Forest Pathology最新文献

{"title":"The pine pathogen Diplodia sapinea is associated with the death of large Douglas fir trees","authors":"Elisabeth Ritzer,&nbsp;Martin Schebeck,&nbsp;Thomas Kirisits","doi":"10.1111/efp.12823","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12823","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate change poses severe pressures to European conifer forests. Using non-native tree species, such as Douglas fir (<i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>), is one proposed strategy to circumvent adverse effects for forest management. However, novel forest health risks can impair the cultivation of non-native trees. In 2022, we observed large Douglas fir trees (approximately 40–50 years old, diameter at breast height (dbh) 21–41 cm) that had recently died in spring or summer 2022 in three forest stands in Eastern Austria. Intensive resin flow, blue-staining of the sapwood and the absence of bark- and wood-boring insects indicated a fungal infection. Isolations from blue-stained sapwood of the dead trees consistently yielded cultures of the opportunistic pathogen <i>Diplodia sapinea</i>. In a greenhouse wound inoculation experiment, seven <i>D. sapinea</i> isolates obtained from Douglas fir caused phloem necrosis, blue-staining of sapwood and mortality and thus displayed pathogenicity towards seedlings of both <i>Ps. menziesii</i> and its common host, Scots pine (<i>Pinus sylvestris</i>). <i>Diplodia sapinea</i> produced significantly longer areas of blue-stain as well as higher and faster mortality in <i>Ps. menziesii</i> compared to <i>P. sylvestris</i>. We conclude that <i>D. sapinea</i> substantially contributed to the death of seven of the 13 examined large Douglas fir trees. While this fungus has been described as a pathogen of young Douglas fir trees before, this is the first report that it can potentially kill large individuals of this conifer species under drought conditions. Thus, our results indicate that <i>D. sapinea</i> could represent a severe threat to the cultivation of <i>Ps. menziesii</i> in European forestry.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/efp.12823","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46553784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diplodia twig canker (Diplodia gallae) of northern red oak (Quercus rubra) in the northeastern United States","authors":"Nicholas J. Brazee,&nbsp;Isabel A. Munck,&nbsp;Kelsey McLaughlin,&nbsp;Savannah Ferreira,&nbsp;Nicole Keleher","doi":"10.1111/efp.12822","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12822","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The 2015–2018 outbreak of spongy moth (<i>Lymantria dispar</i>) in southern New England initiated a severe oak decline and mortality event. While defoliation was a primary driver, increased secondary pest and pathogen activity contributed to decline and death. Following this large defoliation event, <i>Diplodia</i> was frequently recovered from northern red oaks (<i>Quercus rubra</i>) with serious outbreaks of twig cankering. Given the many recent reports of <i>Diplodia corticola</i> on oak in eastern North America, it was presumed to be the causal agent. To confirm, a limited survey was conducted from five states in the region (Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont). Based on ITS, <i>tef1</i> and <i>tub2</i> sequences generated from 28 isolates collected primarily from northern red oak, <i>Diplodia gallae</i>, two potentially novel <i>Diplodia</i> species and <i>Diplodia sapinea</i> were identified. Surprisingly, <i>D. corticola</i> was not found in this study. ITS sequences alone failed to discriminate among isolates of <i>D. gallae</i> and <i>D. corticola</i>, creating uncertainty over previous reports of <i>D. corticola</i> in eastern North America. Only a combined ITS + <i>tef1</i> dataset successfully distinguished <i>D. gallae</i> and <i>D. corticola</i> along with two other closely related species that also occur on oak (<i>Diplodia quercicola</i> and <i>Diplodia quercivora</i>). Additional cankering and endophytic fungi (<i>Coryneum</i>, <i>Dendrostoma</i>, <i>Gnomoniopsis</i>, <i>Pestalotiopsis</i> and <i>Tubakia</i>) were also found on symptomatic oaks in the region. Identification of <i>Diplodia</i> isolates from non-<i>Quercus</i> hosts also detected <i>Diplodia neojuniperi</i> on <i>Juniperus chinensis</i> and <i>Microbiota decussata</i>, which has not been reported previously in North America.