Forest Pathology最新文献

{"title":"Determination of vc and mating types of Cryphonectria parasitica isolates by multiplex PCR and their genetic diversity in 13 chestnut-growing provinces of Turkey","authors":"Deniz Çakar,&nbsp;Göksel Özer,&nbsp;Seçil Akıllı Şimşek,&nbsp;Salih Maden","doi":"10.1111/efp.12813","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12813","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Vegetative compatibility (vc) and mating types and genetic diversity of <i>Cryphonectria parasitica</i> isolates were determined using 183 isolates obtained from 215 infected chestnut trees growing in 13 provinces of Turkey. Based on the cultural aspects, 143 of these isolates were evaluated as virulent whereas the remaining 40 isolates were hypovirulent. When vc types of 183 isolates were classically differentiated, 135 of them matched to EU-1 (82.3%), 29 of them to EU-12 (17.6%) vc type, whereas 19 of them did not match to the two. When molecular <i>vic</i> markers were used, all the isolates were assigned to two EU vc types; 149 to EU-1 (81.4%) and 34 (18.5%) to EU-12. Of the majority of the isolates, 134 (73.2%) had mating-type <i>MAT-1</i>, while 44 (24%) isolates had <i>MAT-2</i> and 5 (2.8%) isolates had both mating types. The population analysis based on two DNA marker systems, Inter-Primer Binding Site and Start Codon Targeted Polymorphism, showed no intraspecific genetic variation among the <i>C. parasitica</i> isolates. The prevalence of two dominant vc types revealed by this study shows that biological control with hypovirulent EU-1 and EU-12 isolates will be significant for the country. The results might be helpful to chestnut breeders carrying out resistance breeding studies to manage this disease based on hypovirulence attributed to <i>Cryphonectria hypovirus</i> 1.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44485106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) can directly transmit the fungal pathogens responsible for Rapid ʻŌhiʻa Death","authors":"Kylle Roy,&nbsp;Kelly A. Jaenecke,&nbsp;Ellen J. Dunkle,&nbsp;Dan Mikros,&nbsp;Robert W. Peck","doi":"10.1111/efp.12812","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12812","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The ecologically and culturally vital tree species, ʻōhiʻa lehua (<i>Metrosideros polymorpha</i>), is threatened by the fungal pathogens <i>Ceratocystis lukuohia</i> and <i>Ceratocystis huliohia</i>, the causal agents of the disease complex called Rapid ʻŌhiʻa Death (ROD). Four invasive ambrosia beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) species in the Xyleborini tribe colonize ROD <i>Ceratocystis</i>-infested ‘ōhiʻa and produce inoculum through their frass; however, the potential for direct transmission of the ROD fungi by these beetles was unknown. We fulfilled Leach's rules to support insect transmission of ROD by documenting the visitation of these ambrosia beetles to healthy ‘ōhiʻa trees, culturing <i>C. lukuohia</i> and <i>C. huliohia</i> from the ROD-associated beetles using three different collection methods at multiple study sites, and challenging healthy ʻōhiʻa seedlings with beetles that were exposed to both <i>C. lukuohia</i> and <i>C. huliohia</i> cultures. We documented all four invasive ROD-associated ambrosia beetle species including <i>Xyleborinus saxesenii</i>, <i>Xyleborus affinis</i>, <i>Xyleborus ferrugineus</i>, and <i>Xyleborus perforans</i> to regularly visit healthy ʻōhiʻa trees on sticky traps. Viable <i>Ceratocystis</i> propagules were isolated from all species, and <i>C. lukuohia</i> was most commonly isolated of the two ROD-causing fungi. Consistently across all collection techniques, ROD <i>Ceratocystis</i> spp. were detected on just under 3% of all assayed beetles, with the highest detection rate from <i>X. affinis</i>. All four beetle species were capable of directly transmitting both pathogens to healthy ʻōhiʻa seedlings with a high rate of transfer. <i>Ceratocystis</i> spp. are highly virulent pathogens in trees, and a single inoculation can result in tree death, therefore any direct transmission is a cause for concern. After meeting the criteria of Leach's rules, we propose that <i>Xi. saxesenii</i>, <i>X. affinis</i>, <i>X. ferrugineus</i>, and <i>X. perforans</i> are vectors of <i>C. lukuohia</i> and <i>C. huliohia</i>, particularly in areas of high ROD pressure and tree stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/efp.12812","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47914053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards resolving Nothophaeocryptopus and Rhizosphaera inhabitants of spruce needles","authors":"Joanne E. Taylor,&nbsp;Ondřej Koukol","doi":"10.1111/efp.12807","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12807","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Our