Flora最新文献

{"title":"Metabolite analysis indicates role of flavones and free fatty acids in water deficit stress response of Cenchrus spinifex","authors":"Jing Cao ,&nbsp;Zhensong Li ,&nbsp;Thomas A. Monaco ,&nbsp;Yuping Rong","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152729","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152729","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Each spiny bur of <em>Cenchrus spinifex</em> Cav. (field sandbur) typically contains two seeds: a relatively large seed resembling a mango (M-type seed), and a relatively small seed resembling a pear (P-type seed). Metabolic variations arising from seed heteromorphism are regarded as crucial adaptive strategies enabling plants to thrive in unpredictable conditions. Nevertheless, metabolic studies on <em>C. spinifex</em> remain scarce. In this study, we utilized an untargeted metabolomics analysis by UHPLC-MS/MS to delineate the metabolic profiles associated with water deficit stress response in M- and P-type seedlings of <em>C. spinifex.</em> Seedlings were exposed to three watering regimes equating to 65–70 %, 45–50 %, and 25–30 % soil water-holding capacity. M-type seedlings prioritized root biomass allocation under stress, while P-type seedlings favored spikelet production, reflecting divergent survival–reproduction trade-offs. Metabolomic profiling revealed 43 differentially accumulated metabolites, with flavonoids as key discriminators between seedling types. In summary, <em>C. spinifex</em> exhibits pronounced metabolic divergence under water deficit stress, with flavonoids and free fatty acids serving as central adaptive metabolites. Crucially, flavonoids emerged as the key differential factor between M- and P-type seedlings. These findings demonstrate that seed heteromorphism in <em>C. spinifex</em> drives differential metabolic and allocation strategies, enhancing drought resilience and invasion success in arid environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":"327 ","pages":"Article 152729"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143855612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geo-climatic factors and soil properties affect phenolic compound synthesis and antioxidant activities in Betula platyphylla in Northeast China","authors":"Siru Guo ,&nbsp;Haitong Liu ,&nbsp;Qianru Ji ,&nbsp;Shuang Wu ,&nbsp;Shengfang Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaochao Ji ,&nbsp;Cholil Yun ,&nbsp;Xiting Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenjie Wang ,&nbsp;Huimei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152731","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152731","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phenolic compounds, one of the most important bioactive compounds, are susceptible to environmental factors. White birch (<em>Betula platyphylla</em> Suk<em>.</em>) is a major commercial tree species in Northeast China, and its bark is rich in phenolic compounds. We explored the influences of environmental factors on the concentrations of total phenols and total flavonoids, and individual phenolic compounds and DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity of <em>B. platyphylla</em> from seven producing areas in Northeast China were evaluated. The data analysis demonstrated that there were obvious differences in phenolic compound concentrations and bioactivities of the <em>B. platyphylla</em> bark extract from different locations. The concentrations of phenolic compounds, including total phenols, total flavonoids, hyperoside, and chlorogenic acid, were found to be higher in cold and dry high-latitude regions. The extracts of <em>B. platyphylla</em> bark had high antioxidant activities and were closely related to soil properties and geo-climate. Redundancy analysis revealed that soil moisture content produced a greater effect on phenolic compounds in <em>B. platyphylla</em> bark than other environmental factors. The total phenol and total flavonoid concentrations were negatively correlated with longitude, soil moisture content, and precipitation of wettest quarter, while they were significantly positively correlated with latitude. This study highlighted that geo-climatic factors, particularly soil moisture content, play a critical role in regulating the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activities, thereby enhancing the adaptation of <em>B. platyphylla</em> to its natural environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":"327 ","pages":"Article 152731"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lianas exhibit lower leaf drought resistance than trees in both tropical dry and wet forests in Thailand","authors":"Lu Han ,&nbsp;Pimnara Tinprabat ,&nbsp;Phisamai Maenpuen ,&nbsp;Wirong Chanthorn ,&nbsp;Dokrak Marod ,&nbsp;Pantana Tor-ngern ,&nbsp;Sathid Thinkampheang ,&nbsp;Anuttara Nathalang ,&nbsp;Warren Y. Brockelman ,&nbsp;Shubin Zhang ,&nbsp;Yajun Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152730","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152730","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The abundance and diversity of tropical lianas have been increasing, particularly in forests experiencing seasonal drought. Leaf drought resistance is a critical leaf function associated with plant survival, growth, and reproduction. However, it remains debated whether leaf drought resistance between coexisting trees and lianas differs along gradients of water availability. In this study, we compared leaf pressure volume curves and leaf morphological traits of 78 co-occurring liana and tree species from two