Geoarchaeology-An International Journal最新文献

{"title":"Preliminary results on the applicability of neutron activation analysis (NAA) to identify cherts from the Munsungun Lake Formation, Maine, USA","authors":"Nathaniel R. Kitchel,&nbsp;Brandi L. MacDonald,&nbsp;Matthew T. Boulanger,&nbsp;Heather M. Rockwell","doi":"10.1002/gea.21969","DOIUrl":"10.1002/gea.21969","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Red chert attributed to the Munsungun Lake Formation, Maine, USA is common in late Pleistocene fluted-point-period archaeological sites located throughout the New England states and Quebec, appearing more frequently than any other material type in the region. Despite the assumed association between red Munsungun chert and fluted-point-period sites, until recently, it was not possible to link red chert artifacts from these sites to a specific source area within the Munsungun Lake Formation because outcrops of this material associated with direct evidence of past use were not documented. Here, we report the first results of a neutron activation analysis (NAA) study of red Munsungun chert from two quarry areas within the Munsungun Lake Formation. These results suggest that NAA can distinguish between chert source areas within the Munsungun Lake Formation and lookalike materials from the wider region. Additional analyses are required to include more comparative samples and evaluate the efficacy of less destructive geochemical techniques in characterizing cherts from the region. Despite the need for additional research, these results suggest that NAA will be useful for re-evaluating past identifications of chert from the Munsungun Lake Formation, providing an important foundation for additional geochemical research in the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":55117,"journal":{"name":"Geoarchaeology-An International Journal","volume":"38 5","pages":"665-676"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46779691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence for sophisticated raw material procurement strategies during the Lower Paleolithic—Hula Valley case study","authors":"Meir Finkel,&nbsp;Oded Bar,&nbsp;Yoav Ben Dor,&nbsp;Erez Ben-Yosef,&nbsp;Ofir Tirosh,&nbsp;Gonen Sharon","doi":"10.1002/gea.21968","DOIUrl":"10.1002/gea.21968","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Hula Valley has two key Acheulian sites: Gesher Benot Ya'aqov (GBY), a large flake Acheulian site with hundreds of basalt bifaces and a significant number of flint handaxes, and Ma'ayan Barukh (MB), where more than 3500 flint handaxes were collected. Over the last one million years, the valley was filled by alluvium and basalt flows, devoid of flint sources suitable for handaxe production. We conducted archaeological and geological surveys combined with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry geochemical study to determine the source(s) of flint, comparing elemental compositions of handaxes from GBY and MB with those of different flint sources using a novel statistical method. The results demonstrate that Hula Valley Acheulian flint handaxes were derived from Eocene flint. For GBY, the nearest matching source for its small number of excavated handaxes is a secondary deposit of the Dishon streambed found ~8 km northwest of the site. A more likely source for both GBY and the thousands of MB handaxes is the Dishon flint extraction and reduction complex located 20 km to the west, a possibility also supported by the near absence of production waste flakes at the sites themselves. These findings support direct procurement strategy as early as the Lower Paleolithic.</p>","PeriodicalId":55117,"journal":{"name":"Geoarchaeology-An International Journal","volume":"38 5","pages":"649-664"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/gea.21968","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42817585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microarchaeological approach to underwater stratigraphy of submerged settlements: A case study of Atlit-Yam Pre-Pottery Neolithic site, off the Carmel Coast, Israel","authors":"Isaac Ogloblin Ramirez,&nbsp;Elle Grono,&nbsp;Roni Zuckerman-Cooper,&nbsp;Dafna Langgut,&nbsp;Ehud Galili,&nbsp;David E. Friesem","doi":"10.1002/gea.21967","DOIUrl":"10.1002/gea.21967","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The investigation of submerged archaeological sites faces numerous logistical challenges in the recovery of stratigraphic sequences and, as a result, is often restricted to surface deposits limiting the application of geoarchaeology. This paper outlines a new integrated field and microanalytical methodological protocol to investigate deep stratigraphic sequences (up to 2 m) within the submerged Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) site of Atlit-Yam (9267–7970 cal. B.P. [calibrated years before the present]). A new coring method for the extraction of deep underwater stratigraphy was developed to extract three cores: two between architectural remains within the site and one outside the site. The cores were analysed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, phytolith and pollen analysis and archaeological micromorphology to detect anthropogenic signals and undertake paleoenvironmental reconstruction. Our results indicate anthropogenic evidence at 95 cm depth based on the presence of heat-altered sediments, high phytolith concentrations and micromorphological observations of archaeological remains. Radiocarbon analysis indicates the oldest anthropogenic layers date to the Mid Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) and Late PPNB (9859–9323 cal. B.P.), bearing implications for reassessing the emergence of the first coastal Neolithic villages in the Mediterranean. Our integrated field and multiproxy micro-geoarchaeological protocol offers a new approach to detecting and studying submerged archaeological sites worldwide.