knowledge of the endophytic fungal community associated with needles of Sitka spruce (<i>Picea sitchensis</i>) is rather limited, which contrasts with the importance of this tree species for forestry in the UK. In our study, we focused on the detailed characterization of multiple isolates tentatively placed into the genera <i>Nothophaeocryptopus</i> and <i>Rhizosphaera</i> that were obtained from needles of Sitka spruce and co-occurring Norway spruce (<i>Picea abies</i>) and Douglas fir (<i>Pseudotsuga menziesii)</i> at four sites in Scotland and Wales. After a thorough analysis of their phenotype and analysis of two nuclear regions (ITS rDNA and gene for β-tubulin), we propose two species new to science and one new combination. <i>Nothophaeocryptopus piceae</i> was isolated from healthy green or brown needles from spruces and is currently known only as a sterile culture, but the taxonomic novelty is well supported by host affinity and results of molecular data analysis. <i>Rhizosphaera minteri</i> may also be distinguished based on the combination of host and molecular data, but morphologically, it is similar to <i>R. pini</i>. Finally, <i>Hormonema merioides</i> and <i>R. pseudotsugae</i> are found to be conspecific and a new combination <i>R. merioides</i> is proposed following the phylogenetic placement of this species. Our study highlights the importance of multiple approaches used in the identification of microfungi associated with coniferous needles. It is evident that morphologically identical fungi may represent distinct species differing in their host range and severity on the host. This study also provides a basis for future monitoring of these fungi associated with important coniferous forestry trees in the UK.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47084920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytophthora alticola and P. boodjera associated with decline of young Eucalyptus smithii trees in Uruguay","authors":"Franco De Benedetti,&nbsp;Victoria Moreira,&nbsp;Pedro Mondino,&nbsp;Sandra Alaniz","doi":"10.1111/efp.12810","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12810","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Eucalyptus</i> production mainly destined to cellulose pulp production has expanded strongly in the last 30 years in Uruguay. <i>Eucalyptus smithii</i> has recently emerged as a promising species for cellulose pulp production. However, an average of 40% of young trees die during the first and second summer of post-planting. In this study, 32 <i>Phytophthora</i> isolates were obtained from 132 <i>E. smithii</i> young trees with root and collar rot symptoms, confirming the association of <i>Phytophthora</i> to <i>E. smithii</i> decline. Based on phylogenetic analysis of ITS, TUB2, cox1 and HSP90 gene regions and phenotypical characteristics, two species belonging to the genera <i>Phytophthora</i> clade 4 were identified, <i>P. alticola</i> (96%) and <i>P. boodjera</i> (4%). Tested isolates of both species significantly reduced both shoot and root dry weights of inoculated <i>E. smithii</i> seedlings compared to control plants. To our best knowledge, this is the first time that <i>P. alticola</i> and <i>P. boodjera</i> are recovered from young symptomatic <i>E. smithii</i> trees in commercial plantations as well as the first time these species are found in the Americas.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41684765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence of brown root rot in Ocean Expo Park, Okinawa, Japan: Infection route and preventive control measures","authors":"Satoshi Tsujimoto,&nbsp;Mitsuteru Akiba,&nbsp;Norikazu Kameyama,&nbsp;Norio Sahashi","doi":"10.1111/efp.12809","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12809","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ocean Expo Park, established in 1976 on subtropical Okinawa Island, Japan, has approximately 8000 planted or naturally grown trees in an area of 77.2 ha. Windfall of these trees occurs mainly due to typhoons; wood chips made from the trunks and roots of windfall trees are commonly used as mulching material throughout the park areas, despite possible infection by pathogenic fungi such as <i>Phellinus noxius</i>, the pathogen causing brown root rot. <i>P. noxius</i> is distributed in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide and has a broad host range. The fungus can infect host plants with mycelia via root-to-root contact or with basidiospores. Here, we report the current status of tree damage caused by brown root rot in the park and infer the infection routes of <i>P. noxius</i> based on microsatellite markers. Among a total of 294 trees surveyed in the park, <i>P. noxius</i> was isolated from 13 trees of five species. <i>P. noxius</i> was observed