Forest Pathology最新文献

{"title":"Anatomical and physiological consequences of beech leaf disease in Fagus grandifolia L.","authors":"Leila R. Fletcher,&nbsp;Aleca M. Borsuk,&nbsp;Ana C. Fanton,&nbsp;Kate M. Johnson,&nbsp;Jennifer Richburg,&nbsp;Joseph Zailaa,&nbsp;Craig R. Brodersen","doi":"10.1111/efp.12842","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12842","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Beech leaf disease (BLD) is a foliar disease of American Beech (<i>Fagus grandifolia</i> L.) causally linked to the nematode <i>Litylenchus crenatae mccannii</i> and has rapidly spread throughout central and northeastern North America. This study aimed to characterize the anatomical and physiological differences between asymptomatic and symptomatic leaves to provide evidence for a mechanistic link between abnormal leaf development associated with BLD and the long-term decline of affected trees. We found that leaf mass per area (LMA) and leaf thickness were 45% and 249% higher in symptomatic regions, respectively. The difference in leaf thickness was largely attributable to the spongy mesophyll being 410% thicker in symptomatic as compared with asymptomatic regions of the leaves, but palisade mesophyll and abaxial epidermal tissues were also thicker in symptomatic regions. While major vein density was not significantly different, minor vein density was significantly lower in symptomatic regions, suggesting that the effects on leaf development occur after the formation and initial development of first- and second-order veins. Stomatal density was also lower in symptomatic leaves. Maximum photosynthetic rates were approximately 61% lower in symptomatic leaves and respiration rate increased as the percentage of affected leaf tissue increased. Collectively, our data show reduced photosynthetic capacity, increased respiration rates, and higher leaf construction costs, which will likely have a negative, long-term impact on the carbon balance of trees affected by BLD.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138966387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First report of Fusarium commune causing Torreya grandis crown and root rot in China","authors":"Yi-hao Wu,&nbsp;Jing-jing Pan,&nbsp;Xiao-qiao Huang,&nbsp;Zhang-gui Gao,&nbsp;Hao-jie Shi,&nbsp;Hai-ping Lin,&nbsp;Xiu Su","doi":"10.1111/efp.12841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/efp.12841","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Torreya grandis</i> cv. Merrillii is an important economic tree widely cultivated in hilly subtropical areas in China and some parts of Japan and Korea. Crown and root rot was found on <i>T. grandis</i> in Zhejiang Province of China. Three isolates with similar morphology were isolated from diseased samples, and used for identification and pathogenicity tests. The pathogenicity of the isolates was confirmed by fulfilling Koch's postulates. The pathogen was identified as <i>Fusarium commune</i> based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic tree constructed by combining ITS and <i>TEF-1α</i> gene sequences. This is the first report of <i>F. commune</i> causing crown and root rot on <i>T. grandis</i> in China.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138739782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First report of phyllode rust on Acacia crassicarpa outside its native range","authors":"Michael J. Wingfield,&nbsp;Seonju Marincowitz,&nbsp;Irene Barnes,&nbsp;Marthin Tarigan,&nbsp;Myriam Solís,&nbsp;Alvaro Durán,&nbsp;Nam Q. Pham","doi":"10.1111/efp.12839","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12839","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Acacia crassicarpa</i> is a tropical tree species native to Australia, West Papua and Papua New Guinea, which has been widely used to establish plantations in the lowland humid tropics of Sumatra and Kalimantan. These trees, able to grow on sites having relatively poor nutrition, have been relatively free of serious disease problems. A rust disease infecting the phyllodes of <i>A. crassicarpa</i> has recently been encountered in plantations in various areas of Indonesia and Malaysia where they are not native. In this study, the rust was collected and identified as <i>Endoraecium violae-faustiae</i> using DNA sequence analysis based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA. This is the first record of the rust outside its native range. Damage at present appears to be relatively mild but the pathogen could become important in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/efp.12839","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138590842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First report of Phytophthora macrochlamydospora associated with tree decline in Pinus taeda in Brazil","authors":"Ana Carolina Lyra Brumat,&nbsp;Celso Garcia Auer,&nbsp;Dauri José Tessmann,&nbsp;Henrique da Silva