Forest Pathology最新文献

{"title":"Changes in the Wood Fungal Community Composition in Living Chamaecyparis pisifera Trees During the Progression of Heart Rot Caused by Serpula himantioides","authors":"Ryusei Haraguchi,&nbsp;Toshihide Hirao,&nbsp;Toshihiro Yamada","doi":"10.1111/efp.70043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/efp.70043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Serpula himantioides</i> is a widely distributed wood rot fungus that causes heart rot in various tree species. In Japan, heart rot due to <i>S. himantioides</i> occurs in <i>Chamaecyparis pisifera</i>; however, changes in the wood fungal community composition accompanying the progression of heart rot in living trees remain unclear. In this study, we clarified the changes in the fungal community composition of heartwood as heart rot progresses by performing an amplicon sequence analysis using DNA samples collected from living <i>C. pisifera</i> trees with heart rot caused by <i>S. himantioides</i>. Additionally, the mode of decay progression was characterised according to non-hierarchical clustering. The composition of <i>S. himantioides</i> sometimes reached extreme levels as heartwood decayed. This result is consistent with the findings of a previous study on heartwood decay in broad-leaved tree logs. However, there was no clear relationship between fungal diversity and the decrease in wood density, which was inconsistent with the results of a previous study on logs. Thus, this inconsistency may be influenced by the highly selective environment within heartwood. A clustering analysis grouped samples into four clusters, and the trophic modes and wood saprotroph decay types of indicator operational taxonomic units (OTUs), which characterised each cluster, changed during the decay process. The indicator OTUs and environmental variables for each cluster revealed that the four clusters corresponded to the pre-decay and incipient, intermediate and advanced decay stages. The study findings may be useful for further elucidating the decay of living trees infected by wood rot fungi.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"55 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/efp.70043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145271952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Needle Blight on Stone Pine Decline in Recently Planted Trees in Nallıhan District of Türkiye","authors":"Deniz Çakar,&nbsp;Seçil Akıllı Şimşek,&nbsp;Belgen Yiğit,&nbsp;Salih Maden","doi":"10.1111/efp.70042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/efp.70042","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Stone pine (<i>Pinus pinea</i> L.) plantations have been encouraged by the General Directorate of Forestry of Türkiye because of their various uses and benefits. Recently, a distinctive growth retardation having intensive needle blight symptoms has been observed in a 5 ha area of 30 years old plantations in the Nallıhan district. Ten fungi have been recovered from 100 symptomatic needles collected from 20 different trees. The three fungi recovered; <i>H. spartii</i>, <i>S. polyspora</i> and <i>V. sordida</i> caused symptoms when inoculated onto healthy needles of <i>P. pinea</i>. The highest rate of needle necrosis was obtained when the three fungi were inoculated in combination. The fungi also produced necrosis when inoculated into bark tissues on the stems of 1–2-year-old stone pine saplings. The type of disease progression, appearing as a blight on the lower parts of the trees, resembled root-rot damage, yet no symptoms of rot were observed when the roots of three symptomatic trees were examined. It is concluded that the observed symptoms could have a detrimental impact on pine nut production.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"55 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145224420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Simultaneous Role of Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) in Biological Control and Improving the Production of Forest Resources","authors":"Jae-Hyun Moon,&nbsp;Henry B. Ajuna,&nbsp;Vantha Choub,&nbsp;Su-In Choi,&nbsp;Ju-Yeol Yun,&nbsp;Su-Yeon Lee,&nbsp;Byoungkoo Choi,&nbsp;Young Sang Ahn","doi":"10.1111/efp.70040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/efp.70040","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Plant pests and fungal diseases cause tremendous damage to forest resources worldwide, leading to increasing with increasing leading economic losses due to the impact of climate change such as increased prevalence and proliferation of invasive species. Especially in the field of forestry and horticulture, these fungal diseases and pests are the main cause of growth delays and deaths of forest seedlings, as well as lowering fruit quality and yield in fruit trees. Most nurseries and orchards around the world rely on chemical fungicides and pesticides as a means of responding quickly to fungal diseases and pests. However, these chemicals are subject to strict laws and regulations due to environmental pollution, their negative impacts on human health (direct chemical toxicity and chemical residues in food products) and the emergence of resistant pests and pathogens which increase the burden of pest and disease control, as well as the increased costs of food quality assurance, leading to a rise in overall costs of production. In addition, macronutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are essential for the growth of seedlings and the production of high-quality fruits and are often replenished using chemical