Flora最新文献

{"title":"Seasonal chlorophyll fluorescence before and after rapid light curves in the endangered species Lophophora diffusa (Cactaceae) across two microenvironments","authors":"Claudia González-Salvatierra ,&nbsp;Joel Flores ,&nbsp;Omar Díaz-Segura ,&nbsp;M. Loraine Matías-Palafox ,&nbsp;Cecilia L. Jiménez-Sierra","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2024.152623","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2024.152623","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In desert environments, intense light stress can significantly impede the growth and survival of plants, making microenvironments formed under nurse plants crucial. Chlorophyll a fluorescence serves as a widely employed tool for detecting plant stress conditions. Here, we investigated the seasonal ecophysiological performance of <em>Lophophora diffusa</em> (Cactaceae) under nurse plants and in direct sunlight. Our assessment involved monitoring chlorophyll fluorescence parameters as indicators of photosynthetic efficiency over the course of one year, including the effective quantum yield of photosystem II (Φ_PSII), maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (<em>F_v/F_m</em>), electron transport rate (ETR), and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Higher daily PPFD levels were observed in open spaces throughout all seasons except for winter. Additionally, temperatures were lower beneath nurse plants compared to exposed sites during spring and autumn. <em>Lophophora diffusa</em> exhibited dynamic photoinhibition, as evidenced by lower <em>F</em>_v/<em>F</em>_m values in plants exposed to sunlight compared to those sheltered under nurse plants in spring. During rapid light curves, L. <em>diffusa</em> exhibited decreased maximum Φ_PSII and maximum ETR values in winter across both microenvironments, while displaying higher maximum NPQ in cacti exposed to sunlight compared to those sheltered under nurse plants in spring. High saturating light levels for ETR were observed in both environments throughout most seasons, except for winter, indicating a high tolerance to high-light conditions. Light curves induced greater stress compared to natural conditions, as evidenced by the acclimation with increased NPQ observed only after rapid light curves. These findings suggest that adult individuals of L. <em>diffusa</em> may not strictly rely on nurse plants for survival and have developed various mechanisms to thrive in diverse microenvironments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142552514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth and acclimation dynamics in reintroduced Erioderma pedicellatum (Hue) P.M.Jørg., a critically endangered cyanolichen in boreal rainforest","authors":"Vivian Ytterdahl Bolkan,&nbsp;Knut Asbjørn Solhaug,&nbsp;Yngvar Gauslaa","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2024.152624","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2024.152624","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on the critically endangered <em>Erioderma pedicellatu</em>m, a sexually reproducing cyanolichen. The species’ decline is primarily attributed to habitat loss and extinction debts. The aim is to understand the possibilities of reintroduction via transplantation on <em>Picea abies</em> (L.) H.Karst. and gain insights into the species' growth response to environmental gradients in its boreal rainforest habitat. The source population of <em>E. pedicellatum</em> found on open, sun-exposed spruce branches within a waterfall spray zone, underwent a significant environmental shift when transplanted to the rainforest. The shift induced shade acclimation, which was marked by an increased maximal photosystem II efficiency (<em>F_V/F_M</em>), reduced thallus thickness and reduced apparent electron transport rate (ETR_app). However, stochastic fragmentation impacted 57 % of thalli, causing significant losses, particularly in sections with numerous apothecia, suggesting a trade-off between growth and reproduction. Unfragmented thalli with positive relative growth rate (RGR) exhibited increased growth correlated with base cation availability (high soil and bark pH) and light availability. Thalli that were already shade-adapted at the start (low ETR_app at high light) displayed the fastest growth in the rainforest. The best subset regression model of unfragmented thalli accounted for 72.8 % of the variation in RGR. The reintroduction of <em>E. pedicellatum</em> into the boreal rainforest is possible, but challenging, given that well-lit spruce branches with high base cation availability in humid canopy layers are rare.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142578272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional traits of Epifagus virginiana (Orobanchaceae) tubers as adaptations to the Mexican beech microenvironment","authors":"Agustina Rosa Andrés-Hernández ,&nbsp;Fressia N. Ames-Martínez ,&nbsp;Agustín Maceda ,&nbsp;Luiza Teixeira-Costa ,&nbsp;Ernesto C. Rodríguez-Ramírez","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2024.152622","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2024.152622","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Epifagus virginiana</em> (Orobanchaceae), known as beechdrops, is a holoparasitic plant that acquires all its resources from a narrow range of host plants, restricted to North American <em>Fagus</em> species. To do so, beechdrops develop a vascular connection with the host via a terminal haustoria that develops as a tuber attached to the host root. We