Silveira Duarte,&nbsp;Álvaro Figueredo dos Santos","doi":"10.1111/efp.12840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/efp.12840","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In 2019, 18-year-old <i>Pinus taeda</i> trees with symptoms of chlorosis in the aerial part, shortening of needles and reduced plant growth, ultimately leading to tree decline, were found in plantations in southern Brazil. When collecting roots, a reduction in the volume of fine roots in trees and absence of ectomycorrhiza was observed. An oomycete was isolated from the roots and soil of the rhizosphere, and its pathogenicity was confirmed through Koch's postulates. The morphological characteristics of this oomycete were similar to the <i>Phytophthora macrochlamydospora</i>, which was confirmed by the molecular characterization from three gene regions (ITS-rDNA, COX I and TEF1α). This is the first report of <i>P. macrochlamydospora</i> associated with tree decline in <i>P. taeda</i> in Brazil and worldwide.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138739969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cryptostroma corticale, the causal agent of sooty bark disease of maple, appears widespread in western Washington State, USA","authors":"Rachel K. Brooks,&nbsp;Daniel Omdal,&nbsp;Samuel Brown,&nbsp;Collin J. Marshall,&nbsp;Joseph M. Hulbert,&nbsp;Marianne Elliott,&nbsp;Gary Chastagner","doi":"10.1111/efp.12835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/efp.12835","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The recent emergence of the fungus <i>Cryptostroma corticale</i> in Seattle, Washington, USA is concerning because of its invasive status in Europe, where it causes sooty bark disease of maples (SBD), killing both forest and urban trees. Additionally, the fruiting bodies (stromata) of <i>C. corticale</i> produce allergenic spores that can impact human health. Therefore, its presence in Washington has the potential to impact the state's populace and trees, including the native bigleaf maple, <i>Acer macrophyllum</i>. To better determine the distribution of <i>C. corticale</i> in western Washington, <i>A. macrophyllum</i> was surveyed on 50 Washington State Park properties. Bark samples were collected from trees with fruiting bodies resembling those of <i>C. corticale</i> and cores were removed from mature asymptomatic trees. The presence of <i>C. corticale</i> was confirmed using nested PCR. <i>Acer macrophyllum</i> with fruiting bodies of <i>C. corticale</i> were well distributed throughout western Washington, with an 89% detection rate at surveyed Park properties containing <i>A. macrophyllum</i>. Core samples indicated that latent infections appeared well distributed and common throughout western Washington on mature <i>A. macrophyllum</i>, with a 91% detection rate at surveyed Park properties containing <i>A. macrophyllum</i> and a 68% detection rate on cored trees. Signs of SBD and evidence of latent infections of <i>C. corticale</i> were widespread at surveyed properties. However, signs of SBD were rare on individual trees and the overall condition of <i>A. macrophyllum</i> was considered vigorous at the majority of Park properties. Awareness of <i>C. corticale,</i> SBD, and their likelihood to be present on a property containing <i>A. macrophyllum</i> in western Washington should help inform management actions and demonstrate the need for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/efp.12835","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138739784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antagonistic interactions between native fungi of Minnesota and the root rot pathogen Heterobasidion irregulare","authors":"Eric C. Otto,&nbsp;Robert A. Blanchette","doi":"10.1111/efp.12836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/efp.12836","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The forest pathogen, <i>Heterobasidion irregulare</i>, is a serious threat to conifers in North America including Minnesota. Fungi native to Minnesota were isolated and tested in laboratory and field assays to evaluate their antagonism towards <i>H</i>. <i>irregulare</i>. One management strategy for plant pathogens, and especially <i>H. irregulare</i>, is to use fungi as biological control agents. A successful biological control agent used to manage root rot disease caused by <i>H. irregulare</i> is the fungus <i>Phlebiopsis gigantea</i>. The goal of this research was to screen different native fungi, including <i>P. gigantea</i>, against <i>H. irregulare</i> and examine and quantify their interactions in vitro and ex vitro. A set of four different antagonism assays were conducted. These assays served as a screening process involving both the laboratory and the field. Interactions were first examined with dual inoculation studies on media and wood discs of red pine (<i>Pinus resinosa</i>). These assays demonstrated strong