more frequently on <i>Ficus microcarpa</i> than on other tree species. <i>Ficus superba</i> var. <i>japonica</i> was identified as a new host species, and <i>Bombax ceiba</i> was first recorded as a host plant of <i>P. noxius</i> in Japan. Among the 13 <i>P. noxius</i> isolates from the diseased trees, 2 isolates from adjacent diseased trees were considered to be of the same genet, while the other 11 isolates were different genets, indicating that infection by basidiospores occurred frequently among trees in the entire park, although spread via root systems also occurred between at least two adjacent trees. An identical genet was not detected at distant locations, which suggests that the disease does not spread via chips. However, mulching with chips can lead to wood decay due to decaying fungi other than <i>P. noxius</i>. Therefore, in accordance with the precautionary principle, the park currently prohibits the chipping and mulching of windfall or damaged trees and is considering disposal methods such as burning.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46990380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pseudopestalotiopsis elaeidis associated with leaf spots on Cycas revoluta in Brazil","authors":"André Wilson Campos Rosado,&nbsp;Alessandra de Jesus Boari,&nbsp;Danilo Oliveira Ramos,&nbsp;Fábio Alex Custódio,&nbsp;Ayane Fernanda Ferreira Quadros,&nbsp;Izabel Cristina Alves Batista,&nbsp;Olinto Liparini Pereira","doi":"10.1111/efp.12808","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12808","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Cycas revoluta</i> (Cycadaceae) is commonly cultivated as an ornamental tree in several countries. In April 2015, <i>C. revoluta</i> leaves showing brownish spots with a yellow halo that progressed to leaflet necrosis were observed in Belém, Pará state, Brazil. This study aimed to determine the aetiology of this disease on sago palm in Brazil. Based on DNA sequence-based phylogeny, morphology, and colony characterization, the fungus was identified as <i>Pseudopestalotiopsis elaeidis</i>. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of <i>P. elaeidis</i> associated with leaf spots on <i>C. revoluta</i> worldwide.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47055147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outbreak of shoot blight and dieback of Eucalyptus spp., caused by Pseudoplagiostoma eucalypti in Brazil","authors":"Edival Ângelo Valverde Zauza,&nbsp;Lúcio Mauro da Silva Guimarães,&nbsp;Nilza de Lima Pereira Sales,&nbsp;Samuel Alves dos Santos,&nbsp;Rafael Ferreira Alfenas,&nbsp;Acelino Couto Alfenas","doi":"10.1111/efp.12806","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12806","url":null,"abstract":"<p>An outbreak of a new and severe disease was observed in <i>Eucalyptus</i> plantations of Bahia state, Brazil. An Ascomycota fungus has been frequently associated with the main symptoms of the disease namely leaf spot, branch cankers, shoot blight, defoliation, and dieback. Based on morphological characteristics, phylogenetic analysis (ITS and TEF-1α genes), and pathogenicity test on <i>Eucalyptus</i> plants, <i>Pseudoplagiostoma eucalypti</i> was identified as the causal agent of the disease. Although <i>P. eucalytpi</i> has been known from in Brazil since 1998, this is the first report of it causing severe disease and die-back on <i>Eucalyptus</i> spp. and we also record new symptoms associated with the pathogen.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47656329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chrysoporthe puriensis causing canker and mortality in Pleroma mutabile in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil","authors":"Géssica Mylena Santana Rêgo,&nbsp;Iêda Alana Leite de Souza,&nbsp;Gabrielle Avelar Silva,&nbsp;Mara Elisa Soares de Oliveira,&nbsp;Maria Alves Ferreira","doi":"10.1111/efp.12803","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12803","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fungi of the Cryphonectriaceae family are globally known to be tree pathogens. In Brazil, several species of <i>Chrysoporthe</i> have been found causing stem and branch cankers in <i>Pleroma</i> (= <i>Tibouchina</i>) spp. Recently, <i>Chrysoporthe puriensis</i> was described as a new species causing stem and branch cankers in <i>Pleroma granulosum</i>, <i>Pleroma candolleanum</i>, and <i>Pleroma heteromallum</i>, all native species of the Melastomataceae family. During an investigation to collect isolates of the Cryphonectriaceae family in an important Brazilian biome, the Atlantic Forest, in Serra do Mar, structures typical of <i>Chrysoporthe</i> species were found in a different host, <i>Pleroma mutabile</i>. Fruiting bodies present in the bark of these trees were collected and isolated. The isolates were submitted on morphological characterization and phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and β-tubulin gene regions using Maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference and Maximum parsimony methods. The isolates collected, for this study, were identified as <i>C. puriensis.