tropical seasonal forests with differing water availability in Thailand. We found that lianas showed a less negative (lower drought resistance) water potential at turgor loss (Ψ_tlp) than co-occurring trees in both tropical dry and wet forests. Lianas and trees from the tropical dry forest exhibited a higher leaf drought resistance than those from the tropical wet forest. Overall, growth-form and site explained more variation in leaf drought resistance than phylogeny, indicating that leaf drought resistance is labile under contrasting water availability. When considering the effects of phylogeny, there is a correlated evolution of leaf drought resistance and morphological traits (e.g. leaf thickness, leaf mass per area, leaf density, and leaf dry mass content) across species. We conclude that lianas have lower leaf drought resistance compared to co-occurring trees in both tropical dry and wet forests. Further studies are necessary to examine how these trait differences between co-occurring lianas and trees change along a broader aridity gradient.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":"327 ","pages":"Article 152730"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143860470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observed vegetation changes in Danish dry heathlands since 2004","authors":"Christian Damgaard","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152728","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152728","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Danish heathland ecosystems have been monitored in the period from 2004 to 2021. The plant cover of all higher plants has been recorded using the pin-point method using a hierarchical sampling design with a total of 2515 plots within 102 dry heathlands, where 917 plots were revisited at least three times. The three most dominant species, heather, wavy hair-grass and black crowberry, all decreased in cover, although the decrease in heather cover was not significant in a two-tailed test. These decreasing trends in cover are worrying, since these three species are ecosystem engineers, and the structure and function of dry heathland ecosystems depend on these species being dominant. Conversely, the cover of purple moor-grass is increasing, and the increase of this tussock-forming grass may lead to significant ecosystem changes. Overall, the reported vegetation changes suggest a decreasing conservation status of Danish dry heathlands, and possible management actions to reverse this decreasing trend are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":"327 ","pages":"Article 152728"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nectar characteristics and pollination ecology of Camellia perpetua in South China","authors":"Hai-du Jiang ,&nbsp;Dan-juan Zeng ,&nbsp;Hui-zhen Qin ,&nbsp;Li-hui Peng ,&nbsp;Yi-shan Yang ,&nbsp;Zong-you Chen ,&nbsp;Rong Zou ,&nbsp;Jian-min Tang ,&nbsp;Yun-sheng Jiang ,&nbsp;Zhong-chen Xiong ,&nbsp;Xiao Wei ,&nbsp;Sheng-feng Chai","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152727","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152727","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Temporal variation in floral nectar properties and their effects on reproductive success in plants that flower from winter to summer remain poorly understood. <em>Camellia perpetua</em> (Theaceae) blooms almost year-round in the karst regions of Guangxi, South China. Nectar characteristics and pollinator visits were observed in two populations: in the Guilin Botanical Garden (GBG) and PaiRu Village, Chongzuo White-Headed Langur National Reserve (PRV). Nectar is secreted in the buds of <em>C. perpetua</em> approximately 4–5 h before opening. The total nectar volume per flower was higher in winter (453.66 ± 4.67 μL) than in summer (129.14 ± 4.48 μL). Nectar secretion decreased during the day but increased in the evening. The amount of sucrose /(fructose + glucose) ratio was significantly higher in winter (49.69 ± 2.56) than in summer (6.99 ± 0.42). The glutamic acid content was higher in summer than in winter. During the summer and winter flowering seasons, birds (<em>Aethopyga christinae</em> [the fork-tailed sunbird] in the GBG and PRV) and three bee species (in the GBG: <em>Apis cerana, Apis mellifera ligustica</em>, and <em>Nomia chalybeata</em>) were the primary visitors. The frequency of birds visiting flowers, fruit and seed set was significantly higher in winter than in summer in both populations. Furthermore, the seed set was significantly higher in PRV than in the GBG. The higher floral visitation rates by birds during winter compared to summer were associated with a larger volume and higher proportion of sucrose in the nectar during that season. This seasonal differentiation in floral nectar traits seemed to be associated with different pollinator functional groups. However, further studies are needed to determine whether factors other than the variation in nectar traits, such as temperature, play a role.