inhibition and limited growth of <i>H. irregulare</i> by select fungi, including <i>Phanerochaete livescens</i> and <i>P. gigantea</i>. Another assay involved using soil microcosms and wood wedges of red pine. This allowed for a different examination, as wood wedges were inoculated with a candidate antagonistic fungus and placed in soil microcosms with <i>H. irregulare</i>. The opposite interaction was also examined with wedges inoculated with <i>H. irregulare</i> and then placed in soil microcosms containing different candidate fungi. In the field, large wood discs were placed around stumps and inoculated with candidate fungi in a red pine plantation infected with <i>H. irregulare</i>. Certain fungi performed well in different assays, but across all assays, <i>P. gigantea</i> performed the best. The antagonism of <i>P. gigantea</i> was most noticeable on wood discs and wood wedges used in vitro, as <i>H. irregulare</i> was not able to be reisolated from these substrates. Overall, these results provide more information on the fungi that appear to be acting as antagonists in forests to prevent <i>H. irregulare</i> from colonizing and provide new information on potential candidate fungi that could be used as a new biological control agent.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/efp.12836","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138739785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis of Pinus thunbergii needles: Stomatal penetration by seawater and solutes","authors":"Junhyung Park,&nbsp;Dahye Seo,&nbsp;Ki Woo Kim","doi":"10.1111/efp.12838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/efp.12838","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Seawater salt deposition was investigated in the needles of <i>Pinus thunbergii</i> trees growing in the coastal area of Pohang, Korea. Both green asymptomatic and brown necrotized needles were air-dried and processed for field-emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. Seawater salt crystals appeared randomly deposited on the asymptomatic needles. No distinct epicuticular waxes were found in the stomata or on the needle surface. The salt crystals, which varied in size, were observed in the stomatal chambers as well as on the apertures of the Florin rings, and similar crystals were also observed on the necrotized brown needles. Sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) were prevalent on the needles and mostly co-localized in the crystals. Magnesium was partially co-localized with Cl, but often co-occurred with potassium. Depending on the elemental composition of salts, two types of salt deposition were observed on the needles: (i) the coffee-ring pattern and (ii) the uniform pattern. The apparent NaCl crystal depositions in the stomatal chambers indicated the stomatal penetration by seawater and solutes in the seawater-sprayed needles of <i>P. thunbergii</i>. These results provide insights into the initial phase of seawater salt-induced injury occurring through the stomatal pathway in pine species distributed in coastal areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138739787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification and fungicide sensitivity of Fusarium asiaticum causing seedling rot of Hinoki cypress in a Forest nursery in South Korea","authors":"Hyeongju Choi,&nbsp;Narayan Chandra Paul,&nbsp;Hyun-Jun Kim,&nbsp;Hyunkyu Sang","doi":"10.1111/efp.12837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/efp.12837","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In 2021, a seedling rot disease was observed on Hinoki cypress (<i>Chamaecyparis obtusa</i>) seedlings in a bareroot forest nursery in Naju-si, Jeollanam-do Province, South Korea. Infected seedlings were yellowing at the disease outset but became black after severe infection. At onset of disease, seedlings began yellowing. As disease progressed, black rot of the leaves and roots was common and eventually wilt and seedling death was observed. Seedling mortality was about 30%. The causal organism was isolated from the seedlings on potato dextrose agar media. A total of nine isolates were recovered and two representative isolates were identified as <i>Fusarium asiaticum</i> based on morphological characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, translation elongation factor (EF1–α) and RNA polymerase II (RPB2) genes. Pathogenicity and fungicide sensitivity were tested to confirm pathogen viability and control efficacy of the disease. The fungal isolate caused severe disease in the inoculated Hinoki cypress seedlings. Also, the isolates were sensitive to benomyl, hexaconazole and pyraclostrobin and showed reduced sensitivity to penthiopyrad. <i>In planta</i> assays showed 98.81 and 100% disease control by the application of pyraclostrobin and hexaconazole, respectively. The pathogen was re-isolated from the inoculated seedlings and its identity was confirmed by morphological analysis fulfilling Koch's postulates. The pathogen-causing disease in the Hinoki cypress is the first reported in the host worldwide.