Forest Pathology最新文献

{"title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics of bacterial wilt in Eucalyptus","authors":"Ana P. Rossi,&nbsp;Waldir C. Jesus Junior,&nbsp;Edival A. V. Zauza,&nbsp;Marcos P. Coutinho,&nbsp;Breno Benvindo dos Anjos,&nbsp;Willian Bucker Moraes","doi":"10.1111/efp.12798","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12798","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bacterial wilt (caused by <i>Ralstonia</i> spp.) is one of the most damaging diseases of <i>Eucalyptus</i> species, and is responsible for substantial losses to producers. For efficient, scientifically-based management of this disease, it is necessary to understand the various factors involved in its development, including greater knowledge of the epidemiology of the pathogen on <i>Eucalyptus</i> spp. This study aimed to determine the spatialtemporal dynamics of bacterial wilt in <i>Eucalyptus</i> under natural infection conditions. An experiment was conducted in a commercial plantation in the municipality of Itinga, state of Maranhão, Brazil, using the clone FGCA0385 (<i>Eucalyptus urophylla</i> var. <i>platyphylla</i>). The study comprised of four plots composed of 450 plants each, subdivided into nine rows with 50 plants per row with a spacing of 3 × 3 m. Disease incidence was quantified over 1 year. The spatial dynamics of the disease was determined using the dispersion index, a modified Taylor law, and the analysis of the dynamics and structure of foci. For temporal dynamics, the curve of the disease incidence progress was plotted, and the data were analysed by simple linear regression analysis fitted to three empirical models: logistic, monomolecular, and Gompertz. The distribution pattern of <i>Eucalyptus</i> bacterial wilt was random, as confirmed by the Index of dispersion. Analysis of the dynamics and structure of the foci, showed that 69 disease foci occurred, 44 of which were unitary, with an average number of plants per focus of 1.63. Foci had greater length in the direction of the planting line. The epidemics were best described by the monomolecular model, with an estimated incidence of <i>Eucalyptus</i> bacterial wilt of 27.77% in the fourth year of the study. According to the spatiotemporal dynamics of this work, management strategies such as eliminating symptomatic plants and crop renovation can be used based on economic viability.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47561171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First report of Leveillula clavata causing powdery mildew on Euphorbia leucocephala from India","authors":"Sujit Hanumant Wagh,&nbsp;Mahadev Bhimappa Kanade,&nbsp;Sachin Vasantrao Thite,&nbsp;Uwe Braun,&nbsp;Kamila Câmara Correia,&nbsp;Guadalupe Arlene Mora-Romero,&nbsp;Juan Manuel Tovar-Pedraza","doi":"10.1111/efp.12797","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12797","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In December 2020, <i>Euphorbia leucocephala</i> plants exhibiting symptoms of powdery mildew were observed in the Botanical Garden of Tuljaram Chaturchand College, Baramati, Maharashtra, India. Based on morphological identification, DNA sequence analysis, and pathogenicity, the fungal pathogen of the disease was identified as <i>Leveillula clavata</i>. This is the first report of <i>L. clavata</i> on <i>Euphorbia leucocephala</i> from India and in general.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49012300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First report of Phyllosticta spinarum causing arborvitae foliar blight in Russia","authors":"Maria M. Gomzhina,&nbsp;Philipp B. Gannibal","doi":"10.1111/efp.12796","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12796","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Thuja occidentalis</i> is a popular and widely planted tree in Russia. However, it is susceptible to arborvitae foliar blight, which can compromise the long-term health of trees in the landscape and in nursery production. Leaves with arborvitae needle blight were collected in 2019 in the foothill zone of the Republic of Adygea, and two isolates of <i>Phyllosticta</i> sp. were obtained. Multilocus analyses were performed with sequences of the internal transcribed spacer and 28 S rDNA of the ribosomal DNA, partial actin gene, partial RNA-polymerase II gene, and partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha. Based on phylogenetic analyses combined with morphological features the isolates were identified as <i>Phyllosticta spinarum</i>. Following inoculation of the original host species both isolates produced symptoms similar to those observed in naturally infected leaves. Koch's postulates were then fulfilled by re-isolating <i>P. spinarum</i> from the inoculated leaves. These findings represent the first confirmed detection of <i>P. spinarum</i> causing arborvitae needle blight in Russia.