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":"327 ","pages":"Article 152727"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143823607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution and morphological differentiation of native alder taxa (Alnus Mill.) in the Iberian Peninsula","authors":"Macarena Cuerdo ,&nbsp;José Ignacio Márquez-Corro ,&nbsp;Francisco Lara ,&nbsp;Ricardo Garilleti ,&nbsp;Ilia J. Leitch ,&nbsp;Eduardo Cires ,&nbsp;David G. del Olmo ,&nbsp;Alba Romero ,&nbsp;Carmen Andrés ,&nbsp;Eduardo Ballesteros ,&nbsp;Álvaro Prado ,&nbsp;Juan A. Calleja","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152723","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152723","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The riparian environments of Europe host a remarkable richness of plant communities, often dominated by a single tree species. Understanding the identity of this species, including its morphology and distribution, is essential for the effective management and conservation of biodiversity. In Iberian alder forests, <em>Alnus lusitanica</em> Vít, Douda &amp; Madák appears to be more common than <em>Alnus glutinosa</em> (L.) Gaertn., which dominates most of western Europe. Previous studies based on limited sampling suggested <em>A. lusitanica</em> was widespread in the western and southern Iberian Peninsula, while <em>A. glutinosa</em> was scattered in the Pyrenees and across the Cantabrian Range. Although some morphological differences have been observed, the two species are mainly differentiated by their ploidy levels: <em>A. lusitanica</em> is tetraploid, and <em>A. glutinosa</em> is diploid.</div><div>This study aims to document the detailed distribution and morphological differentiation between <em>A. lusitanica</em> and <em>A. glutinosa</em> in the Iberian Peninsula, and determine whether putative hybrids (triploids) exist. Fresh and herbaria samples covering the entire Iberian range of <em>Alnus</em>, plus others from Europe, were collected. Ploidy levels were determined by flow cytometry. A morphometric study was also carried out with 26 variables and ratios. The results indicate that <em>A. glutinosa</em> is more widespread than previously reported and no triploid hybrids were detected. The distinction from <em>A. lusitanica</em> can be made using a set of characters. These are described in a new identification key that successfully identifies 87.5% of specimens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 152723"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microscopical and histochemical assessment of Secamone emetica (Apocynaceae) Leaves -An endemic medicinal plant","authors":"Shalini. S ,&nbsp;Sudeepthi N ,&nbsp;Jayashre. R ,&nbsp;Geetha DH","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152726","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152726","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Secamone emetica</em> (Apocynaceae), a climber native to South India and Sri Lanka, is traditionally used for nervous disorders, yet its anatomy and biochemical composition of leaves remain underexplored. Hence this study provides the first detailed anatomical and histochemical analysis of its leaves. The leaf samples were sectioned using a rotary microtome and stained with suitable reagents. Cleared leaves treated with chloral hydrate were analyzed for micromorphology, while powder microscopy involved sieving and microscopic observation of powdered fragments. Micromorphology revealed polygonal epidermal cells with thick, straight anticlinal walls and hypostomatic anomocytic stomata. The midrib showed a convex-concave structure with a uniseriate epidermis, subepidermal collenchyma, parenchymatous ground tissue with idioblasts and a bicollateral crescent-shaped vascular bundle. The dorsiventral lamina contained palisade and spongy parenchyma, druse crystals and laticifers. The petiole exhibited a canaliculate structure with a bicollateral vascular bundle and idioblasts. Histochemical analysis identified tannins in ground parenchyma and idioblasts, while alkaloids were in idioblasts, parenchyma near vascular bundles and ground tissue beneath the epidermis of the leaf and petiole. Starch and mucilage were in the central midrib and petiole, with resin and lignin in their piths. The lamina and petiole contained druse crystals, oil globules and stone cells. The hypostomatic leaves had an epidermal cell count of 510 ± 20/mm² (upper) and 760 ± 30/mm² (lower), stomatal density of 70 ± 7.07/mm² and a palisade ratio of 15.5 ± 3.54. Powder microscopy showed epidermal fragments, palisade parenchyma, reticulate vessels and latex tubes. These findings provide key diagnostic features and bioactive compound localization, aiding in species identification and quality control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":"327 ","pages":"Article 152726"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clonal growth characteristics of Rosa persica in response to arid environment","authors":"Xiaolong Zhang ,&nbsp;Aimin Zhang ,&nbsp;Yangfeng Liang,&nbsp;Chao Yu,&nbsp;Qixiang Zhang,&nbsp;Le Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152725","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152725","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plant adaptation strategies are a key scientific topic for studying the mechanisms of vegetation community formation and restoration in arid regions. <em>Rosa persica</em> is an important perennial shrub that can be clonally propagated, and widely used in horticultural breeding and water and soil conservation. In this study, we revealed its horizontal root and adventitious bud characteristics through morphology and anatomy, and explored the relationship between clonal growth characteristics and environmental factors in a continental area of Xinjiang. The anatomical and morphological features confirm the root origin of ramets, and adventitious buds arise from the pericycle of horizontal roots. The horizontal roots are primarily distributed within the 0–20 cm soil layer and extended up to 230 cm in length. <em>Rosa persica</em> tends to reproduce asexually and expand horizontally, with the biomass allocated to clonal reproduction (63.32 g) being 2.33 times that of sexual reproduction (27.14 g). On average, it produced 9.1 adventitious buds or ramets per meter. Among 10 environmental factors, mean temperature of the coldest quarter, soil potassium, precipitation of the driest month, and annual mean precipitation had a significant effect on growth traits (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05), with a cumulative explanatory power of 43.20 %. The above results reveal the organ types, growth characteristics and relationships with environmental factors in the clonal propagation of <em>R. persica</em>, providing valuable insights for conservation efforts and the study of adaptive mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 152725"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143734603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Different benefit from clonal integration of stress signal between a stoloniferous alien invasive plantand its congeneric native one","authors":"Jie Deng,&nbsp;Jiao Tian,&nbsp;Cheng-Gang Qiu,&nbsp;Xue-Mei Wang,&nbsp;Jie Jiang,&nbsp;Han-Jun Yang,&nbsp;Yi Dan,&nbsp;Chang-Fan Chen,&nbsp;Su-Juan Duan,&nbsp;Jin-Song Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152724","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152724","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Under heterogeneous resource supply, alien invasive plants with clonal growth can benefit more from clonal integration than their native ones. However, different benefit from clonal integration of non-resource substance (such as stress signal or hormone) between alien invasive plants with clonal growth and their congeneric native ones was poorly understood. A pot experiment was conducted to explore clonal integration of stress signal induced by local exogenous ABA application within clonal networks of alien invasive plant <em>Wedelia trilobata</em> and its congeneric native one <em>W. chinensis</em> subjected to drought stress (20% soil moisture). Chlorophyll fluorescence parameter (<em>F_v/F_m</em>, ΦPSII and qP) and photosynthetic parameter (<em>P_n</em> and <em>G_s</em>) of young ramets in <em>W. trilobata</em> significantly increased 2 or 3 days after exogenous ABA application to old ramets. <em>F_v/F_m</em> of young ramets in <em>W. chinensis</em> significantly increased 3 days after exogenous ABA application. Meanwhile, <em>P_n</em> and <em>G_s</em> significantly increased 17 days after exogenous ABA application. After exogenous ABA application to young ramets of <em>W. trilobata</em> 3 days, <em>F_v/F_m</em> and <em>P_n</em> of its old ramets significantly increased. In addition, significant increase of ΦPSII, <em>P_n</em> and <em>G_s</em> in old ramets of <em>W. chinensis</em> was delayed to 17 days after exogenous ABA application. At the end of experiment, exogenous ABA application significantly promoted biomass accumulation of clonal fragments in alien invasive plant <em>W. trilobata</em>. Similar pattern was not observed in its congeneric native one. It is suggested that clonal integration of stress signal may improve growth performance more in alien invasive plant with clonal growth than its congeneric native one, which further promoting its invasiveness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 152724"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143737750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature and hydrology shape germination strategies of wetland Carex achenes with pericarp manipulation","authors":"Yaxiao Li ,&nbsp;Dandan Zhao ,&nbsp;Hongyuan Ma ,&nbsp;Shaoyang Li ,&nbsp;Haitao Wu ,&nbsp;Shiman Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152722","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152722","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Under the dual influences of global change and anthropogenic activities, wetland ecosystems are experiencing significant degradation, which directly affect the achenes germination and regeneration strategies of dominant wetland plants such as <em>Carex</em> species. As keystone species in wetlands, <em>Carex</em> achenes possess complex dormancy mechanisms, and their germination responses to environmental cues are crucial for wetland restoration. This study investigated the germination responses of <em>Carex schmidtii</em> and <em>Carex limosa</em> achenes, with and without pericarp removal, under two hydrological status (flooding and non-flooding) and four temperature regimes (5/28 °C, 16/28 °C, 5/35 °C, and 22 °C). Germination percentage, mean germination time (MGT), and germination synchronicity (SYN) were measured. Results showed that germination occurred only under fluctuating temperatures but not at constant temperatures. The pericarp removal treatment i.e. dehulled achenes exhibited higher germination percentages at the fluctuating temperatures under flooding conditions. Hydrological status significantly influenced the final germination percentage of <em>C. limosa</em>, which peaked at 16/28 °C. The <em>C. schmidtii</em> demonstrated a higher germination percentage and a broader temperature range for germination than <em>C. limosa</em>. Both species demonstrated high germination synchronicity under optimal hydrothermal conditions. The hydrothermal conditions in late summer provide an optimal window for sowing dehulled achenes of <em>C. schmidtii</em> and <em>C. limosa</em> to enhance their population establishment and support wetland restoration efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 152722"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143679339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}