</p>","PeriodicalId":55117,"journal":{"name":"Geoarchaeology-An International Journal","volume":"38 5","pages":"534-564"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/gea.21967","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46318589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Planetary geoarchaeology as a new frontier in archaeological science: Evaluating site formation processes on Earth's Moon","authors":"Justin A. Holcomb,&nbsp;Beth O'Leary,&nbsp;Ann G. Darrin,&nbsp;Rolfe D. Mandel,&nbsp;Corbin Kling,&nbsp;Karl W. Wegmann","doi":"10.1002/gea.21966","DOIUrl":"10.1002/gea.21966","url":null,"abstract":"On October 4, 1957, Homo sapiens crossed a new threshold of technological innovation after constructing an artifact capable of entering Low Earth Orbit and effectively paving the way for a future of space exploration. This artifact was Sputnik 1, launched by the Soviet space program which triggered the “space race” of the mid‐20th century. Over the past 65 years, we have continued to explore and populate our solar system with rockets and spacecraft including satellites, probes, landers, and rovers. This expansion into our solar system has left traces of our presence on several planets including the Earth, Mars, Mercury, and Venus along with Earth's Moon, Titan, and several galaxy travelers in the form of asteroids and comets. Today, we have entered the realm of a new privatized and global space race, effectively a “new space race” or “new Space Age.” As we expand our material footprint into new extraterrestrial environments, there is a growing need to understand the types of unique site formation processes capable of altering, destroying, or preserving this rapidly increasing archaeological record known as space heritage. Such understandings are germane to the subdiscipline of geoarchaeology, that part of archaeology dedicated to studying the interaction between humans, cultural heritage, and environmental systems from a geoscience perspective. Closely aligned and partially overlapping with the subdisciplines of space archaeology, archaeological science, and planetary geology, we introduce a new subfield we call planetary geoarchaeology to open discussion about how geoarchaeologists can play a role in addressing current and future issues surrounding the preservation and management of space heritage. To demonstrate the potential of the subdiscipline, we focus on the current archaeological record of the Moon, describe lunar site formation processes, and discuss the implications for the current and future preservation of space heritage in the lunar setting. Planetary geoarchaeology can be applied to practically every type of extraterrestrial environment, provided humans have left behind a measurable record. We hope this paper will spur more research studying human–environment interaction in space.","PeriodicalId":55117,"journal":{"name":"Geoarchaeology-An International Journal","volume":"38 5","pages":"513-533"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43825183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The fabric of Torre d'en Galmés, Menorca, Spain","authors":"Paul Goldberg,&nbsp;Amalia Pérez-Juez","doi":"10.1002/gea.21964","DOIUrl":"10.1002/gea.21964","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The term fabric has a variety of meanings, particularly in geology and archaeology. In the former case, it can encapsulate the three-dimensional arrangement of particles and voids, including organizational aspects such as bedding. In archaeology, it can also refer to positions of sites on a landscape or the structure and geometry of, say, buildings within a site; it can also refer to the infillings within individual structures. In this study, we illustrate the concept of fabric with the site of Torre d'en Galmés on the Spanish Island of Menorca to show that in fact fabrics exist at a variety of scales from the geological fabric of the Island, down to the fabrics of the sedimentary infills between and within buildings and spaces. We show that by examining the fabrics at different scales on Menorca, we can gain a more complete and integrative understanding of the geoarchaeology at this location, rather than simply investigating individual aspects as is more typical in geoarchaeology and archaeology.