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43419801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional roles of nematodes associated with the walnut twig beetle and eastern black walnut in the inland northwest","authors":"Geoffrey M. Williams,&nbsp;Matthew D. Ginzel","doi":"10.1111/efp.12791","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12791","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Beetles (Scolytinae) form intimate associations with a taxonomically and functionally diverse suite of nematodes that are phytopathogens, fungal feeders, and entomoparasites. Despite their ubiquity, the ecological significance of nematodes in the lifecycles of economically important bark and ambrosia beetle species (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and associated plant diseases remains largely unexplored. Thousand cankers disease (TCD) is caused by the walnut twig beetle (WTB, <i>Pityophthorus juglandis</i> Blackman) and the fungus <i>Geosmithia morbida</i> (Kolařík, Freeland, Utley &amp; Tisserat; Ascoymycota: Hypocreales) and causes foliar senescence, progressive crown dieback, and mortality in black walnut (<i>Juglans nigra</i> L.) throughout western North America. In this study, nematodes recovered from <i>P. juglandis</i> and <i>J. nigra</i> in Idaho (ID) and Washington (WA) were identified morphologically and by constructing multilocus phylogenies to infer taxonomic relationships to taxa for which molecular data were available. We conducted assays to determine the extent to which nematodes feed and reproduce on <i>G. morbida</i> and other fungi commonly found in galleries of <i>P. juglandis</i>. Inoculation experiments were conducted to determine the effect of nematodes on the area of subdermal necrotic lesions (cankers) caused by <i>G. morbida</i> in branches of mature <i>J. nigra</i> and stems of seedlings. The phoretic nematode <i>Bursaphlenhus juglandis</i> (Ryss, Parker, Alvarez-Ortega, Nadeler &amp; Subbotin) was frequently found under elytra of WTB in all locations, and a free-living nematode (<i>Panagrolaimus</i> sp.) was also widespread and found in the bark of mature trees. Both <i>B. juglandis</i> and <i>Panagrolaimus</i> sp. reduced the size of cankers caused by <i>G. morbida</i> in seedlings and branches of mature trees, respectively. However, these species may play opposite roles as disease synergists and antagonists based on the observation that exudates and/or microbiota associated with <i>Panagrolaimus</i> sp., but not <i>B. juglandis</i> destroyed <i>G. morbida</i> colonies in culture. Furthermore, <i>B. juglandis</i> contributed to foliar symptoms in seedlings inoculated with <i>G. morbida</i>. An entomoparasitic nematode (Aphelenchoididae), most closely resembling an <i>Ektaphelenchus</i> sp., was also found in the haemocoel of WTB. Infection rates were positively related to beetle population sizes as inferred from emergence rates. <i>Ditylenchus</i> sp. was also found in incubated walnut wood in WA and <i>Rhabtidolaimus</i> sp. was phoretic on <i>P. juglandis</i> and found in incubated walnut wood in WA and ID. The community of nematodes in <i>J. nigra</i> in WA and ID differed substantially from what has been observed associated with <i>J. nigra</i> in its native range.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/efp.12791","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43469382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rigidoporus microporus and the white root rot disease of rubber","authors":"Noor Baity Saidi,&nbsp;Jameel R. Al-Obaidi,&nbsp;Ahmad Faiz bin Che Fisol","doi":"10.1111/efp.12794","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12794","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Rigidoporus microporus</i> is an economically important plant pathogenic fungus causing particularly severe losses to the rubber industry worldwide. The pathogen is responsible for white root rot (WRR) disease, infecting the host roots via white fibrous mycelia, causing vascular disfunction, and visible symptoms including leaf discolouration and dieback in severely infected trees. The final stage of the disease is characterized by the appearance of basidiocarps at the tree collar. The development of WRR in rubber plantations is dependent on fungal diversity in the soil, pH, temperature, and cation levels. Several ‘-omics’ approaches have been undertaken to understand how <i>R. microporus</i> functions with the objective, ultimately, to control WRR. Unfortunately, no resistant rubber clone has been identified to date. The disease is managed through physical and chemical methods that are laborious and negatively impact the environment, respectively. Recent developments in research on <i>R. microporus</i> shed light on potential sustainable routes to WRR disease control using beneficial microorganisms and natural compounds. This review discusses the characteristics of <i>R. microporus</i> isolates from different geographical origins, the pathogenicity and virulence mechanisms of the necrotrophic fungal pathogen, factors that influence the development of WRR, recent findings from the multi-omics studies, and control methods that are available to combat this economically important pathogen.