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45645363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The culturable leaf mycobiome of Viscum album subsp. austriacum","authors":"Robert Jankowiak,&nbsp;Piotr Bilański,&nbsp;Julita Zając,&nbsp;Adrianna Jobczyk,&nbsp;Stephen J. Taerum","doi":"10.1111/efp.12821","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12821","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In Poland's pine forests, mistletoe (<i>Viscum album</i> subsp. <i>austriacum</i>) abundance has increased over the past 20 years. This mistletoe infestation has decreased the growth and vigour of Scots pine trees. In this study, we surveyed the culturable fungi from healthy and diseased <i>V</i>. <i>album</i> subsp. <i>austriacum</i> leaves from two stands in Poland. In total, 63 distinct species were identified, 99.8% of which belonged to the phylum <i>Ascomycota</i>. The community compositions of fungi in mistletoe leaves were similar in healthy and diseased leaves as <i>Alternaria alternata</i>, <i>Aureobasidium pullulans</i>, <i>Botryosphaeria visci</i>, <i>Fusarium paeoniae</i> and <i>Microsphaeropsis olivacea</i> were consistently found in leaves of all symptom types. The most frequently isolated fungus from asymptomatic leaves was <i>M</i>. <i>olivacea</i>, followed by <i>A</i>. <i>alternata</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>pullulans</i> and <i>Hypoxylon rubiginosum</i>. In comparison, the most frequently isolated fungi from leaves with rusty-brown necrotic spots were (in decreasing order) <i>M</i>. <i>olivacea</i>, <i>B</i>. <i>visci</i>, <i>F</i>. <i>paeoniae</i> and <i>A</i>. <i>alternata</i>, while the most frequently isolated fungi from leaves with black or dark brown spots were <i>M</i>. <i>olivacea</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>alternata</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>pullulans</i>, <i>Epicoccum layuense</i> and <i>F</i>. <i>paeoniae</i>. This study was the first comprehensive report showing that certain fungal species may be pathogens of <i>V</i>. <i>album</i> subsp. <i>austriacum</i> in Poland. This study was also the first report of <i>F</i>. <i>paeoniae</i>, <i>F</i>. <i>juglandicola</i>, <i>Diaporthe vacuae</i> and <i>Heterotruncatella spartii</i> from <i>V</i>. <i>album</i>, and the first report of <i>D</i>. <i>vacuae</i> and <i>H</i>. <i>spartii</i> in Poland.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44087230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The northernmost plant pathogenic fungus, Rhytisma arcticum sp. nov.: Morphological and molecular characterization of a novel species from Ellesmere Island, Canada","authors":"Shota Masumoto","doi":"10.1111/efp.12818","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12818","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A novel fungal pathogen, <i>Rhytisma arcticum</i>, is described, causing tar spot disease on <i>Salix arctica</i> in Ellesmere Island, Canada. Stromata, asci and ascospores—distinctly smaller than other <i>Rhytisma</i> species found on <i>Salix</i>—are its distinctive morphological features. rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large-subunit (LSU) sequence analyses revealed a close relation of this species to <i>R. polare</i> previously reported on Spitsbergen Island. This study describes a novel plant pathogen species in one of the northernmost locations of the world.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44207731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Susceptibility of silver birch and black alder to several Phytophthora species isolated from soils in declining broadleaf forests in western Ukraine","authors":"Iryna Matsiakh,&nbsp;Noelia López-García,&nbsp;Magdalena Kacprzyk,&nbsp;Michelle Cleary","doi":"10.1111/efp.12817","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12817","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In declining broadleaf forests in western Ukraine, several <i>Phytophthora</i> species including <i>P. plurivora</i>, <i>P. bilorbang</i>, <i>P. polonica</i>, <i>P. gonapodyides</i> and <i>P. cactorum</i> were recovered using soil baiting assays and identified using morphological and molecular methods. Pathogenicity tests of selected isolates were performed on black alder (<i>Alnus glutinosa</i> (L.) Gaerth.) and silver birch (<i>Betula pendula</i> Roth.) to assess susceptibility of these two tree species to the newly detected <i>Phytophthora</i> species. <i>Phytophthora plurivora</i>, <i>P. bilorbang</i> and <i>P. polonica</i> showed higher pathogenicity in both alder and birch compared to the other tested <i>Phytophthora</i> species.