</i> Pathogenicity tests on seedlings of <i>Pleroma</i> species and <i>Eucalyptus</i> clones revealed <i>C. puriensis</i> can infect and cause canker in these plant species as mortality. The results demonstrate the importance of delimiting the <i>C. puriensis</i> collection range to track its dissemination in other hosts. No host specificity was observed in the inoculation tests, suggesting this is an important finding, the pathogen causes diseases and mortality in several plants of the Atlantic Forest. Additionally, the pathogen can affect others hosts, such as <i>Eucalyptus</i> clones in commercial plantations<i>.</i></p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48956855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of pine mistletoe (Viscum album subsp. austriacum) on the growth of Scots pine and Crimean pine in Turkey","authors":"Oytun Emre Sakici,&nbsp;Gonca Ece Özcan,&nbsp;Mehmet Seki,&nbsp;Fadime Sağlam","doi":"10.1111/efp.12802","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12802","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, the effect of pine mistletoe (<i>Viscum album</i> subsp. <i>austriacum</i>) on basal area increment of Crimean pine and Scots pine was investigated. Dendrochronological data were collected from 223 (71 uninfected and 152 infected) Crimean pines and 195 (77 uninfected and 118 infected) Scots pines located in Kastamonu province of Turkey in 2014. Infected sample trees were classified as light, moderate or severe infection levels. Growth trends and basal area increment loses were compared between uninfected and infected trees for the periods of the last 10, 20 and 30 years. In addition, infection status of forest stands was investigated using temporary sample plots; 27 plots in Crimean pine stands and 26 plots in Scots pine. Results demonstrated that basal area increments were negatively affected by pine mistletoe for both species. Mean basal area increment losses of infected trees for the last decade were determined as 24% for Scots pine and 26% for Crimean pine. Basal area increment losses varied by infection levels (light, moderate and severe) as follows: 25%, 20% and 28% for Scots pines and 20%, 32% and 9% for Crimean pines. Scots pine stands were more severely infected by pine mistletoe than Crimean pine stands. There were negative correlations between number of infected trees and stand density for both species, while positive correlation was detected between the number of infected trees and mean diameter for Scots pine. The results of this study indicate that the pine mistletoe infection has negative effect on radial growth of Scots pine and Crimean pine trees. The results can be an important contribution to the forest management and protection activities in mistletoe-infected stands.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47442048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multilocus phylogenetic analysis revealed a new cryptic lineage of Serpula himantioides in Japan","authors":"Ayuka Iwakiri,&nbsp;Hitomi Ota,&nbsp;Norihisa Matsushita,&nbsp;Ryusei Haraguchi,&nbsp;Toshihiro Yamada,&nbsp;Kenji Fukuda","doi":"10.1111/efp.12805","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12805","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Serpula himantioides</i> is a widely distributed saprotrophic fungus that causes root and butt rot in various tree species. In Japan, butt rot associated with <i>S. himantioides</i> is observed in <i>Chamaecyparis pisifera</i> and <i>Abies sachalinensis</i>. Previous studies have shown that <i>S. himantioides</i> includes five phylogenetically defined cryptic lineages, but the placement of Japanese isolates remains unclear. To clarify the phylogenetic relationship between Japanese <i>S. himantioides</i> and the five known lineages, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis using three newly collected Japanese isolates along with 74 <i>S. himantioides</i> isolates, based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, the 28 S large subunit (LSU) rDNA, the beta-tubulin (<i>tub</i>) gene, and the heat stress protein (<i>hsp</i>) gene. The concatenated phylogenetic tree showed that Japanese isolates composed a clade with a high bootstrap value distinct from the known lineages, indicating the Japanese isolates present a new cryptic lineage of <i>S. himantioides</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/efp.12805","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47043100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}