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44246052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epicuticular wax content of western white pine is involved in Cronartium ribicola resistance","authors":"David Noshad,&nbsp;Nicholas Ukrainetz,&nbsp;John King,&nbsp;Alvin Yanchuk","doi":"10.1111/efp.12793","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12793","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The introduction of <i>Cronartium ribicola</i>, the causative agent of white pine blister rust, has been devastating for white pines in North America, including western white pine. Among the observed partial resistance responses to white pine blister rust is a mechanism referred to as difficult-to-infect (DI), which is characterized by lower frequency of infection spots on needles and a lower incidence of branch and stem cankers than susceptible host plants. Parents with the DI trait were selected and bred to produce nine full-sib families. Progeny were propagated and cloned using in vitro techniques in controlled environmental conditions. Explants were inoculated with a single strain of <i>C. ribicola</i> and characterized by using a disease assessment index (DAI), which was used to compare DI full-sib families to several other full-sib families (from Idaho) selected for other partial resistance traits. Most DI families had significantly lower DAI scores and higher epicuticular wax content. When the wax was removed from the surface of needles, the DAI of all full-sib families increased. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that stomata in DI full-sib families are mostly occluded by epicuticular wax. The results of this study suggest that the DI resistance mechanism of western white pine is related to needle surface epicuticular wax, which likely hinders the penetration of stomata by fungal hyphae. The occurrence and magnitude of this trait in the breeding population remains unknown, and special assessment technique for large-scale screening will have to be developed.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48446595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization, pathogenicity and host range studies of Paecilomyces formosus associated with dieback of Christ's thorn trees (Paliurus spina-christi Mill.) in Iran","authors":"Taha Rostami,&nbsp;Samad Jamali","doi":"10.1111/efp.12790","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12790","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Christ's thorn (<i>Paliurus spina-christi</i> Mill.) tree is an important and valuable forestry species and has significant potential in afforestation and reforestation systems. In recent years, dieback symptoms were observed on <i>Paliurus spina-christi</i> trees in Gilan-e Gharb region of Kermanshah province, west Iran. During 2020 to 2021, Christ's thorn trees that exhibit branch dieback symptoms were sampled for fungal isolations. The pathogenicity tests, biochemical assay of growth, acid production on creatine sucrose agar (CREA) medium and morphological and molecular investigations (ITS and β-tubulin regions) identified <i>Paecilomyces formosus</i> as a dieback causal agent. This is the first report of <i>P. formosus</i> pathogenicity on <i>Paliurus spina-christi</i> trees. Furthermore, disease severity was assayed on 11 tree species under three different temperatures 15, 25 and 35°C. Disease severity caused by all isolates on detached branches was greater at 35°C than at 15 and 25°C. This study presents the host range of this pathogen and showed that these potential hosts are prone to this pathogen under high temperatures, which forest trees experienced in recent decades.