hypothesized that microenvironmental conditions can influence functional traits of the <em>E. virginiana</em> tuber despite this parasite's complete reliance on the host plant for its nutrition. Therefore, the aims of this study were i) to analyze the structure of the tubers of <em>E. virginiana</em>; ii) to assess the variation in tuber functional traits between two <em>E. virginiana</em> populations; and iii) to analyze how microenvironmental factors influence functional traits in the tuber. We detected that functional trait of beechdrops tuber along Mexican beech microenvironmental covaried with traits important for below-ground processes. Boosted regression trees provided a powerful analysis tool, giving substantially superior predictive performance to generalized additive models, despite the fitting of interaction terms in the latter.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142533120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinct morphophysiological responses of the native C4 grasses Axonopus siccus and Eragrostis polytricha to shading","authors":"Eduarda S. Andrade ,&nbsp;Beatriz C.O.Q. Souza ,&nbsp;Eduardo Pereira Costa ,&nbsp;Hugo Bonezio ,&nbsp;Mewael Kiros Assefa ,&nbsp;Marinês Ferreira Pires-Lira ,&nbsp;Leandro E. Morais ,&nbsp;Paulo Eduardo Ribeiro Marchiori ,&nbsp;Vitor L. Nascimento","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2024.152621","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2024.152621","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Light, an important abiotic factor that shapes plant growth, is explored here in its impact on two native C4 grasses of <em>campo rupestre</em>, an important and unique montane ecoregion in Brazil that occurs across the biomes Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Caatinga. <em>Axonopus siccus</em> and <em>Eragrostis polytricha</em> seedlings were subjected to two light conditions: (<em>i</em>) artificial shading and (<em>ii</em>) full sun. The evaluations included growth, nutrition, photosynthesis, leaf anatomy, and metabolism. Shading influenced most of the growth parameters of <em>E. polytricha</em> but left <em>A. siccus</em> morphology almost unchanged. The parameters of leaf anatomy, nutrient content, and chlorophyll <em>a</em> fluorescence exhibited consistent patterns between species. In particular, <em>A. siccus</em> showed higher <em>A</em>_max and light compensation point in shaded conditions, while <em>E. polytricha</em> revealed distinctive changes in carbon metabolism (soluble sugars, sucrose, and starch content), explaining its increased shade growth. These findings underscore various light stress responses in these native C4 grasses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142533119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ontogeny has a greater effect on defense and leaf nutritional status than fertilization in Stryphnodendron adstringens (Fabaceae)","authors":"Marina N. Delgado ,&nbsp;Jhonathan O. Silva ,&nbsp;Kirk Barnett ,&nbsp;Robert J. Marquis ,&nbsp;Helena C. Morais","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2024.152620","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2024.152620","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Investment of plants in defensive and leaf nutritional quality traits may vary with plant ontogeny and the availability of soil nutrients. In this study, we evaluated the effect of ontogeny and soil fertilization on leaf traits of the Brazilian cerrado tree <em>Stryphnodendron adstringens</em> (Fabaceae). Leaf defense traits (total phenolics, condensed and hydrolysable tannins, the number of extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) and the concentration of glucose, sucrose, fructose and total sugar in the extrafloral nectar) and leaf nutritional quality traits (water content, macronutrients, micronutrients and N:P and C:N ratios) were measured in 60 seedlings and 13 reproductive adults that grew in areas with previous P and Ca fertilization over eight years and in neighboring control plots in a Cerrado area in Distrito Federal, Brazil. Sampling was carried out three years after the last application of fertilizer. We found a strong effect of ontogeny on leaf traits: leaves of adult plants were more chemically defended and lower in nutritional quality than those of seedlings. Fertilization modified leaf nutritional quality traits in adults and seedlings, and defense traits in seedlings, increasing the number of EFNs on leaves, total phenolics and condensed tannins. In summary, adult plants of <em>S. adstringens</em> were poor in nutrients and invested more in phenolics and tannins than seedlings, all consistent with plant apparency theory. In contrast, seedlings were much more flexible in their defensive phenotype, with fertilization increasing allocation to total phenolics, condensed tannins and EFN production. This latter result suggests an ability of seedlings to take advantage of very local variation in resources that might increase the likelihood of surviving this vulnerable stage in the life cycle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142533117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vegetative traits, floral biology, and mutualistic interactions in the tropical mountain shrub Ribes ciliatum (Grossulariaceae)","authors":"Silvana Martén-Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Valeria Rodríguez-Martén ,&nbsp;E. Jacob Cristóbal-Pérez ,&nbsp;Sergio Díaz-Infante ,&nbsp;Mauricio