fertilisers. However, chemical fertilisers cause soil acidification, leaching, water pollution (and eutrophication), emission of greenhouse gases, formation of toxic compounds and the disruption of soil microbial balance, leading to the proliferation of phytopathogenic fungi that exacerbate plant health challenges. In the recent past, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) such as &lt;i&gt;Bacillus&lt;/i&gt; species have been demonstrated as an important alternative to the use of chemical fungicides, pesticides and fertilisers. The popularity of &lt;i&gt;Bacillus&lt;/i&gt; spp. in forestry is mainly due to their potential to effectively control insect pests and plant diseases while simultaneously promoting the growth of forest trees and improving fruit production, using various mechanisms. &lt;i&gt;Bacillus&lt;/i&gt; spp. have become a focus for research as a next-generation solution in the fields of biological control, biostimulation and biofertiliser science, with the potential to reduce the dependence on chemical fungicides, pesticides and fertilisers. This review provides an overview of the potential role of the hydrolytic enzymes such as chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase and protease produced by &lt;i&gt;Bacillus&lt;/i&gt; species as versatile weapons in the biological control of fungal phytopathogens/insect pests through the degradation of fungal cell walls/insect pest cuticles, respectively. In addition, this study reviewed the biostimulation properties of &lt;i&gt;Bacillus&lt;/i&gt; spp. such as the secretion of phytohormones like indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) which promote root growth and gibberellic acid (GA) which promotes fruit development. The study also examines the biofertilisation potential of &lt;i&gt;Bacillus&lt;/i&gt; spp. through N-fixation/ammonia-N production and phosphate (PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3−&lt;","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"55 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/efp.70040","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145224421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outbreak of Phytophthora abietivora in a Québec Forest Nursery: Emergence of a New Phytophthora Tree Pathogen?","authors":"Guillaume Charron,&nbsp;Marie-Krystel Gauthier,&nbsp;Valérie Aucoin,&nbsp;Philippe Tanguay","doi":"10.1111/efp.70041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/efp.70041","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tree nurseries play a key role in the Canadian economy and reforestation efforts, producing over 600 million seedlings annually. Despite rigorous management practices, nurseries are not exempt from pathogen outbreaks, which can be devastating on many levels. In October 2022, the public forest nursery of St-Modeste (Canada) noted an unusually high mortality rate among their 2-year-old balsam fir (<i>Abies balsamea</i> ) seedlings. <i>Phytophthora abietivora</i>, recently identified as responsible for the Phytophthora root rot (PRR) in Christmas tree plantations, was suspected to be the causative agent of the outbreak. The objectives of this study were to identify the pathogen(s) responsible for the outbreak in the nursery and determine its pathogenicity and transmissibility to other seedlings. After the isolation of the pathogen and molecular detection, it was confirmed that the epidemic was caused by <i>P. abietivora</i>. The pathogen was not only found on healthy-looking balsam seedlings, but also on many other tree species grown in the nursery showing no above-ground PRR symptoms, such as spruce seedlings. The strain isolated in the nursery proved to be highly infectious to Fraser fir seedlings, and results were exacerbated by artificial flooding of seedlings. More worryingly, the disease could be transmitted to susceptible recipient seedlings from asymptomatic donor seedlings. The pathogen could be detected in soil and roots from both donor and recipient seedlings. Together, these findings indicate the first report of an outbreak of <i>P. abietivora</i> on balsam fir seedlings under nursery conditions. Efforts must be increased to minimise economic losses and to manage future outbreaks better in order to protect Christmas trees and forests.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"55 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/efp.70041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145172022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selection of Stable Real-Time Quantitative PCR Reference Genes for the Beech Leaf Disease Nematode Litylenchus crenatae","authors":"Emily Wolf,&nbsp;Robert Marra,&nbsp;Paulo Vieira","doi":"10.1111/efp.70039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/efp.70039","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Beech leaf disease (BLD) is rapidly spreading throughout beech forests in the northeastern regions of North America, posing a significant ecological threat to these ecosystems. The etiological agent in this disease is the foliar nematode <i>Litylenchus crenatae</i>. To unravel the molecular mechanisms governing <i>L. crenatae</i> parasitism and pathogenicity, it is essential to analyse its gene expression profiles. Accurate quantification of gene expression using reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) requires stable internal reference genes for normalisation. To date, no comprehensive studies have identified or validated suitable internal reference genes for <i>L. crenatae</i> across relevant stages of BLD. In this study, we evaluated