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41334206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification, diversity and host specificity of the wood-decay fungi in major sawmill depots of north-eastern Bangladesh","authors":"Md. Ahosan Habib Ador,&nbsp;Romel Ahmed,&nbsp;Rahela Khatun,&nbsp;Md. Aliur Rahman,&nbsp;Mohammed Masum Ul Haque","doi":"10.1111/efp.12792","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12792","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The study was carried out to identify wood-decay fungi, and quantify the diversity and host preferences of the fungi in major sawmill depots in north-eastern Bangladesh. A total of 23 fungal species belonging to 15 genera in seven families were recorded and identified. The Polyporaceae was the most dominant family, while <i>Schizophyllum commune</i> was the most abundant species among all species recorded. Other commonly observed fungal species were <i>Daldinia concentrica</i>, <i>Trametes versicolor, Trametes coccinea</i> and <i>Flavodon flavus</i>. The Simpson diversity index (0.93) and Shannon–Wiener index (2.90) showed a wide distribution of the wood-decay fungi in the study areas. The species diversity index (0.036), species evenness index (0.92) and species richness index (3.40) indicated a diverse distribution of the fungal species. Two-thirds of the identified fungal species showed significant preferences for their hosts. The host vulnerability was found to be significantly affected by storage facility, duration of storage, depot yard condition, treated or non-treated wood and shade facility. The findings of this work may help sawmill owners to utilize a scientific approach to management of logs and timber stored in depots, to minimize fungal decay before incurring any economic loss.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42903769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The introduction of Hymenoscyphus fraxineus to Northern Ireland and the subsequent development of ash dieback","authors":"Emma Baxter,&nbsp;Louise R. Cooke,&nbsp;Florentine Spaans,&nbsp;Irene R. Grant,&nbsp;Alistair R. McCracken","doi":"10.1111/efp.12789","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12789","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ash dieback caused by <i>Hymenoscyphus fraxineus</i> was first recorded in Northern Ireland (NI) in November 2012. The disease was observed only on recently (&lt;6 years) planted trees. An in-depth case study in 2015 of an ash plantation with severe symptoms indicated that many of the trees were infected at the time of planting. Apothecia were observed developing from pseudosclerotia beneath the epidermis of dead branches still attached to the tree, suggesting a possible mechanism whereby <i>H. fraxineus</i> could be disseminated without leaf or rachises infection. Apothecia also formed on roots, indicating that infections may also occur in the soil. Often young trees were killed by the formation of large basal lesions which did not arise from stem infections higher up. On first detecting the disease on the island of Ireland the Governments of NI and the Republic of Ireland published an “All-Ireland Chalara Control Strategy.” Part of that strategy was a ban on the importation of ash plants from regions where the disease was known to be present, to prevent the introduction of further inoculum, and the implementation of an ‘eradication and containment’ policy with the aim of preventing the establishment and spread of the disease. While these measures may have slowed disease establishment, they were ultimately unsuccessful and by 2018 ash dieback was widespread and established throughout the whole of NI in plantations and in the wider environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/efp.12789","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46235089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First report of branch blight disease caused by Aplosporella longipes on Physocarpus amurensis in China","authors":"Chunhua Yao,&nbsp;Xuefeng Liu,&nbsp;Guiping Diao","doi":"10.1111/efp.12788","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12788","url":null,"abstract":"<p>From June through October 2020, symptoms of a branch blight disease were observed on <i>Physocarpus amurensis</i> plants in Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China. Leaves on infected branches were chlorotic, with many raised, grey spots forming on the epidermis of diseased branches. Diseased twigs formed semi-buried, small, spherical pycnidia, which were initially light brown and later turned dark. The pathogen was isolated and its pathogenicity was verified with Koch's postulates. Based on morphological characteristics and DNA sequence data the pathogen was identified as <i>Aplosporella longipes</i>. This is the first report of <i>A. longipes</i> in China and the first report of it causing branch blight disease of <i>P. amurensis</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48635688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}