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/efp.12817","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45541336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Erysiphe japonica var. japonica found on Quercus aliena in Korea","authors":"In-Young Choi,&nbsp;Lamiya Abasova,&nbsp;Joon-Ho Choi,&nbsp;Byoung-Ki Choi,&nbsp;Hyeon-Dong Shin","doi":"10.1111/efp.12819","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12819","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In October 2022, <i>Erysiphe</i> powdery mildew from the section <i>Typhulochaeta</i> was found on <i>Quercus aliena</i> for the first time in Korea. Based on morphological characteristics and molecular-phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) gene sequences of the rDNA, the fungus was identified as <i>Erysiphe japonica</i> var. <i>japonica</i>. This is the first report of <i>E. japonica</i> var. <i>japonica</i> in Korea and the third report of this mildew on <i>Q. aliena</i>, with this current fungus-host association spreading to China and Japan. Based on Korean samples, this study provides detailed morphology and molecular phylogeny of <i>E. japonica</i> var. <i>japonica</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41350406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field ready: Development of a rapid LAMP-based colorimetric assay for the causal agent of white pine blister rust, Cronartium ribicola","authors":"Olga Kozhar,&nbsp;Jorge R. Ibarra Caballero,&nbsp;Kelly S. Burns,&nbsp;Jane E. Stewart","doi":"10.1111/efp.12814","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12814","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The invasive fungal pathogen <i>Cronartium ribicola</i> causes white pine blister rust which is considered one of the most destructive diseases of five-needle (white) pines in North America. The disease has a life cycle that requires two hosts: white pines and <i>Ribes</i> spp., although other non-<i>Ribes</i> species, including <i>Castilleja</i> and <i>Pedicularis</i>, have been demonstrated as alternate hosts as well. Detection of this disease can be difficult because of the ephemeral nature of sporulation on pine hosts with ambiguity in other symptoms, and the alternate hosts for <i>C. ribicola</i> can also be an alternate host for other pine rust species. We used the previously published <i>C. ribicola</i> genome and species-specific real-time PCR assay to develop a field-ready loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) specific colorimetric assay for this pathogen. Specificity results across regionally identified pine rust pathogens showed the assay is highly specific to <i>C. ribicola</i> and can detect as little as 40 pg of pathogen DNA. We also developed a simple DNA extraction method that works with several tissue types (bark/phloem, aeciospores, and urediniospores/telia) to prepare the DNA samples for the LAMP assay. The DNA extraction and LAMP assay take ~70 min to complete and require a relatively small investment in equipment. This tool enables quick and efficient detection of white pine blister rust.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/efp.12814","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42518843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes to relative stand composition after almost 50 years of Heterobasidion root disease in California true fir and pine forests","authors":"D. Alexander Flores,&nbsp;Adrian L. Poloni,&nbsp;Susan J. Frankel,&nbsp;Richard C. Cobb","doi":"10.1111/efp.12811","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12811","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Agaricomycete <i>Heterobasidion annosum</i> sensu lato (s.l.), a species complex of fungal pathogens, causes root and butt rot on conifers throughout the northern hemisphere, thereby shaping structure, composition, and evolution of vast and diverse forest ecosystems. We analyze forest change 48–49 years following Heterobasidion root disease emergence in 63 permanent plots first established in 1970–1972 and measured at least once every decade through 2020. We use this dataset to infer the long-term consequences of <i>Heterobasidion</i> root disease in a set of common forest types that reflect some of the most important hosts for this set of diseases in western North America. We contrasted three host–pathogen systems located within the Sierra Nevada, southern Cascades Mountain Range and the Modoc Plateau: (1) <i>H. irregulare</i> in host communities dominated by several <i>Pinus</i> (pine) species and <i>Calocedrus decurrens</i> (incense cedar) in Yosemite Valley, on the Sierra Nevada Range western slope; (2) <i>H. irregulare</i> in a largely single species (<i>Pinus jeffreyi</i>) host disease system on the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada and southern Cascades as well as the Modoc Plateau; and (3) <i>H. occidentale</i>—also on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada—in