Flora最新文献

{"title":"Clonal growth characteristics of Rosa persica in response to arid environment","authors":"Xiaolong Zhang ,&nbsp;Aimin Zhang ,&nbsp;Yangfeng Liang,&nbsp;Chao Yu,&nbsp;Qixiang Zhang,&nbsp;Le Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152725","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152725","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plant adaptation strategies are a key scientific topic for studying the mechanisms of vegetation community formation and restoration in arid regions. <em>Rosa persica</em> is an important perennial shrub that can be clonally propagated, and widely used in horticultural breeding and water and soil conservation. In this study, we revealed its horizontal root and adventitious bud characteristics through morphology and anatomy, and explored the relationship between clonal growth characteristics and environmental factors in a continental area of Xinjiang. The anatomical and morphological features confirm the root origin of ramets, and adventitious buds arise from the pericycle of horizontal roots. The horizontal roots are primarily distributed within the 0–20 cm soil layer and extended up to 230 cm in length. <em>Rosa persica</em> tends to reproduce asexually and expand horizontally, with the biomass allocated to clonal reproduction (63.32 g) being 2.33 times that of sexual reproduction (27.14 g). On average, it produced 9.1 adventitious buds or ramets per meter. Among 10 environmental factors, mean temperature of the coldest quarter, soil potassium, precipitation of the driest month, and annual mean precipitation had a significant effect on growth traits (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05), with a cumulative explanatory power of 43.20 %. The above results reveal the organ types, growth characteristics and relationships with environmental factors in the clonal propagation of <em>R. persica</em>, providing valuable insights for conservation efforts and the study of adaptive mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 152725"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143734603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Different benefit from clonal integration of stress signal between a stoloniferous alien invasive plantand its congeneric native one","authors":"Jie Deng,&nbsp;Jiao Tian,&nbsp;Cheng-Gang Qiu,&nbsp;Xue-Mei Wang,&nbsp;Jie Jiang,&nbsp;Han-Jun Yang,&nbsp;Yi Dan,&nbsp;Chang-Fan Chen,&nbsp;Su-Juan Duan,&nbsp;Jin-Song Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152724","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152724","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Under heterogeneous resource supply, alien invasive plants with clonal growth can benefit more from clonal integration than their native ones. However, different benefit from clonal integration of non-resource substance (such as stress signal or hormone) between alien invasive plants with clonal growth and their congeneric native ones was poorly understood. A pot experiment was conducted to explore clonal integration of stress signal induced by local exogenous ABA application within clonal networks of alien invasive plant <em>Wedelia trilobata</em> and its congeneric native one <em>W. chinensis</em> subjected to drought stress (20% soil moisture). Chlorophyll fluorescence parameter (<em>F_v/F_m</em>, ΦPSII and qP) and photosynthetic parameter (<em>P_n</em> and <em>G_s</em>) of young ramets in <em>W. trilobata</em> significantly increased 2 or 3 days after exogenous ABA application to old ramets. <em>F_v/F_m</em> of young ramets in <em>W. chinensis</em> significantly increased 3 days after exogenous ABA application. Meanwhile, <em>P_n</em> and <em>G_s</em> significantly increased 17 days after exogenous ABA application. After exogenous ABA application to young ramets of <em>W. trilobata</em> 3 days, <em>F_v/F_m</em> and <em>P_n</em> of its old ramets significantly increased. In addition, significant increase of ΦPSII, <em>P_n</em> and <em>G_s</em> in old ramets of <em>W. chinensis</em> was delayed to 17 days after exogenous ABA application. At the end of experiment, exogenous ABA application significantly promoted biomass accumulation of clonal fragments in alien invasive plant <em>W. trilobata</em>. Similar pattern was not observed in its congeneric native one. It is suggested that clonal integration of stress signal may improve growth performance more in alien invasive plant with clonal growth than its congeneric native one, which further promoting its invasiveness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 152724"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143737750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature and hydrology shape germination strategies of wetland Carex achenes with pericarp manipulation","authors":"Yaxiao Li ,&nbsp;Dandan Zhao ,&nbsp;Hongyuan Ma ,&nbsp;Shaoyang Li ,&nbsp;Haitao Wu ,&nbsp;Shiman Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152722","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152722","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Under the dual influences of global change and anthropogenic activities, wetland ecosystems are experiencing significant degradation, which directly affect the achenes germination and regeneration strategies of dominant wetland plants such as <em>Carex</em> species. As keystone species in wetlands, <em>Carex</em> achenes possess complex dormancy mechanisms, and their germination responses to environmental cues are crucial for wetland restoration. This study investigated the germination responses of <em>Carex schmidtii</em> and <em>Carex limosa</em> achenes, with and without