learning favours the locally abundant colour pattern and promotes the local convergence in sympatric species. However, this tight resemblance also induces sexual interference between mimetic species. Capture-Mark-Recapture data uncovered that mimetic species do not fly at the same hours: competition seems to have driven the divergence in the timing of flight activity between species. Overall, sympatry therefore promotes the intricated evolution of convergent and divergent traits among tightly related species, that jointly facilitate their coexistence. Whether ecological speciation was involved in this evolution is an intriguing open question. At the genomic level, analyses revealed a faster evolution of the sexual chromosome Z as compared to the autosomes, with extensive rearrangements and molecular signals of positive selection: these data thus suggest an important role for the Z chromosome in adaptive evolution in Morpho and possibly in speciation. Paving the way for future research, these various, multilevel studies show that Morpho are not just those showy butterflies in the box: they can also teach us much about evolutionary processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":55231,"journal":{"name":"Comptes Rendus Biologies","volume":"348 ","pages":"137-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144334527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens as major players in the metabolic integration of organelles","authors":"Steven Ball, Denis Baurain, Marie Leleu, Ingrid Lafontaine, Ugo Cenci, Christophe Colleoni, Olivier Vallon, Gilbert Greub, Andreas Weber, Debashish Bhattacharya","doi":"10.5802/crbiol.176","DOIUrl":"10.5802/crbiol.176","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Endosymbionts are very common in nature, offering multiple occasions to recapitulate events that have led to the generation of mitochondria and plastids. However, both these organelles are unique because they are thought to derive from two individual events that gave rise to all eukaryotes and the plastids in algae and plants (excluding Paulinella chromatophora), respectively. This review focuses on the differences and similarities existing between extant endosymbionts and the two major endosymbiont derived organelles: the mitochondria and plastids. Emphasis is put on recent developments that point to the major role of intracellular pathogens in the establishment of these organelles. We argue that metabolic integration of bacterial endosymbionts into mitochondria and plastids required an unusually high degree of preadaptation not shared by most extant endosymbionts. We propose that this was achieved by either recruiting intracellular bacterial pathogens as \"helper genomes\" providing needed gene products, or by selecting endosymbionts destined to become organelles directly from such obligate intracellular bacteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":55231,"journal":{"name":"Comptes Rendus Biologies","volume":"348 ","pages":"107-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144267917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}