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138739786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of lysine concentration of the diet on growth performance and meat quality in finishing pigs with high slaughter weights.","authors":"Tae-Whan Park, Eun-Yeong Lee, Yeunhae Jung, Yu Min Son, Sang-Hyon Oh, Doo-Hwan Kim, Chul Young Lee, Seon-Tea Joo, Jae-Cheol Jang","doi":"10.5187/jast.2023.e49","DOIUrl":"10.5187/jast.2023.e49","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using a diet low in lysine content as a means for increasing the intramuscular fat (IMF) content and pork muscle quality of finishing pigs. Thirty-two crossbred gilts and barrows weighing approximately 80 kg were fed either a low-lysine diet (0.60%; Low-lys) or a control diet (0.80% lysine; Med-lys) under a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The animals were slaughtered at a 132-kg body weight (BW) on average, followed by physicochemical analyses and sensory evaluation on <i>Longissimus lumborum</i> (LL) and <i>Semitendinosus</i> (ST) muscles. The average daily gain (ADG) did not differ between the Med-lys and Low-lys groups. However, ADG exhibited a tendency of sex × diet interaction (p = 0.09), being greater for barrows vs. gilts on the Low-lys diet (<i>p</i> < 0.05), but not on the Med-lys diet. Backfat thickness adjusted for 132-kg BW also exhibited the interaction; it was greater for the Low-lys vs. Med-lys group within gilts but tended to be less for the former in barrows (<i>p</i> = 0.08). The IMF content was not influenced by the diet or sex in either LL or ST. The a*, b*, and Warner-Bratzler Shear Force values and fatty acid composition were influenced by the sex or diet in either or both of the muscles, but the treatment effects did not apparently influence the meat quality. Sensory scores for the flavor, juiciness, tenderness, umami, and palatability of cooked muscle were not influenced by the diet in either LL or ST. When the LL and ST data were pooled, scores for those sensory attributes were positively correlated with the IMF content, which was associated with overall greater IMF contents and greater sensory scores for ST vs. LL. Collectively, the Low-lysine diet seemingly elicited the intended lysine deficiency in gilts as indicated by the increased BFT due to the diet. However, the Low-lys diet was not effective for increasing the IMF deposition or eating quality of the pork muscle of finishing pigs slaughtered at high BW probably because its lysine content was not low enough to elicit either outcome.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"2 1","pages":"1242-1253"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11007304/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84933719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterns of Dothistroma septosporum conidial dispersal in Colombian Pinus tecunumanii plantations","authors":"G. M. Granados,&nbsp;C. A. Rodas,&nbsp;M. Vivas,&nbsp;M. J. Wingfield,&nbsp;I. Barnes","doi":"10.1111/efp.12834","DOIUrl":"10.1111/efp.12834","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dothistroma needle blight (DNB) caused by <i>Dothistroma septosporum</i> is one of the most important needle diseases of <i>Pinus</i> spp., especially in Southern Hemisphere plantations. In Colombia, the pathogen has caused severe outbreaks in plantations of <i>Pinus tecunumanii</i> of the low elevation population (LE). Currently, management strategies suffer from a lack of knowledge regarding the epidemiology of <i>D. septosporum</i> under tropical climatic conditions. In this study we determined the patterns of conidial dispersal and considered how climatic conditions in Colombia influence them. The study was conducted over 15 consecutive months between October 2010 and December 2011 using glass slide-based spore traps. Conidia were found on the traps throughout the year, with the peak abundance during November to January (2010) and November to December (2011). During peak conidial production, relative humidity and temperature had the greatest influence on conidial dispersal. Favourable weather conditions in Colombia, particularly rainfall, have contributed to continuous conidial production throughout the year, leading to <i>D. septosporum</i> infections all year round. This high reproductive rate as a consequence of high precipitation is in contrast to other Southern Hemisphere and Northern Hemisphere countries with more specific periods of rainfall and infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":55153,"journal":{"name":"Forest Pathology","volume":"53 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/efp.12834","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135268178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}