Quesada","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2024.152618","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2024.152618","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plant species in tropical mountain ecosystems experience significant environmental variation across short spatial distances. These systems offer an opportunity to assess geographic variation in plant traits in relation to biotic and abiotic environments. We examined plant vegetative and reproductive traits in the shrub <em>R. ciliatum</em> across two native conifer forests in central Mexico. We measured plant height, number of branches, leaf size, flower production, floral morphology, floral longevity, and plant reproductive success in <em>R. ciliatum</em> populations found in fir forests (3100 m) and Hartweg's pine forests (subalpine habitat, 3700 m). We also quantified the level of pollinator dependence, pollinator visitation rates, and fruit consumption rates by frugivorous birds in both populations. Plants were shorter and had smaller leaves in the subalpine forest than in the fir forest. Floral longevity decreased in the subalpine forest, but flower production, flower size, and fruit weight remained similar across populations. Fruit set and pollinator visitation rates were higher in the subalpine forest; however, seed weight and fruit consumption rates did not differ between sites. Hummingbirds and bumblebees were the primary pollinators of <em>R. ciliatum</em>, and the bird <em>Ptiliogonys cinereus</em> was the most important fruit consumer at both sites. Fruit set was entirely dependent on pollinators. Reduced plant size in the subalpine forest coincides with a general pattern associated with high mountain environments. In contrast, reproductive characters had a closer relationship to the pollination environment. The absence of variation in flower size and shape was consistent with the similarity in the composition of the pollinator community. Meanwhile, compared to lower-elevation forests, the subalpine forest exhibited shorter-lived flowers and increased fruit set, associated with higher pollinator visitation rates. <em>Ribes ciliatum</em> is a key resource for pollinators and frugivores at a time of year when few other floral resources are available in these high-elevation mountain forests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142442825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological variability of rosette leaves within Sempervivum ciliosum and S. ruthenicum complexes (Crassulaceae): The geometric morphometrics approach","authors":"Maja D. Jovanović ,&nbsp;Maja J. Lazarević ,&nbsp;Predrag M. Lazarević ,&nbsp;Dmitar V. Lakušić ,&nbsp;Bojan K. Zlatković","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2024.152619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2024.152619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The yellow-flowered <em>Sempervivum</em> species from the Balkan Peninsula, tentatively divided into <em>Sempervivum ciliosum</em> (<em>S. ciliosum, S. galicicum, S. jakucsii, S. klepa, S. octopodes</em>) and <em>S. ruthenicum</em> complexes (<em>S. kindingeri, S. leucanthum, S. ruthenicum, S. zeleborii</em>), are well known for their pronounced phenotypic plasticity, especially in the vegetative parts, resulting in exceedingly complicate infrageneric taxonomy. Extensive studies dealing with the variability of qualitative and quantitative traits, such as the shape and size of the rosette leaves, were not conducted in the past. This study aimed to analyse the extent of morphological variability of the rosette leaves regarding their shape and size and evaluate their potential to resolve taxonomic doubts. For this purpose, geometric morphometrics, as a tool for analysing minute shape variability, was used to discriminate mentioned species. The variability of the rosette leaves was statistically analysed within 15 populations using univariate (ANOVA) and multivariate statistical analysis (MANOVA, PCA, DA). Obtained results indicated highly statistically significant differences in rosette leaf shape and size between analysed complexes and species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142533118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Host-driven phenotypic and phenological differentiation in sympatric races of a parasitic plant","authors":"Clara de Vega ,&nbsp;Pedro L. Ortiz ,&nbsp;Montserrat Arista","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2024.152617","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2024.152617","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Host specificity is a key factor influencing the ecology and evolutionary diversification of parasitic organisms. Host specialisation and geographic isolation are known to lead to the genetic differentiation of allopatric races in parasitic plants. However, how divergence can co-occur in sympatry remains largely unknown. We investigated phenological and phenotypic differentiation and potential reproductive isolation among three sympatric genetic races of <em>Cytinus hypocistis</em> (Cytinaceae) - an extreme endophytic holoparasite with a high degree of host specialisation. We compared spatio-temporal variations in flowering phenology, flower production, floral longevity, floral rewards, and morphology, and conducted inter-race pollinations among three races parasitising <em>Cistus ladanifer, C. salviifolius</em>, and <em>Halimium halimifolium</em> (Cistaceae) in six co-occurring populations. We found that host-defined genetic races differed significantly across multiple phenotypic and