pericarp removal, under two hydrological status (flooding and non-flooding) and four temperature regimes (5/28 °C, 16/28 °C, 5/35 °C, and 22 °C). Germination percentage, mean germination time (MGT), and germination synchronicity (SYN) were measured. Results showed that germination occurred only under fluctuating temperatures but not at constant temperatures. The pericarp removal treatment i.e. dehulled achenes exhibited higher germination percentages at the fluctuating temperatures under flooding conditions. Hydrological status significantly influenced the final germination percentage of <em>C. limosa</em>, which peaked at 16/28 °C. The <em>C. schmidtii</em> demonstrated a higher germination percentage and a broader temperature range for germination than <em>C. limosa</em>. Both species demonstrated high germination synchronicity under optimal hydrothermal conditions. The hydrothermal conditions in late summer provide an optimal window for sowing dehulled achenes of <em>C. schmidtii</em> and <em>C. limosa</em> to enhance their population establishment and support wetland restoration efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 152722"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143679339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomical, histochemical, and micromorphological aspects of leaf gall in Myrciaria floribunda H.West ex Willd. O. Berg (Myrtaceae)","authors":"Luan Gonçalves Castilho ,&nbsp;Naiara Viana Campos ,&nbsp;Sabrina Dias de Matos ,&nbsp;Tatiana Ungaretti Paleo Konno ,&nbsp;Mariana Aparecida de Almeida Souza ,&nbsp;Ana Cláudia de Macêdo Vieira","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152721","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152721","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Myrciaria floribunda</em> (H.West ex Willd.) O. Berg (MYRTACEAE) is a galling superhost plant typical of restinga ecosystems. Among the morphotypes described for the species, the star-shaped gall has a differentiated morphology with leaf appendages. This study assessed the occurrence and characterized the structure of star galls in individuals of <em>Myrciaria floribunda</em> from the restinga de Jurubatiba National Park (Quissamã, RJ). Galled and non-galled leaves were collected from three individuals for morphoanatomical, micromorphological, and histochemical analyses. The formation of the star gall in <em>M. floribunda</em> causes numerous morphoanatomical changes resulting in a unique and very conspicuous structure. The gall is covered by simple epidermis and the ground system is formed by the hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the parenchyma and differentiation of a sclerenchymatous shell. The gall parenchyma is interspersed with vascular bundles. Protection mechanisms against predation are present such as leaf appendages covering the entire surface of the gall, sclerenchymatous shell, and phenolic and crystal idioblasts in the gall cortex. The absence of secretory structures in the gall cortex and their presence in the leaf appendages also points to a protective strategy. The starch and lipids reserves supply energy to the gall. Thus, the distribution of metabolites within the gall structure forms a histochemical gradient which represents a precise balance that ensures the development of the gall-inducer and prevents the action of predators. Anatomical analyses showed the complexity of the system and corroborate the premise that the gall constitutes a protective structure for the development of gallers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 152721"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143679340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Woody encroachment and leaf functional traits of ground-layer savanna species","authors":"Pedro Firme da Cruz Júnior ,&nbsp;Luiz Felipe Souza Pinheiro ,&nbsp;Davi Rodrigo Rossatto ,&nbsp;Rosana Marta Kolb","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152709","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152709","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Changes in pyrodynamics, such as fire suppression, drive woody encroachment in savanna and grassland ecosystems worldwide. The filters imposed by encroachment promote floristic changes in the ground-layer community, decreasing species richness, and providing species replacement. However, functional aspects are still poorly understood, especially the role of leaf anatomical traits. Thus, our aim was to investigate the leaf trait changes in the ground-layer community of a Cerrado area in response to changes in litter and light, caused by woody encroachment. Through a field experiment, we simulated higher amounts of litter biomass and increased shading of the plant community for 2.5 years. We measured leaf tissue thickness, specific leaf area (SLA), pigment concentration and photosynthetic traits, such as carbon assimilation (A_max), stomatal conductance (g_s) and quantum efficiency of photosynthesis (α). Our results showed that shading is the main factor altering leaf functional traits, with the post-shading ground-layer community exhibiting more acquisitive resource-use strategies such as reduced leaf tissue thickness, higher SLA, and higher pigment concentration compared to plants under non-encroached conditions. However, these leaf responses were not sufficient to ensure the maintenance of higher photosynthetic performance (A_max, g_s and α) in the study species. Therefore, we demonstrate that the studied leaf functional traits of the ground-layer community are insufficient to ensure persistence and diversity in this new scenario. With the change in species composition promoted