nine candidate reference genes from <i>L. crenatae</i> and systematically evaluated their expression stability across various developmental stages and plant-interaction conditions. Our analysis identified two genes coding an <i>EF-hand domain-containing protein</i> (<i>EF-hand</i>) and a <i>Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 2</i> (<i>UBQ2</i>) that exhibited the most stable expression profiles, indicating their suitability as internal controls for RT-qPCR assays in this nematode. Utilising these reference genes, we further characterised the expression profiles of four parasitism-related genes. These target genes were assessed across different nematode developmental stages collected from infected buds and leaves. Overall, our results provide suitable reference genes for accurate gene expression studies in <i>L. crenatae</i>, contributing to a better understanding of the molecular interaction between this nematode and its beech hosts.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"55 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145172017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Risk Does Phytophthora ramorum Pose to Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis) and Other Conifers in Britain?","authors":"J. F. Webber,&nbsp;A. McDermott,&nbsp;B. Spurrier,&nbsp;A. R. Harris","doi":"10.1111/efp.70033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/efp.70033","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Larch (<i>Larix</i>) and, to a lesser extent, rhododendron (<i>Rhododendron ponticum</i>) have emerged as key drivers of the <i>Phytophthora ramorum</i> epidemic in Britain because of the copious numbers of sporangia that are released from their foliage following infection; the inoculum then initiates stem and foliar infections on nearby broadleaf and conifer species. This has raised concerns that other conifer species could play a similar role to larch, with most concern centred on Sitka spruce which currently comprises &gt; 50% of all commercial conifer plantations in Britain. To address this, we assessed the potential of the EU1 lineage of <i>P. ramorum</i> to sporulate on foliage of conifers already known to have some susceptibility (Sitka spruce (<i>Picea sitchensis</i>), grand fir (<i>Abies gradis</i>), Douglas fir (<i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>), western hemlock (<i>Tsuga heteophyllum</i>) and coastal redwood (<i>Sequoia sempervirens</i>)). Our findings suggested these conifers are much less effective at sustaining sporulation (means ranging from ~16 to ~49 sporangia per cm² of needle) compared with larch (nearly 600 per cm²). Lesions formed by both EU1 and EU2 lineages of <i>P. ramorum</i> in Sitka spruce bark were significantly smaller than those in larch, indicating that spruce is a less susceptible host. However, substantial zoospore concentrations (50,000 to 500,000 mL⁻¹) were required to cause infections through intact bark of both larch and spruce. Outcomes of these comparisons are discussed in the context of the frequency with which larch and Sitka spruce were found to be naturally infected during surveys of <i>P. ramorum</i> in Britain. Overall, we conclude that in contrast to larch, Sitka spruce and several other conifers grown in Britain do not have potential to sustain an epidemic of <i>P. ramorum</i>, although they may possibly act as low-level reservoirs of infection.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"55 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144923676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erysiphe Aesculi-sylvaticae sp. nov. Infecting North American Aesculus Species: A New Cryptic Species Provides Insights Into the Invasion Dynamics of an Important Fungal Pathogen","authors":"Andrew Paul,&nbsp;Uma Crouch,&nbsp;James K. Mitchell,&nbsp;Michael Bradshaw","doi":"10.1111/efp.70036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/efp.70036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Aesculus</i> is a genus of woody plant species that contains multiple ecologically and ornamentally important species. Powdery mildew is common on this host genus and is particularly virulent on the economically significant horse chestnut, <i>Aesculus hippocastanum</i>. Previously, all <i>Erysiphe</i> species found on <i>Aesculus</i> spp. were identified as <i>Erysiphe flexuosa</i>. Recent genomic research has indicated that powdery mildew species frequently show a high degree of host specificity which was not captured by traditional morphological approaches. As such, we proceeded to collect and sequence multiple regions of the powdery mildew genome to determine the causal agents of disease on different <i>Aesculus</i> spp. The results of our multilocus phylogenetic analyses revealed the existence of a genetically distinct species, which has been found only on <i>Aesculus</i> spp. native to North America. <i>Erysiphe aesculi-sylvaticae</i> sp. nov. is proposed for this cryptic species. In the past 25 years, there have been multiple reports of an <i>E. flexuosa</i> epidemic on <i>Aesculus hippocastanum</i> in Europe, while <i>E. aesculi-sylvaticae</i> has yet to be identified outside of the United States. The discovery of this new cryptic powdery mildew species as well as analysis of additional sequences from collections of <i>E. flexuosa</i> from North America, including from the type specimen collected in 1872, are discussed in detail with an emphasis on the implications for the co-evolution, worldwide spread, and invasion dynamics of these powdery mildews. Future research should continue to collect and