stands with a mixture of susceptible <i>Abies</i> (true fir) and a diversity of non-hosts for this <i>Heterobasidion</i> species. Approximately 50 years after disease emergence, relative basal area and stem density were significantly reduced within disease centres in all three pathosystems, but changes to forest composition and relative species dominance were determined by pre-disease host and non-host diversity. In the western-slope <i>H. occidentale</i> system, the disease increased the dominance of non-susceptible species, <i>Pinus</i> species and <i>C. decurrens</i>. In the multi-genus Yosemite pathosystem, <i>H. irregulare</i> did not significantly shift species dominance, and as expected, species shifts did not occur in the largely single-genus eastern-slope forests. In these widespread California forest ecosystems, two factors appeared to determine forest conditions almost 50 years after Heterobasidion root disease monitoring: the size of the disease centre and the initial diversity of non-hosts. Along with pathogen species, these factors appear to affect the local severity of disease as well as the degree of species shifts relative to initial plot compositions, reaffirming host susceptibility classifications associated with these forest types.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/efp.12811","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47471961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New branch disease of Styphnolobium japonicum caused by Fusarium solani in Xinjiang of China","authors":"Qian Wang,&nbsp;Yuanze Shi,&nbsp;Junnan Yu,&nbsp;Lulu Shan,&nbsp;Deying Sun,&nbsp;Shuqing Yang,&nbsp;Xiaofei Chen","doi":"10.1111/efp.12815","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12815","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Styphnolobium japonicum</i> (L.) Schott is a deciduous tree belonging to family Fabaceae and has been widely planted as garden greenery in China. In May 2021, a serious branch canker disease was observed in Alaer City. In order to identify the pathogen, five fungi were isolated from the diseased branches and the pathogenicity was evaluated by inoculating the branches outdoors. The pathogen was re-isolated from all the inoculated branches, therefore fulfilling Koch's postulates. Based on the morphological characteristic and polygenetic analysis using the internal transcribed spacer region, β-tubulin and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha, the pathogen was identified as <i>Fusarium solani</i>. This is the first report of <i>F. solani</i> as the causal agent of a branch canker of <i>S. japonicum</i> in Xinjiang of China.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48224057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vitality characterization of stressed trees based on non-destructive and real-time monitoring of stem water content","authors":"Lei Liu,&nbsp;Runze Song,&nbsp;Qiaoling Han,&nbsp;Yue Zhao,&nbsp;Yandong Zhao","doi":"10.1111/efp.12816","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12816","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The detection of stem water content is necessary as it is an important indicator for measuring woody plant vitality. However, the relationship between stem water content, determined by non-destructive, real-time, and long-term monitoring, and woody plant vitality remains undefined. In this study, the response of woody plant vitality to stem water content under different stress (freeze–thaw, pest, or drought) was analysed by mining the dynamic characteristics of the stem water content in different woody plants at the temporal scales of year, month, and day. Compared with unstressed trees, stressed trees had contrasting diurnal patterns. The stem water content in <i>Populus koreana</i> Rehd. during the freeze period was much lower than that during the thaw period, and opposite diurnal variation trends were observed during the freeze and thaw periods. The stem water content in infected <i>Lagerstroemia indica</i> was lower than that in uninfected <i>L. indica</i>, and the amplitude of the diurnal variation curve was lower in infected than in uninfected <i>L. indica</i>. Under drought stress, the more severe the water shortage, the lower the stem water content in <i>Malus micromalus</i>. When it was below a certain threshold, the diurnal variation trend was opposite to that without water shortage. In conclusion, stem water content dynamics can be used to evaluate the cold, pest, and drought response of trees, which could monitor tree health and guide forest assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43359263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}