by encroachment, some shade-tolerant and generalist plants exhibit responses that contribute to their survival and occurrence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 152709"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143629223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of artificial pollination of large-flowered species of Coelogyne Lindl. (Orchidaceae) under greenhouse conditions","authors":"Galina Kolomeitseva,&nbsp;Vladimir Koval,&nbsp;Andrey Ryabchenko,&nbsp;Alexander Babosha","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152714","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152714","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The efficiency of xenogamous, geitonogamous and autogamous artificial pollination was studied in a number of orchids of the genus <em>Coelogyne</em> Lindl. under greenhouse conditions. Fruit and seed production was lower in geitonogamous and autogamous pollination than with xenogamous pollination, with geitonogamous pollination producing more fruit than autogamous pollination in several species. Regardless of the pollination method and the degree of pollen-stigma compatibility, all experimental species exhibited a phenotypic response of the flower to pollen exposure (post-pollination), manifested by stigma closure and gynostemium growth. Geitonogamous and autogamous pollination primarily exhibited gametophytic self-incompatibility, whereas xenogamous pollination, in addition to normal ovule and fruits development, also showed late-acting self-incompatibility. The anatomical and morphological manifestation of gametophytic self-incompatibility was the arrest of pollen tube growth in the stylar channel of the gynostemium. Two variants of late-acting self-incompatibility have been described: 1) death of embryo sacs and arrest of ovule development at the fertilisation stage (ovular incompatibility); 2) death of embryos with preservation of seed coats (early embryonic abortion). Partial ovule and embryo death due to late-acting self-incompatibility does not affect the normal development and maturation of the remaining ovules and fruits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 152714"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143611255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parallel floral evolution of Lilium species pollinated by pierid butterflies","authors":"Yun-Bo Duan ,&nbsp;Hong-Qiang Lin ,&nbsp;Zhe Chen ,&nbsp;Chang-Qiu Liu ,&nbsp;Yu-Mei Yuan ,&nbsp;Yun-Dong Gao ,&nbsp;Mei-Yan Lei ,&nbsp;Mao-Lin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152713","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152713","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although pollinators are often categorized into broadly defined functional groups, much of floral diversity may actually reflect adaptation to different subdivisions within such broad pollinator groups. In <em>Lilium</em>, some species have white or pink flowers of moderate size (the <em>pierid type</em>), in contrast to those with relatively large orange or red flowers that are pollinated by swallowtail butterflies (the <em>swallowtail type</em>). Here we test whether species of the <em>pierid type</em> are pollinated by relatively small butterflies and whether these species belong to a monophyletic clade or whether this pollination system originated through convergent evolution. We observed floral visitors, examined their pollination effectiveness and the breeding systems of four eastern Asian <em>Lilium</em> species, measured floral traits, and conducted a phylogenetic analysis involving all species of the <em>pierid</em> type and several of the <em>swallowtail</em> type. Each of the species were visited by a variety of insects, but pierids most frequently contacted stigmas. These butterflies carried pollen predominantly on their hindwings. Visitors other than pierids deposited few pollen grains per visit. The focal species are highly self-incompatible and rely completely on pollinators for seed production. They differ from the <em>swallowtail type</em> mainly in floral coloration and size. In particular, the difference in size between the two types can likely be attributed to matching butterflies of different sizes. Species of the <em>pierid type</em> have independently evolved at least three times and therefore their floral similarity reflects floral convergence. Thus, like other pollinator groups, butterflies comprise subdivisions in relation to distinct floral syndromes, which have contributed to the evolution of floral diversity of <em>Lilium</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 152713"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143592679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring plant functional traits and their relationship to biomass dynamics in secondary forests in Eastern Amazonia","authors":"Luane Botelho ,&nbsp;Fernando Elias ,&nbsp;Beatriz V. Barbosa ,&nbsp;Karoline C. Silva ,&nbsp;Vanessa Negrão-Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Euciney E.S. Barbosa ,&nbsp;Jucelino S. Coutinho ,&nbsp;Joice Ferreira ,&nbsp;Jos Barlow ,&nbsp;Grazielle Sales Teodoro","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152712","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152712","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Functional traits and strategies of trees can effectively indicate the progress of forest recovery during succession. This study investigates variations in leaf and wood traits, CSR functional strategies, and trade-offs in resource acquisition adopted by plants in secondary forests of different recovery ages, comparing them to