phenological aspects – a phenomenon previously overlooked due to the plants’ cryptic morphology. The race parasitising <em>H. halimifolium</em> showed earlier blooming, higher floral display, longer flowers, and higher pollen production and nectar concentration; the race on <em>C. salviifolius</em> showed later flowering, significantly lower floral display and smaller flowers with lower floral rewards; the race on <em>C. ladanifer</em> had intermediate characteristics. Genetic races were interfertile yet may remain differentiated by restricted gene flow and host-driven selection pressures. Together, our data point to a rare case of sympatric divergent evolution hiding in plain sight: apparently morphologically similar co-occurring parasite races can be genetically, phenotypically, and phenologically distinct. This hitherto unreported example of host-driven sympatric diversification challenges how species concepts are applied to cryptic parasitic plant races.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142417596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological variation in bulliform phytoliths at different rice growth stages","authors":"Xinrong He ,&nbsp;Guiyu Zhou ,&nbsp;Xinxin Zuo","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2024.152616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2024.152616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Studying morphological changes in bulliform phytoliths in rice during different growth periods can provide essential information for understanding phytolith formation mechanisms and rice domestication processes. In this study, we analysed changes in the size and fish-scale decorations of rice bulliform phytoliths during a complete growth and development cycle. We then explored the underlying plant physiology, agricultural practices, and other factors that influence rice bulliform phytolith formation. From the transplanting stage to the ripening stage, the fan width (HL) and fan length (VL) of bulliform phytoliths tended to increase, decrease, and increase, reaching a maximum at the ripening stage (HL = 40.1 ± 6.1 μm, VL = 39.7 ± 5.3 μm). From the transplanting stage to ripening, the proportion of the long-stalked phenotype decreased significantly, and that of the short-stalked phenotype increased significantly. The proportion of rice bulliform phytoliths with ≥ 9 fish-scale decorations was 0 % at the transplanting and tillering stages and then increased from 42 % to 74 % from the elongation to ripening stage, with an average of 57 % for the four periods (elongation to ripening). The results of this study enhance the existing data on rice phytolith morphology, providing valuable insights into the morphological changes associated with rice domestication.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142417593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Floral anatomy in Serjania clematidifolia (Paullinieae, Sapindaceae): Insights into a monoecious sexual system with multicyclic dichogamy","authors":"Carina dos Santos Almeida ,&nbsp;Genise Vieira Somner ,&nbsp;Bárbara de Sá-Haiad","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2024.152614","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2024.152614","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Serjania clematidifolia</em> Cambess. has a monoecious sexual system with multicyclic dichogamy, i.e., staminate and pistillate flowers are produced in more than three phases. The present study evaluated the flowers in the different flowering phases of the species. For morphometric analyses, flowers were measured and the resulting values statistically analysed. For structural analyses, flowers were processed using standard light microscopy techniques. <em>Serjania clematidifolia</em> has white, unisexual, nectariferous, and zygomorphic monosymmetric flowers. In staminate flowers, the anthers are dehiscent, the endothecial cells have bar thickenings, the septum degenerates, and the stomium ruptures, releasing pollen grains in monads at the binucleate microgametophyte stage. In pistillate flowers, the anthers are indehiscent, the endothecial cells near the connective lack parietal thickening, the septum does not degenerate, the stomium does not rupture, and microgametophytes are not released. Male sterility in pistillate flowers is likely associated with structural changes in the endothecium and failures in the process of programmed cell death (PCD) of anther tissues. In pistillate flowers, the stigma is papillose and moist, and the ovary contains campylotropous, bitegmic ovules with seven-celled megagametophytes. In staminate flowers, the stigma has a non-papillose and non-secretory epidermis. The tissues of the style, ovary, and ovules show various levels of degeneration. Ovules may or may not contain megagametophytes. Female sterility in staminate flowers appears to be associated with failures in megagametophyte differentiation or PCD of its cells. We conclude that in <em>S. clematidifolia</em>, (i) the morphometric variation between staminate and pistillate flowers in different flowering phases does not indicate the existence of distinct floral types, (ii) there are no structural differences between staminate or pistillate flowers from different flowering phases, (iii) megagametophytes may or may not differentiate in ovules of staminate flowers, and (iv) microgametophytes differentiate in indehiscent anthers of pistillate flowers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142326370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}