</p>","PeriodicalId":55117,"journal":{"name":"Geoarchaeology-An International Journal","volume":"38 5","pages":"631-648"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/gea.21964","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42901321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three thousand years of river channel engineering in the Nile Valley","authors":"Matthew Dalton,&nbsp;Neal Spencer,&nbsp;Mark G. Macklin,&nbsp;Jamie C. Woodward,&nbsp;Philippa Ryan","doi":"10.1002/gea.21965","DOIUrl":"10.1002/gea.21965","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Across a 1000-km stretch of the River Nile, from the 1st Cataract in southern Egypt to the 4th Cataract in Sudan, many hundreds of drystone walls are located within active channels, on seasonally inundated floodplains or in now-dry Holocene palaeochannel belts. These walls (or river groynes) functioned as flood and flow control structures and are of a type now commonly in use worldwide. In the Nile Valley, the structures have been subject only to localised investigations, and none have been radiometrically dated. Some were built within living memory to trap nutrient-rich Nile silts for agriculture, a practice already recorded in the early 19th century C.E. However, others situated within ancient palaeochannel belts indicate construction over much longer time frames. In this paper, we map the distribution of these river groynes using remote sensing and drone survey. We then establish their probable functions and a provisional chronology using ethnoarchaeological investigation and the ground survey, excavation and radiometric dating of the structures in northern Sudan, focusing on the Holocene riverine landscape surrounding the pharaonic settlement of Amara West (c. 1300–1000 B.C.E.). Finally, we consider the historical and economic implications of this form of hydraulic engineering in the Nile Valley over the past three millennia.</p>","PeriodicalId":55117,"journal":{"name":"Geoarchaeology-An International Journal","volume":"38 5","pages":"565-587"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/gea.21965","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49523132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Late Roman–Early Byzantine Leukos settlement, Karpathos, Greece: Geoarchaeology, archeoseismology, and paleogeography","authors":"Karen L. Kleinspehn,&nbsp;Michael C. Nelson","doi":"10.1002/gea.21962","DOIUrl":"10.1002/gea.21962","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This archeoseismologic study focuses on the Leukos settlement that thrived on the west coast of the forearc island of Karpathos in the 4th−6th centuries CE. The onshore site occupies the eastern rim of the offshore Karpathos Basin, the deepest Aegean basin, in a sector of the Hellenic forearc typically regarded as seismically insignificant. Investigations of faulting, sedimentary processes, and secondary earthquake effects (hydraulic fracturing, liquefaction, tilting, landslides) are integrated with observations of previously surveyed and newly discovered archeological remains to appraise syn- to post-Early Byzantine seismicity and establish a sequence of faulting. Calibrated radiocarbon dates, the first from Karpathos, indicate intermittent faulting and seismicity spanning the 4th−10th centuries CE, likely contributing to the early 7th-century CE abandonment of Leukos. The coseismic rupture of competent cobbles whose fractures are filled with fluidized sediment is an established paleoseismologic tool for recognizing earthquakes of magnitude <i>M</i>_w ≥ 6; this study extends that criterion to archeoseismology. This study underscores the need to evaluate land movements, sea-level fluctuations, and shoreline migration for coastal archeological sites. A plausible Late Roman paleogeography emerges in which Leukos occupied a contiguous peninsula rather than surrounding three modern harbors. This study encourages re-evaluation of seismic and tsunami hazards in the sector of the Hellenic forearc surrounding ancient Leukos and the Karpathos Basin.</p>","PeriodicalId":55117,"journal":{"name":"Geoarchaeology-An International Journal","volume":"38 5","pages":"588-614"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/gea.21962","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45804600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New data on chert catchment analysis in inland Iberia during the Late Pleistocene","authors":"Marta Sánchez de la Torre,&nbsp;Xavier Mangado Llach,&nbsp;Samuel Castillo-Jiménez,&nbsp;Luis Luque,&nbsp;José J. Alcolea-González,&nbsp;Manuel Alcaraz-Castaño","doi":"10.1002/gea.21963","DOIUrl":"10.1002/gea.21963","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this paper, we present the first results obtained after new fieldwork and laboratory studies of chert catchment sources during the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic in inland Iberia, a region that has been traditionally depicted as marginal and sparsely populated during the last glacial due to its harsh ecological conditions compared to the coastal areas of the Iberian Peninsula. Our main aim is to determine the mobility strategies and social networks of the last Neandertals and first modern humans settled in inland Iberia and neighbouring regions, and eventually test the hypothesis that the last glacial human settlement in the Iberian hinterland was more dense and complex than previously thought. In this study, we focus on the cherts