Functional trait variability and adaptive strategies of Genus Carex along the elevation gradients

Understanding the variability of plant functional traits along environmental gradients is essential for assessing vegetation-environment interactions. The genus Carex, a dominant component of temperate ecosystems, exhibits diverse ecological adaptations across elevation gradients. This study investigates the composition, functional trait variations, and adaptive strategies of Carex species along an elevational gradient in the Western Himalayas. We hypothesized that elevational gradients influence species composition and functional traits, thereby shaping adaptive strategies. We conducted field surveys across three elevation ranges (500–1000 m, 1100–1500 m, and 1600–2000 m), recording Carex species distribution and measuring key functional traits. CSR strategies were evaluated to determine ecological adaptation trends. Results revealed 24 Carex species with the highest richness at mid-elevations. Functional trait variations demonstrated significant ecological differentiation, with species at lower elevations exhibiting competitive traits, whereas stress tolerance increased at higher altitudes. Results indicated that plant dry weight and number of rhizomes were major drivers of trait differentiation. CSR analysis revealed a shift from competitive strategies at lower elevations to stress-tolerant strategies at higher elevations, reflecting resource availability and abiotic constraints. These findings highlight the ecological adaptability of Carex species and the role of elevation in shaping plant functional traits. The study provides critical understanding of plant adaptation mechanisms, aiding conservation efforts in the Western Himalayas under changing environmental conditions.