sequence powdery mildews on different <i>Aesculus</i> spp. to better understand the diversity and spread of these economically important pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"55 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/efp.70036","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144894416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence of Neofusicoccum parvum Associated With Dieback of Ailanthus altissima in Italy","authors":"Irene Giubilei,&nbsp;Mounira Inas Drais,&nbsp;Danilo Cos,&nbsp;Angelo Mazzaglia","doi":"10.1111/efp.70038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/efp.70038","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The invasive deciduous tree <i>Ailanthus altissima</i>, native to China, has rapidly spread worldwide and is now considered one of the most ecologically disruptive species. During a survey carried out in 2024 in Rome province, trees exhibiting severe dieback symptoms were documented, including canopy decline, internal wood discoloration and necrotic lesions on both the outer and inner bark. Morphological and molecular analyses identified <i>Neofusicoccum parvum</i> as the causal agent, and pathogenicity tests confirmed its role in disease development. Given the invasiveness of <i>A. altissima</i> and the high pathogenic potential of <i>N. parvum,</i> their interaction could provide new chances for natural constraint to its spread. This study represents the first report of <i>N. parvum</i> infecting <i>A. altissima</i> in Italy, emphasising its significance for ecosystem dynamics and invasive species containment.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"55 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/efp.70038","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144894414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Report of Alternaria alternata Causing Branch Blight on Platycladus orientalis in China","authors":"De-cheng Yin,&nbsp;Wen Li,&nbsp;Sheng-nan Du,&nbsp;Guo-an Luo,&nbsp;Sha Chen,&nbsp;Hai-ping Lin,&nbsp;Xiu Su","doi":"10.1111/efp.70035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/efp.70035","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Platycladus orientalis</i> is widely distributed in China and is an excellent afforestation tree with uses for timber, medicinal, ornamental and landscape purposes. Branch blight was observed on cypress plants in Zhejiang Province of China. Three fungal isolates (CSAL1, CSAL2 and CSAL3) were obtained by tissue isolation from diseased samples. The isolates were identified as <i>Alternaria alternata</i> based on morphological characteristics and a multi-gene phylogenetic tree constructed by combining sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), large subunit ribosomal RNA (LSU), <i>glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase</i> (<i>gapdh</i>), <i>translation elongation factor 1-alpha</i> (<i>tef 1</i>) and <i>Alternaria alternata major allergen</i> (<i>Alt a 1</i>). The pathogenicity of the isolates was confirmed by fulfilling Koch's postulates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of <i>A. alternata</i> causing branch blight on <i>P. orientalis</i> in China.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"55 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144861870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Diversity of Calonectria reteaudii Isolates From Infected Eucalyptus Leaves and Associated Soils Indicates a Phyllosphere Origin of the Pathogen","authors":"Nam Q. Pham,&nbsp;FeiFei Liu,&nbsp;Tuan A. Duong,&nbsp;Brenda D. Wingfield,&nbsp;ShuaiFei Chen,&nbsp;Michael J. Wingfield","doi":"10.1111/efp.70037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/efp.70037","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Calonectria leaf blight is among the most prevalent diseases affecting planted <i>Eucalyptus</i> in Southeast Asia. <i>Calonectria reteaudii</i> was recently identified as the main causal agent of a localised epidemic in Malaysia, and a number of isolates were collected from diseased leaves and soils associated with symptomatic trees. This provided an opportunity to gain a better understanding of the pathogen ecology, particularly the relationship between soil and phyllosphere inoculum sources. A set of eight polymorphic SSR markers was used to genotype 21 isolates from leaves and 23 isolates from soils collected beneath infected trees. In addition, mating types of all isolates were identified using PCR-based diagnostic mating-type primers. Low genotypic diversity was found in both the leaf and soil populations of <i>C. reteaudii</i>. However, the isolates from diseased leaves exhibited higher levels of genotypic and genetic diversity compared to those from associated soils. All multilocus genotypes identified in the soil isolates were also represented in the leaf population. While all isolates from the soil were of the <i>MAT1-1</i> mating type, both <i>MAT1-1</i> and <i>MAT1-2</i> were identified in isolates from the diseased leaves, but the <i>MAT1-1</i>/<i>MAT1-2</i> ratio deviated significantly from a 1:1 ratio. The high level of clonality observed for the isolates suggests that conidia are most likely the primary source of pathogen dispersal. The results also suggest that isolates of <i>C. reteaudii</i> from the soils collected beneath heavily infected trees likely originated from the phyllosphere and not vice versa.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"55 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144833121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}