old-growth forests. We also examined the relationships between traits, aboveground biomass dynamics, and edaphic variables in the Bragantina region, Eastern Amazon. Our evaluation focused on leaf area (LA), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), and wood density (WD). Secondary forests exhibited higher LDMC and WD compared to old-growth forests, with low trait variation among secondary forests regardless of recovery age. Stress tolerance (S) was the dominant strategy in secondary forests, whereas old-growth forests showed a balanced proportion of stress tolerance and competitive strategies. Coordination was identified among WD, stress strategy (S), and LDMC. Significant relationships were found between functional traits and soil variables. Our results highlight the slow functional recovery of secondary forests in the Bragantina region which is associated with intense land use prior to natural regeneration and the fragmented landscape.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 152712"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenology of Psittacanthus palmeri (Loranthaceae), a deciduous mistletoe, and its host Bursera fagaroides","authors":"Mónica E. Queijeiro-Bolaños,&nbsp;Israel G. Carrillo-Angeles,&nbsp;Mónica Cervantes-Jiménez,&nbsp;Humberto Suzán-Azpiri","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152707","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152707","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deciduousness is a common trait among plants inhabiting semi-arid regions; however, this foliar habit is rare in mistletoes and has not been documented in tropical species. In Central Mexico, <em>Psittacanthus palmeri</em> parasitizes <em>Bursera fagaroides</em> trees. Both species share similar characteristics, such as shedding their leaves during the dry season and having notably similar fruit morphology. To document the deciduous habit of <em>P. palmeri</em> and investigate whether its phenophases align with those of <em>B. fagaroides</em>, we evaluated the phenological changes of both species over the course of one year. Additionally, we compared the mean fruit size of both species to evaluate their morphological similarity. Both species exhibit a leafless phase during the dry season, although <em>B. fagaroides</em>’s leafless period is more extended. Their flowering phenophases differ: <em>B. fagaroides</em> flowers during the dry season with an intermediate duration and mid-synchronic timing, while <em>P. palmeri</em> flowers during the rainy season with an extended duration and non-synchronous timing. The fruiting phase for <em>Bursera</em> is extended, synchronous, and even forming aerial seed bank. In contrast, the fruiting phase of <em>P. palmeri</em> is extended (but not more than six months), occurs during autumn-winter, and is non-synchronous. The fruits of both species are very similar in size (<em>t</em> = 1.086, d.f. = 118, <em>p</em> = 0.279) and color, suggesting they may share disperser birds, potentially enhancing seed dispersal for both species. However, this hypothesis requires further research. <em>P. palmeri</em> is a poorly studied mistletoe, and its unique features, such as deciduous habit, inconspicuous nature and a possible mimicry of the host, opens new opportunities of research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 152707"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143577970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The geographic covariation of functional traits of flowers and pollinators in Delphinium caeruleum","authors":"Nurbiye Ehmet ,&nbsp;Wen-Juan Shao ,&nbsp;Ruo-Chun Gao ,&nbsp;Guang Yang ,&nbsp;Yi-Fan Xu ,&nbsp;Kun Sun ,&nbsp;Qin-Zheng Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152704","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152704","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A crucial question regarding plant-pollinator interactions is how can plants single out the efficient pollinators when plants cannot directly assess the quality of their visitors? Some floral traits can be interpreted as an entry barrier that plants impose on floral visitors, incorporating a strategic cost, such as mechanical obstacles or physical barriers. We posit that these “mechanical fit” traits may vary within a species across different pollinator landscapes in populations, leading to a matching of traits between plants and local pollinator insects. Here, we observed the pollinator species, visitation rate and pollination efficiency, and measured the pollinator and floral traits in three populations of <em>Delphinium caeruleum</em>. Additionally, we made a comparison between the operative strength of staminodes and the strength that insects were able to exert on opening the staminodes. We also compared the length of the nectar spur and the proboscis of insects, for the purpose of verifying whether there was a match between these traits. Our results indicated that the floral traits, visitor species, visitation frequency, and pollination efficiency of visitors differed among populations. The operative strength of staminodes and length of the nectar spur matched the strength and proboscis length of the local visitors respectively, and those visitors who could successfully enter the flower boasted a high pollination efficiency. Our results demonstrate that pollinator shifts have resulted in geographically divergent operative strength of staminodes across the populations, which might be a consequence of plants’ adaptation to local pollinator landscapes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 152704"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}