exploited at two archaeological sites: the Peña Cabra and Peña Capón rock shelters. These sites are located in the southeastern foothills of the Central System range, in the province of Guadalajara (Spain), and they have yielded a sequence of human occupations from the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic, respectively. To obtain a detailed picture of the mobility patterns and catchment strategies of the hunter-gatherers settled at these sites, our fieldwork focussed on identifying chert outcrops that could have been frequented and exploited by them. After two field seasons, 22 chert outcrops from eight geological formations were identified and more than 300 samples were collected and analysed. We conducted textural, micropalaeontological, petrographical and geochemical analyses, with the aim of comprehensively characterising the various rock resources available in the study area. Results have shown that different siliceous varieties were available in the area surrounding the sites and both Neandertals and modern humans could have provisioned there. Also, they suggest the potential existence of a network connecting the Tagus and Ebro valleys, but this is a working hypothesis to be tested with future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":55117,"journal":{"name":"Geoarchaeology-An International Journal","volume":"38 5","pages":"615-630"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/gea.21963","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47475791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pleistocene freshwater ostracods from the Homo erectus site at Bilzingsleben, Germany—Review of historic collection and unpublished manuscript material for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction","authors":"Thomas Daniel,&nbsp;Peter Frenzel","doi":"10.1002/gea.21960","DOIUrl":"10.1002/gea.21960","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We provide a review of micropalaeontological research on Ostracoda from the Middle Pleistocene (MIS 11, Holstein interglacial) hominin site Bilzingsleben in Thuringia in Central Germany from 1963 to the 1990s. Samples from four sections inside and six search pits outside the excavation area were investigated and, in total, 49 ostracod species were identified. The ostracod assemblages of the sections mirror the complex and small-scale palaeoenvironmental evolution of the site from a seeping-spring to fluviatile, lacustrine and finally seeping-spring habitat in which a massive tufa layer formed and prevented erosion of the sediments beneath. Pleistocene index fossils are represented by <i>Ilyocypris quinculminata</i> from search pit 3/sample 9933 and <i>Scottia browniana</i> from section 70. Both species indicate the age dating of MIS 11 for the tufa deposit. The results of this study facilitate new insights into site formation processes, enable refinement of the interpretation of the archaeological record and shed light on the question: Does the find-bearing layer at the Bilzingsleben site contain in situ remains of a camp site of <i>Homo erectus</i> or not? Our results suggest that the site is not unaffected at least.</p>","PeriodicalId":55117,"journal":{"name":"Geoarchaeology-An International Journal","volume":"38 4","pages":"445-465"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/gea.21960","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47412301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geoarchaeology in China: Progress, trends, and perspectives","authors":"Michael Storozum,&nbsp;Yijie Zhuang,&nbsp;Hui Wang,&nbsp;Duowen Mo","doi":"10.1002/gea.21955","DOIUrl":"10.1002/gea.21955","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past several decades, Chinese archaeology has rapidly developed into a scientific enterprise. Archaeological scientists in China are now routinely applying the latest scientific techniques and methods to answer questions concerning archaeological sites and material culture with increasing specificity and accuracy. Alongside the continuous development of archaeological science in China, geoarchaeological research has grown apace but is still poorly understood by the broader community of archaeological researchers. A large part of this lack of understanding stems from the fact that for much of the 20th century, the Chinese school of archaeological thought was separated by language, politics, and even methodology. Even today, there is no analogous term to ‘geoarchaeology’ in Chinese, with the closest terms being environmental archaeology (环境考古), geographic archaeology (地学考古), and archaeological science (科技考古) (Jing, 1991; Xia, 2012; Zhou, 2007; Zhu et al., 2013). This short editorial introduction provides a streamlined summary of the key developments of geoarchaeology in China and highlights the contributions made by the authors of this special issue of Geoarchaeology. Specifically, we aim to identify a few key topics of interest that the contributing authors of this special issue address.","PeriodicalId":55117,"journal":{"name":"Geoarchaeology-An International Journal","volume":"38 3","pages":"263-267"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42562741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}